英語の文法のメモ（自分用のまとめ）

不定詞「すること・するための・するために」

（to do）

• Both our bodies started to spin around.
• To know her is to love her.
• His dream is to become an actor.
• It gave me the change to enjoy a variety of space foods.
• I feel so lucky to have a beautiful home planet.
• You have to use a straw to eat soup.
• I have decided not to eat too much before the test.（否定）

不定詞の意味上の主語「〜が〜するために」

不定詞の意味上の主語を for ~ で表す。

• I waited for a miracle to happen.
• Here is a new DVD for you to watch.
• The man made room for her to enter.

動名詞「すること」

（-ing）

• Eating without the help of gravity is a problem.
• My hobby is watching stars.
• I like traveling alone.
• You don’t have to worry about hurting your back.

動名詞の意味上の主語「〜が〜すること」

• He remembers his family's eating only one meal a day.
• He remembers his family eating only one meal a day.
• Do you mind my asking a question?
• Do you mind me asking a question?
• She doesn't care about John's forgetting to pay.
• She doesn't care about John forgetting to pay.

現在完了「してしまった・したところだ」

（have pp）

• Have you finished your homework yet?
• They have lived in Japan for 20 years.
• My grandfather has been to New York eight times.

過去完了「すでに〜していた」

（had pp）

• He had never played with a full orchestra before coming to New York.
• She had lived in London for 10 years before she came back to Japan.

受動態の完了形「ずっと〜されている」

（have/has/had_been pp）

• Her story has been told for many years.
• Has the map of the old city been completed yet?

助動詞 + have + 過去分詞「〜だったかもしれない」「〜できただろうに」

現在から見た過去の時点の推量・可能性・能力 （could/would/should have pp）

• Since millions of fans predicted World Cup games, there could have been thousands who made eight correct predictions.
• No one would have thought that they were old people.
• You could have come with us if you had arrived earlier.
• I should have studied hard for the exam, but I didn't.

可能性推量を表す助動詞

could < might < may < can < should < ought to < would < will < must

関係代名詞

（who, whose, whom, which, that）

• The story is about a Chinese student who moves to Japan.
• She is the writer whose novel won the prize.
• These are the writers whom [that] I like best.
• She wrote a novel which [that] was based on an old Japanese story.
• Persian is one of the languages which [that] people in Iran speak.

分詞の形容詞的用法「している・された」

関係代名詞における「wh節+be動詞」を省略するルールに等しい。 （-ing/pp）

• I talked to him working at bicycle-parking places.
• My daughter is a university student studying engineering.
• Tawada has won a prize given to foreign writers who contribute to German culture.

関係代名詞 what (~= the thing which)

• He listens to a tape recorded for him and remembers what he hears.
• What is important is to put your heart into your music.
• This is what I want you to do.

関係副詞

（where, when, why, how）

• I lived in a place where there were many day laborers.
• Do you know the year when that NPO started?
• He tries to tell us the reason why trust is important.
• We are surprised to see how they are running their NPO.

関係代名詞の非制限用法

• They had a daughter, who went to Europe to study music.
• Their house, which burned down last year, has been built again.

関係副詞の非制限用法

• Let's go to Hokkaido in June, when the weather is beautiful.
• The hotel, where they stayed for the night, was near the ocean.

前置詞 + 関係代名詞

前置詞は、関係代名詞の前または関係代名詞が導く節の後ろに置かれる。 目的格の用法で、前置詞が倒置されているときの関係代名詞は省略。

• Paul was given two boxes in which there were mussels.
• Bob is the boy with whom I go to school every day.
• She is the scientist (whom) I talked about yesterday.
• This is the movie (which [that]) I'm planning to go to.

分詞構文

付帯状況、時、理由 （-ing）

• You did a lot of fieldwork, observing chimpanzees in the wild.
• I was reading a book on the train, listening to music.
• Walking out of the door, I felt the first drops of rain.
• Feeling tried, I went to bed earlier than usual.

受け身・否定の分詞構文

(pp)

• Forced to take another job, maybe I would like to be a taxi driver for a day.
• Told to be quiet, he got very angry.
• Not having enough time to think deeply, you don't even know what your next move will be until you place your hand on the piece.
• Not knowing what to say, she didn't say anything at all.

仮定法過去「もし〜なら、〜だろうに」

現在の事実と反対のことを仮定する。形は過去形だが、現在のことを表す。

• How would you feel if these were photos of your own family?
• If I knew her number, I would phone her.
• I wish I were there with you.
• She is crying as if she were a little baby.

仮定法過去完了「もし〜だったら、だったのに」

• If he had lived one day longer, he would have seen it in print.
• I could have gone skiing if I had not been tired.
• If I had had enough money, I would have bought a better computer.
• If he had not spend so much time on the Web, he might not have failed the exam.

S+V+疑問詞/if節「〜かどうか」

• Everyone wonders when the new park will open.
• I don’t know if he finished his journey safely.

It〜that「〜は〜だ」

• It is very important that you watch them and observe their behavior.
• It is a surprise that she knew the answer.
• It is natural that his mother was excited about the result.
• It is possible that he will win the medal.

It〜that「〜であると知られている」「〜であると信じられている」

• It is well known that Germans love soccer.
• It is believed that if you wash your money in this pond, you will get rich.
• It is reported that the road was closed because of the heavy snow.

S+be+that「〜は〜だ」

主語には、problem, fact, reason などがくる。

• The problem was that her mother tongue, Persian, bones not use Chinese characters.
• The fact is that the earth looks like an oasis in space.
• The reason for her success is that she enjoys the challenges.

S+V+O+C（C=原型不定形）

（hear/see/make/have/let A do）

• He heard his mother sing "Jingle Bells."
  • 彼は母親がジングルベルを歌うのを聞いた。
• I saw a lot of people enter the concert hall.
• The Davidsons did their best to make them feel at home.
• The teacher had his students help him with the work.
• The teacher let us go home early.

S+V+O+C（C=分詞）

（see/hear/feel/want/find -ing/pp）

• I often saw them sleeping on the streets.
  • 彼らが道で寝ているのをしばしば見る
• We heard somebody playing the piano in the music room.
• They wanted the wall painted white.
• He found himself left alone in the forest.
  • 道に一人で置いていかれたことに気づいた

S+V+C（C=分詞）

（keep/come/get/remain -ing/pp）

• I kept working in a Japanese company.
  • 私は日本企業で働き続けた。
• My two-year-old daughter came running to me.
• He got caught by the police.
• Please remain seated at your desk.
  • あなたのデスクに座ったままでいてください

S+V+O+O（O=wh節）「どのように〜するか」

• The photos will show you what people went through in the 20th century.
• The TV program will tell you how he became a famous actor.
• She didn't tell her family when she would come back.

S+V+O (O=whether節)「〜かどうかを〜する」

• A group of shogi players were discussing whether or not you could predict what the game would be like 10 moves from now.
• I don't know whether he has completed his journey safely.
• I wonder whether she loved him.

同格

• We humans must understand that wild animals have the right to live.
• The fact that he is blind means nothing when it comes to playing the piano.（that節）
• I have no idea what will happen to us.（wh節）
• He has a dream of becoming a researcher.（of+動名詞）

seem to; it seems that「のように思える」

• Everything seemed to be lost.
• He seems to be a real adventurer.
• It seemed that earthquakes had caused many changes in the seabed.
• It seems that no other archaeologist is as professional as Franch Goddio.

形式目的語 it「だとわかる・だと思う」

S+V+O+Cで、目的語Oにto不定詞、that節、when節/if節 などがくるとき、Oの位置に形式目的語itを置く

• They found it very difficult to dive in the muddy water of the bay.
• I think it strange that all the records of Cleopatra have been lost.
• I liked it better when we didn't have so much homework.

付帯状況の with「のままにして」

（with n adj/participle/prep_phrase）

• We saw a boy playing with his little brother on his back.
• She was listening to my story with her eyes closed.
• She always washes the dishes with the water running.

部分否定「全て〜というわけではない」

（not all/every/always/both）

• The changes are not always bad.
• Not all of my students understand my class.
• No every canoe is made from a log.

used to, would「よく〜したものだ」

• The Aleut used to make kayaks.
• We don't see anything now, but there used to be a beautiful castle here.
• I couldn't do anything because my computer would not work.
• I would rather stay home and read a book.（むしろ〜したい）

助動詞+受け身「されることができる」「されるかもしれない」

（aux be pp）

• Its library books would be replaced with computers.
• In clear weather, Mt. Fuji can be seen from Shinjuku.
• The wild area must not be destroyed.
• Should this cake be eaten by the end of this week?

no matter + 疑問詞「どんなに〜であっても」

• No matter how busy his father is, he always has time to give him a big smile.
• No matter where you go, you can use the Internet.
• No matter what you say to me, I won't go with you tomorrow.
• No matter who your friends are, your father will welcome them.

be to 不定詞「することになっている」「しなければならない」

予定、運命、義務

• The farewell cartoon was to appear some six weeks later.（予定）
• He was never to return home after he went abroad.（運命）
• You are to write a report by Monday.（義務・命令）