====+=========+=====BROADCAST AREA=====+==========+=========+====
| | | | |
| | | | |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
| B | | B | | B | | B | | B |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
====+=========+==========+=B'CAST AREA=+==========+=========+====
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+
| P | | P | |NBNS | | P | |NBDD | | P |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
1 4 5 8 13 16 17 20 21 22 24 25 32
+---------+--------+-+-+-+-+------+--------+-+------+----------------+
| | FORMAT |D|T|R|U| | |T|LEADER| |
| UNUSED | FLAG |E|H|E|N| VERS | UNUSED |R|FLAGS | MESSAGE TYPE |
| | (15) |L|R|L|U| | |C| | |
+---------+--------+-+-+-+-+------+--------+-+------+----------------+
33 40 41 64
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| | |
| HANDLING TYPE | DESTINATION HOST |
| | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------+
65 76 77 80 81 96
+-------------------------+--------+----------------------------------+
| | | |
| MESSAGE ID |SUB-TYPE| UNUSED |
| | | |
+-------------------------+--------+----------------------------------+
+-----------+ +-----------+
| TS-user | | TS-user |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| |
| TSAP interface TSAP interface |
| [ISO8072] |
| |
+----------+ ISO Transport Services on the TCP +----------+
| client |-----------------------------------------| server |
+----------+ (this memo) +----------+
| |
| TCP interface TCP interface |
| [RFC793] |
| |
|<-----------------TSAP---------------->|
----------O---------O---------O---------O---------O---------
| TPE * * * |
| * * * |
| ____O____ ____O____ ____O____ |
| | | | | | | |
| | TPM | | TPM | | TPM | |
| | | | | | | |
| |___X___| |__X_X__| |___X___| |
| V V V V |
| V multiplex V V V |
| >>>>>>>> <<<<<<<<<<< V V |
| V V split V V |
| V V V V |
| ---X---- ---X---- ---X---- |
| |Slave | |Slave | |Slave | |
| |__O___| |__O___| |__O___| |
| V V V |
| V V V |
|-----------------O------------O--------O------------------|
NSAP |<------>|
user
input
*
*
__________V_________
| user interface | input bus
| controller |=================O==============O=======
|__________________| * *
* * *
* * _______*_______
* * | data buffers|
* * ...| TPM1 |
* * : |_____________|
* * : *
* * : *
_________ _____*__________ ________ __*____:______ *
| TPE | | TPE processor| |shared| | TPM1 | *
|buffers|***| | | TPM1 |***| processor | *
|_______| |______________| | mem. | |____________| *
* : : * |______| : *
* : : * * : *
* : : ***********O***********:********************
* : : memory bus : *
* : : : *
* : :...........................O...........*........
____*_________:___ clock enable *
| network | *
| interface |=========================================O========
| controller | output data bus
|________________|
*
*
V
to network
interface
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
| byte 0 | byte 1 |...|byte n-1| 0 |...| 0 | BLOCK
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
|<-----------n bytes---------->|<------r bytes------>|
|<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)>----------->|
(MSB) (LSB)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 |byte 4 |byte 5 |byte 6 |byte 7 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
<----------------------------64 bits---------------------------->
HYPER INTEGER
UNSIGNED HYPER INTEGER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 | SINGLE-PRECISION
S| E | F | FLOATING-POINT NUMBER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
1|<- 8 ->|<-------23 bits------>|
<------------32 bits------------>
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|byte 0|byte 1|byte 2|byte 3|byte 4|byte 5|byte 6|byte 7|
S| E | F |
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
1|<--11-->|<-----------------52 bits------------------->|
<-----------------------64 bits------------------------->
DOUBLE-PRECISION FLOATING-POINT
0 1 ...
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
| byte 0 | byte 1 |...|byte n-1| 0 |...| 0 |
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
|<-----------n bytes---------->|<------r bytes------>|
|<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)------------>|
FIXED-LENGTH OPAQUE
0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
| length n |byte0|byte1|...| n-1 | 0 |...| 0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
|<-------4 bytes------->|<------n bytes------>|<---r bytes--->|
|<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->|
VARIABLE-LENGTH OPAQUE
0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
| length n |byte0|byte1|...| n-1 | 0 |...| 0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
|<-------4 bytes------->|<------n bytes------>|<---r bytes--->|
|<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->|
STRING
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+
| element 0 | element 1 |...| element n-1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+
|<--------------------n elements------------------->|
0 1 2 3
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+
| n | element 0 | element 1 |...|element n-1|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+
|<-4 bytes->|<--------------n elements------------->|
COUNTED ARRAY
+-------------+-------------+...
| component A | component B |... STRUCTURE
+-------------+-------------+...
0 1 2 3
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| discriminant | implied arm | DISCRIMINATED UNION
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|<---4 bytes--->|
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+ .... +------+
|DARPA | | NSF | | DOE | | NASA | |Others|
+--+---+ +--+---+ +--+---+ +--+---+ +--+---+
| | | | |
+--+--------+-----------+----+------+-------------------+
| | +------------+
| Funding | Representatives | Scientific|
| | | Research |
V V | Community |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +----------+-+
| Selecting | Policy | Policy | |
| Contracting|<-------------+ Board | Advice |
| Agency | +->| |<------------+ |
+-----+-------+ | +------+------+ | |
|Funding | |Management +------+<--+
| Advice and Plans| | | TAB |<-------+
| +---------------+ V +------+<---- + |
| | +------------+ ^ ^ | |
+---|------------------>| | Interaction| | | |
| | IRIO |<-----------+ | | |
| +------------->| |<-----------+ | | |
| | Interaction +-----+------+ Interaction| | | |
| | | V | | |
| | +-----------+----------+ +------------+ | |
| | |Management | Funding | | Constituent| | |
| | | | | | Networks | | |
V V V V V +------------+ | |
+-------+ +--------+ +--------+ +-----------+ | |
| IRAB | |Network | | User | | Other | | |
+-------+ | O&M | |Services| |Contractors| | |
| +----+---+ +---+----+ +-----+-----+ | |
| | | | | |
| +---------+-------------+----------------+ |
| |
+-----------------+--------------------+ |
|Chair |Chair |Chair |
V V V |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ |
|TASK FORCE| |TASK FORCE| .... |TASK FORCE| |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ |
^ ^ ^ |
| | | |
V V V |
+--------------------------------------+ |
| Network Research Community |------------------+
+--------------------------------------+
_______ LAN _______ WAN _______ LAN _______
| 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 |
|TCP/IP |---10 Mb/s--| IP |---56 kb/s--| IP |---10 Mb/s--|TCP/IP |
|_______| |_______| |_______| |_______|
user telnet--->TCP--->IP--->net--->IP--->TCP--->server telnet
|
V
server telnet<---TCP<---IP<---net<---IP<---TCP<---user telnet
|
V
user telnet--->...
___
|
|-----h3
| E4
|-----hq |-----------------------|
| _ | |
|-----hx | | B1 | |
|---------------| | | |
|-----h1 |_| | |
| | h19 | | ______
| | | | | -----|______| B4
| | | | | B3 |
|-----he |-------------------| E2 |_| |
| | | |
|-----h5 | | |
| | | |
| --- --- | |
--- | | |------- |
E1 | | B2 | |
| |-----------------| |
--- | |
| |---------------------
--- |
E3 |
|
FIGURE 1. A MULTI-LAN TOPOLOGY
|
|
+---------------------+------------------+
| | |
MIL EDU ARPA
| | |
| | |
+-----+-----+ | +------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | |
BRL NOSC DARPA | IN-ADDR SRI-NIC ACC
|
+--------+------------------+---------------+--------+
| | | | |
UCI MIT | UDEL YALE
| ISI
| |
+---+---+ |
| | |
LCS ACHILLES +--+-----+-----+--------+
| | | | | |
XX A C VAXA VENERA Mockapetris
|(C.ISI.EDU,SRI-NIC.ARPA
| A.ISI.EDU)
+---------------------+------------------+
| | |
MIL EDU ARPA
|(SRI-NIC.ARPA, |(SRI-NIC.ARPA, |
| A.ISI.EDU | C.ISI.EDU) |
+-----+-----+ | +------+-----+-----+
| | | | | | |
BRL NOSC DARPA | IN-ADDR SRI-NIC ACC
|
+--------+------------------+---------------+--------+
| | | | |
UCI MIT | UDEL YALE
|(XX.LCS.MIT.EDU, ISI
|ACHILLES.MIT.EDU) |(VAXA.ISI.EDU,VENERA.ISI.EDU,
+---+---+ | A.ISI.EDU)
| | |
LCS ACHILLES +--+-----+-----+--------+
| | | | | |
XX A C VAXA VENERA Mockapetris
Local Host | Foreign
|
+---------+ +----------+ | +--------+
| | user queries | |queries | | |
| User |-------------->| |---------|->|Foreign |
| Program | | Resolver | | | Name |
| |<--------------| |<--------|--| Server |
| | user responses| |responses| | |
+---------+ +----------+ | +--------+
| A |
cache additions | | references |
V | |
+----------+ |
| cache | |
+----------+ |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------//----------+
| 10000010 | XXXXXXXX | SSSSSSSS | AAAAAAA[1] AAAAAAA0 |
| | | | [0] |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------//----------+
TYPE = 130 LENGTH CLASSIFICATION PROTECTION
VARIABLE PROTECTION AUTHORITY
LEVEL FLAGS
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------//-------+
| 10000101 | 000LLLLL | AAAAAAAA | add sec info |
+------------+-------------+-------------+--------//-------+
type = 133 LENGTH = Var. ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL
SECURITY SECURITY
INFO INFO
AUTHORITY
CODE
...--------+--------+--------+
MAC Header | 802.{3/4/5} MAC
...--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+--------+
| DSAP=K1| SSAP=K1| Control| 802.2 LLC
+--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
|Protocol Id or Org Code =K2| EtherType | 802.2 SNAP
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
"MAINFRAME" DATA CHANNEL ATTACHMENT
+-----------+-------+ +------------+ | | | |
| | | |HYPERchannel+--+ | | |
| | +-------------------+ Network +--|-+ | |
| Host | I/O +-------------------+ Adapter +--|-|-+ |
| | | Standard host | +--|-|-|-+
| Computer |Control| data channel +------------+ | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+-----------+-------+
+-------------+ +---------------+ +--------------+
| | | | | |
| Minicomputer| | Supermini | | Workstation |
| | | | | |
+-----+-------+ +-------+-------+ +-------+------+
| | DMA | | | DMA | | DMA | |
| |control| | |control| |control| |
+-----+---++--+ +-------+--++---+ +--++---+------+
|| || ||
|| || ||
|+----------+ || +---------+|
+----------+| || |+---------+
|| || ||
+-++--+-----+--++-+--++-+
| | | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| x400 |
| Network Adapter |
| |
+-------+-+-+-+---------+
| | | |
------------------|-|-|-+----------------
------------------|-|-+------------------
------------------|-+--------------------
------------------+----------------------
+------------+-----+---------------+-------+
| | | Coprocessor | | +--------+
| |Host | MC 68010 |Adapter+--------+ x400 |
| HOST |DMA | 256K memory | DMA +--------+ Adapter|
| | | | | +--------+
| Memory +-----+---------------+-------+
| |
+------------+
+-----------+ +----+ +-----------------+ +------+
|File Access| |Time| |Program Execution| |Naming|... Application
+-----------+ +----+ +-----------------+ +------+ Layer
| | | | |
+-----------+-----------+-------------+------+
|
+------------------+
| RPC Presentation | Presentation
+------------------+ Layer
|
+------+ +--------+
| TCP | | VMTP | Transport
+------+ +--------+ Layer
| |
+-----------------------------------+
| Internet Protocol & ICMP | Internetwork
+-----------------------------------+ Layer
+-----------------------+
| Message Control Block |
+-----------------------+
+-----------------------------------+
| segment data |
+-----------------------------------+
+---------+ Request +----------+
| Client +---------------->| Server 1 |
+---------+ +----------+
^ |
| | forwarded Request
| V
| Response +----------+
+----------------------| Server 2 |
+----------+
+------------------------------------++---------------------+
| VMTP Header || |
+------------+-----------------------|| segment data |
|VMTP Control| Message Control Block || |
+------------+-----------------------++---------------------+
Packet
Delivery 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . .
0000 0400 0800 0C00 1000 1400 1800 1C00
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-+
Segment |....|....|....|....|....|....|....|.|
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-+
: : : : : : : / / :
v v v v v v v /| v
+----+----+----+----+ +----+ +---+
Packets | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | 5 | | 6 |
+----+----+----+----+ +----+ +---+
+------------+
| Processing |<--------------------|
| |<-------------| |
| |<---| | |
+|------^--^-+ Single Last |
Transmit | | Packet Response |
| | | Response Packet |
| | | | | |
+-DGM->+ Timeout | | Final timeout
| | | | |
+V-----------+ | +-----------+
| Awaiting |----+ | Receiving |->Response-+
| Response |->Response->| Response | |
| | (multi- | |<----------+
+-|--------^-+ packet) +----------^+
V | | |
+-Timeout+ +>Timeout+
(Retransmit Forwarded Request and NotifyVmtpClient)
Request/
Ack/
+Timeout+
V |
+-|-------^-+
| |
+-Time-| Forwarded |<-------------+
| out +-----------+ |
| |
| (Retransmit Response) |
| Request |
V Ack |
| +-Timeout-+ |
| V | |
+---------+ Ack/ +|---------^+ |
+-Time-|Response |<-Timeout--| Responded | |
| out |Discarded| +----^------+ |
| +---------+ | |
| +------------+ | |
| | |->-Send Response-+ |
| | |->-forward Request--------+
+->| Processing |<----------------------+
| | |<----------------+ |
| | |<---| | |
| +-|--------^-+ | Last |
| Receive | | Request |
| | Timeout Single Packet |
| | | Packet | Timeout
| | | Request ^ ^
| | | ^ +|-----|--+
| +-V--------|-+ | |Receiving|<-+Time
+->| Awaiting |->--+->Request->| Request |--+ out
| Request | | (multi- +---------+
+------|-----+ ^ packet)
Request |
| Response
Send Probe to
| Probe
+---V----+ |
|Awaiting| ^
|Response|-->--+
|to Probe|
+--------+
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+
| ControlFlags| Interface | Version/Procedure |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+
8 bits 16 bits 8 bits
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
| TypeFlags | Discriminator | Internet Address |
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
4 bits 28 bits 32 bits
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
| TypeFlags | Discriminator |Internet Host Group Addr|
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
4 bits 28 bits 32 bits
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
| TypeFlags | Discriminator | Internet Host Addr |
+-----------+----------------+------------------------+
4 bits 28 bits 32 bits
+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Internet Address | Local User Identifier |
+---------------------------+------------------------+
32 bits 32 bits
| |
| Upper-Layer Protocol Modules |
|__________________________________________________________|
--------------------- IP Service Interface -----------------------
__________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | ICMP | IGMP |
| IP |______________|______________|
| Module |
| |
|__________________________________________________________|
---------------- Local Network Service Interface -----------------
__________________________________________________________
| | |
| Local | IP-to-local address mapping |
| Network | (e.g., ARP) |
| Modules |_____________________________|
| (e.g., Ethernet) |
| |
________________
| |
| |
| |
| |
--------->| Non-Member |<---------
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |________________| |
| | |
| leave group | join group | leave group
| (stop timer) |(send report, |
| | start timer) |
________|________ | ________|________
| |<--------- | |
| | | |
| |<-------------------| |
| | query received | |
| Delaying Member | (start timer) | Idle Member |
| |------------------->| |
| | report received | |
| | (stop timer) | |
|_________________|------------------->|_________________|
timer expired
(send report)
+---------+
| Update |
+--------->| +----------+
| |Algorithm| |
| +----+----+ |
| | |
| V V
+----+----+ +---------+ +---------+
| | | Local | | |
| Receive | | +---->| Timeout |
| | | Clock | | |
+---------+ +---------+ +-+-----+-+
A A | |
| | V V
===========================================
Peers Network Peers
| |
t(1) |------------------->| t(2)
| |
t(4) |<-------------------| t(3)
| |
t(5) |------------------->| t(6)
| |
t(8) |<-------------------| t(7)
| |
...
Figure 3.1. Calculating Delay and Offset
0 16 32
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| | | |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+
A
decimal point
0 16
+---------------+---------------+
| | |
+---------------+---------------+
A
decimal point
Peer 1 Peer 2
| |
t(1) |------------------->| t(2)
| |
t(4) |<-------------------| t(3)
| |
t(5) |------------------->| t(6)
| |
t(8) |<-------------------| t(7)
| |
...
0 23 47
| | |
1000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1010 xxxx xxx0 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
1 = Assigned by IANA for
other uses
0 23 47
| | |
0000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 0xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
1 = Assigned by IANA for other uses
\ upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower \ | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
3Mb Ethernet | 1001 | 1000 | 3000 |
| octal | octal | octal |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
10 Mb Ethernet| 0800 | 0200 | 0600 |
| hex | hex | hex |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Link | Link | Link |
ARPANET | 155 | 152 | 150 |
| decimal| decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
\ upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower \ | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| |Protocol|Protocol|
DoD IP | X | 12 | 22 |
| | decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| | | |
PUP | ? | X | ? |
| | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | |
NS IP | 13 | 12 | X |
| decimal| decimal| |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|00001011|00000100| 2 octet value |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|00001100|00000100| 2 octet value |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
| Region #1 INOC | |Region #2 INOC | |PC in Region #3 |
| | | | | |
|Domain=Region #1 | |Domain=Region #2| |Domain=Region #3|
|CPU=super-mini-1 | |CPU=super-mini-1| |CPU=Clone-1 |
|PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=slate|
| | | | | |
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
/|\ /|\ /|\
| | |
| | |
| \|/ |
| +-----------------+ |
+-------------->| Region #3 INOC |<-------------+
| |
|Domain=Region #3 |
|CPU=super-mini-2 |
|PCommunity=pub, |
| slate |
|DCommunity=secret|
+-------------->| |<-------------+
| +-----------------+ |
| /|\ |
| | |
| | |
\|/ \|/ \|/
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
|Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 |
|CPU=router-1 | |CPU=mainframe-1 | |CPU=modem-1 |
|DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret|
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
--------- Remote
| BFTP | (telnet) o User
Local | Network | <---------------- -|-
User o | Server | / \
-|- ---------
/ \ | |
| |
| |
v v
----------- (Submit +---+
| BFTP User | request) |---| Request
| Interface | ---------> |---| Queue
----------- |---|
. +---+
. /
. /
(foreground . / (try/retry
request-- . / request)
see 2.3) v v
-------- +---+
| FTC | -------------> | | User
| Daemon | Notify | | Mailbox
-------- Message +---+
/ \
/ FTP \
/ Control \
/ Connections \
HOST S v v HOST D
-------- --------
| FTP | ===========> | FTP |
| Server | file | Server |
-------- transfer --------
<-------- (log in)
(login confirm.) -------->
(log in) -------->
<-------- (login confirm.)
<-------- TYPE, STRU, MODE, CWD
(confirmations) -------->
TYPE, STRU, MODE, CWD -------->
<-------- (confirmations)
<-------- PASV command
PASV confirm -------->
PORT command -------->
<-------- PORT confirm
RETR file -------->
<-------- STOR file
<------------------------------ Open TCP Data conn
<------------------------------ Send file
<------------------------------ Close Data conn
<-------- RETR confirm
STOR confirm -------->
<-------- QUIT command
QUIT command -------->
Close Ctrl conn -------->
Octet
+--------------------------------------+ +--------
| Network Layer Protocol Identifier | 1 :
|--------------------------------------| :
| Length Indicator | 2 :
|--------------------------------------| :
| Version/Protocol Id Extension | 3 : Fixed
|--------------------------------------| :
| Lifetime | 4 : Part
|--------------------------------------| :
|SP|MS|E/R| Type | 5 :
|--------------------------------------| :
| Segment Length | 6,7 :
|--------------------------------------| :
| Checksum | 8,9 :
|--------------------------------------| +--------
| Destination Address Length Indicator | 10 :
|--------------------------------------| :
| Destination Address | 11 through m-1 : Address
|--------------------------------------| :
| Source Address Length Indicator | m : Part
|--------------------------------------| :
| Source Address | m+1 through n-1 :
|--------------------------------------| +--------
| Data Unit Identifier | n,n+1 :
|--------------------------------------| : Segment
| Segment Offset | n+2,n+3 : ation
|--------------------------------------| :
| Total Length | n+4,n+5 : Part
|--------------------------------------| +--------
| Options | n+6 through p : Options
Part
|--------------------------------------| +--------
| Data | p+1 through z : Data
+--------------------------------------+ +--------
______U of WI (128.105)______
( )
( 128.105.4 )
( | ) _U of Tudor__
( | 128.105.2.150 ) ( )
( | 128.105.4.150 ) ( )
( |------ES-----------| ) ( ES )
( | | ) ( 26.5.0.73 )
( | | ) ( | )
( | | ) (___|_________)
( | | ) |
( | | ) -------------
( |---ES | ) _|_
( | 128.105.4.154 | ) ( )
( | | ) ( )
( | | ) ( IP )
( | |----------( subnet )
( | | ) ( )
( | | ) ( )
( | | ) (___)
( |---ES | ) |
( | 128.105.4.151 | ) -------------
( | | ) |
( | | ) _U of Fordor_
( | | ) ( | )
( |---IS/ES-----------| ) ( | )
( 128.105.2.153 | ) ( IS )
( 128.105.4.153 | ) ( 192.5.2.1 )
( | ) ( | )
( | ) ( | )
( 128.105.2 ) ( ES )
( ) ( 192.5.2.2 )
(_____________________________) (_____________)
----- ----- -----
| A | code | 7 | decode | A |
| B | ==> | 1 | ==> | B |
| C | | 4 | | C |
----- |...| -----
| 2 | check plus "valid" flag
----- info
+-----------+ +-----------+
| PS-user | | PS-user |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| |
| PS interface PS interface |
| [ISO8822] |
| |
+----------+ ISO Presentation Services on the TCP +----------+
| client |-----------------------------------------| server |
+----------+ (this memo) +----------+
| |
| TCP interface TCP interface |
| [RFC793] |
| |
+---------+ +----------+ +-----+
| | | | output +---------------+ input | n |
| | | |<--------| de-serializer |<--------| e |
| | | | queue +---------------+ queue | t |
| PS-user |----| dispatch | | w |
| | | | input +---------------+ output | o |
| | | |-------->| serializer |-------->| r |
| | | | queue +---------------+ queue | k |
+---------+ +----------+ +-----+
+---------------------------------+
| |
| +-----------------------------------+
| +----+ | +----+ | +----+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | +-----------|-----+ +--------------+ | |
| | | TP0 | | | | TP0 | | |
| +----+ | +----+ | +----+ |
| TCP Host | Bridge Host| X.25 Host |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-------------------|-------------+ |
TCP/IP Network | |
| |
+-----------------------------------+
X.25 Network
+----------------------------------------------+
| Management Application Processes |
+----------------------------------------------+
+-------------------+
| CMISE |
| ISO DIS 9595/9596 |
+-------------------+
+------------------+ +--------------------+
| ACSE | | ROSE |
| ISO IS 8649/8650 | | ISO DIS 9072-1/2 |
+------------------+ +--------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) |
| RFC 1085 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
+------------------+ +--------------------+
| TCP | | UDP |
| RFC 793 | | RFC 768 |
+------------------+ +--------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
| IP |
| RFC 791 |
+-----------------------------------------------+
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
| Region #1 INOC | |Region #2 INOC | |PC in Region #3 |
| | | | | |
|Domain=Region #1 | |Domain=Region #2| |Domain=Region #3|
|CPU=super-mini-1 | |CPU=super-mini-1| |CPU=Clone-1 |
|PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=slate|
| | | | | |
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
/|\ /|\ /|\
| | |
| | |
| \|/ |
| +-----------------+ |
+-------------->| Region #3 INOC |<-------------+
| |
|Domain=Region #3 |
|CPU=super-mini-2 |
|PCommunity=pub, |
| slate |
|DCommunity=secret|
+-------------->| |<-------------+
| +-----------------+ |
| /|\ |
| | |
| | |
\|/ \|/ \|/
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
|Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 |
|CPU=router-1 | |CPU=mainframe-1 | |CPU=modem-1 |
|DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret|
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
H1 --- 1 --- G1 ----- 2 ------ G2 ----- 3 ----- H2
| |
| |
| |
|---- G3 ----- 4 ------ G4 ------|------ G5 --- 5
| |
| |
| H4
H3
...--------+--------+--------+
MAC Header | FDDI MAC
...--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+--------+
| DSAP=K1| SSAP=K1| Control| 802.2 LLC
+--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
|Protocol Id or Org Code =K2| EtherType | 802.2 SNAP
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
Events|BGP_Idle BGP_Active BGP_OpenSent BGP_OpenConfirm BGP_Estab
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5)
|-------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2 | | | |
| | | | |
2 | | 3 | | |
| | | | |
3 | | | 1 | 1 |
| | | | |
4 | | 2 | | |
| | | | |
5 | | | 4 or 1 | |
| | | | |
6 | | | | 5 |
| | | | |
7 | | | | | 5
| | | | |
8 | | | | | 5
| | | | |
9 | | | | | 5
| | | | |
10 | | | | 1 | 1
| | | | |
11 | | | 3 | 4 | 5
| | | | |
12 | | | | | 1
| | | | |
13 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------
|---------------transfer rates----------------------|
Window Size | no error | 10e-7 error rate | 10e-6 error rate |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
64K | 94K | 53K | 14K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
72K | 106K | 51K | 15K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
80K | 115K | 42K | 14K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
92K | 115K | 43K | 14K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
100K | 135K | 66K | 15K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
112K | 126K | 53K | 17K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
124K | 154K | 45K | 14K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
136K | 160K | 66K | 15K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
156K | 167K | 45K | 14K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1.
|---------------transfer rates----------------------|
Window Size | no error | 10e-7 error rate | 10e-6 error rate |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
64K | 95K | 83K | 43K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
72K | 104K | 87K | 49K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
80K | 117K | 96K | 62K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
92K | 124K | 119K | 39K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
100K | 140K | 124K | 35K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
112K | 151K | 126K | 53K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
124K | 160K | 140K | 36K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
136K | 167K | 148K | 38K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
156K | 167K | 160K | 38K |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 2.
+------------+------------+------------+-------------//----------+
| 10000010 | XXXXXXXX | SSSSSSSS | AAAAAAA[1] AAAAAAA0 |
| | | | [0] |
+------------+------------+------------+-------------//----------+
TYPE = 130 LENGTH CLASSIFICATION PROTECTION
LEVEL AUTHORITY
FLAGS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
High-order | | | | | | | | | Low-order
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+------------+------------+------------+-------//-------+
| 10000101 | 000LLLLL | AAAAAAAA | add sec info |
+------------+------------+------------+-------//-------+
TYPE = 133 LENGTH ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL
SECURITY INFO SECURITY
FORMAT CODE INFO
| |
| Upper-Layer Protocol Modules |
|__________________________________________________________|
--------------------- IP Service Interface -----------------------
__________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | ICMP | IGMP |
| IP |______________|______________|
| Module |
| |
|__________________________________________________________|
---------------- Local Network Service Interface -----------------
__________________________________________________________
| | |
| Local | IP-to-local address mapping |
| Network | (e.g., ARP) |
| Modules |_____________________________|
| (e.g., Ethernet) |
| |
________________
| |
| |
| |
| |
--------->| Non-Member |<---------
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |________________| |
| | |
| leave group | join group | leave group
| (stop timer) |(send report, |
| | start timer) |
________|________ | ________|________
| |<--------- | |
| | | |
| |<-------------------| |
| | query received | |
| Delaying Member | (start timer) | Idle Member |
| |------------------->| |
| | report received | |
| | (stop timer) | |
|_________________|------------------->|_________________|
timer expired
(send report)
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| IDLE |
+----------------------+------+------+-------+-------+---------++
^ ^ ^ | | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
| | | v v | | | | | v | |
| | | +------+ +---+--+ | | | | ########### | |
| | | | Get | | Send | | | | | # Get # | |
| | | | SPC0 | | SPC0 | | | | | # 0,DEF,0 # | |
| | | +---+--+ +------+ | | | | ########### | |
| | | | ^ | | | | | | |
| | | v | v | | | v | |
| | | / \ | *********** | | ########### | |
| | | / \ | * Send * | | # Switch # | |
| ********** |Yes/ Same as \ | * 0,VAL,0 * | | # to # | |
| * Change * +--< current? > | *********** | | # default # | |
| * to new * \ / | v | ########### | |
| * value * \ / | *********** | | |
| ********** \ / | * Send * v | |
| ^ |No | * 0,DEF,0 * ######### | |
| |Yes v | *********** # Send #--+ |
| / \ / \ | # SPC-A # |
| / \ / \ | ######### |
| / Is ACK \ Yes/ Same \ | ^ |
|< bit set? ><-< level as > | | |
| \ / \ current?/ | ########### |
| \ / \ / | # Get #<--+
| \ / \ / +-+---+ # 0,VAL,0 #
| |No |No | Set | ###########
| +--------------+ | ACK |
| v | bit | * - Client side only
| / \ +-----+ # - Server side only
| +------+ / \ ^
| | Send | No / Do we \ Yes|
+---| SPC1 |<---< agree? >---+
+------+ \ /
\ /
\ /
A. Transmission on connected network:
_______________________________________________
| LL hdr | IP hdr | (data) |
|________|________|_____________________________|
<---------- Frame ----------------------------->
<----------Packet -------------------->
B. Before IP fragmentation or after IP reassembly:
______________________________________
| IP hdr | transport| Application Data |
|________|____hdr___|__________________|
<-------- Datagram ------------------>
<-------- Message ----------->
or, for TCP:
______________________________________
| IP hdr | TCP hdr | Application Data |
|________|__________|__________________|
<-------- Datagram ------------------>
<-------- Segment ----------->
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION| | | |T|T|e
--------------------------------------------------|-------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
Trailer encapsulation |2.3.1 | | |x| | |
Send Trailers by default without negotiation |2.3.1 | | | | |x|
ARP |2.3.2 | | | | | |
Flush out-of-date ARP cache entries |2.3.2.1|x| | | | |
Prevent ARP floods |2.3.2.1|x| | | | |
Cache timeout configurable |2.3.2.1| |x| | | |
Save at least one (latest) unresolved pkt |2.3.2.2| |x| | | |
Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation |2.3.3 | | | | | |
Host able to: |2.3.3 | | | | | |
Send & receive RFC-894 encapsulation |2.3.3 |x| | | | |
Receive RFC-1042 encapsulation |2.3.3 | |x| | | |
Send RFC-1042 encapsulation |2.3.3 | | |x| | |
Then config. sw. to select, RFC-894 dflt |2.3.3 |x| | | | |
Send K1=6 encapsulation |2.3.3 | | | | |x|
Use ARP on Ethernet and IEEE 802 nets |2.3.3 |x| | | | |
Link layer report b'casts to IP layer |2.4 |x| | | | |
IP layer pass TOS to link layer |2.4 |x| | | | |
No ARP cache entry treated as Dest. Unreach. |2.4 | | | | |x|
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
Implement IP and ICMP |3.1 |x| | | | |
Handle remote multihoming in application layer |3.1 |x| | | | |
Support local multihoming |3.1 | | |x| | |
Meet gateway specs if forward datagrams |3.1 |x| | | | |
Configuration switch for embedded gateway |3.1 |x| | | | |1
Config switch default to non-gateway |3.1 |x| | | | |1
Auto-config based on number of interfaces |3.1 | | | | |x|1
Able to log discarded datagrams |3.1 | |x| | | |
Record in counter |3.1 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Silently discard Version != 4 |3.2.1.1 |x| | | | |
Verify IP checksum, silently discard bad dgram |3.2.1.2 |x| | | | |
Addressing: | | | | | | |
Subnet addressing (RFC-950) |3.2.1.3 |x| | | | |
Src address must be host's own IP address |3.2.1.3 |x| | | | |
Silently discard datagram with bad dest addr |3.2.1.3 |x| | | | |
Silently discard datagram with bad src addr |3.2.1.3 |x| | | | |
Support reassembly |3.2.1.4 |x| | | | |
Retain same Id field in identical datagram |3.2.1.5 | | |x| | |
| | | | | | |
TOS: | | | | | | |
Allow transport layer to set TOS |3.2.1.6 |x| | | | |
Pass received TOS up to transport layer |3.2.1.6 | |x| | | |
Use RFC-795 link-layer mappings for TOS |3.2.1.6 | | | |x| |
TTL: | | | | | | |
Send packet with TTL of 0 |3.2.1.7 | | | | |x|
Discard received packets with TTL < 2 |3.2.1.7 | | | | |x|
Allow transport layer to set TTL |3.2.1.7 |x| | | | |
Fixed TTL is configurable |3.2.1.7 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
IP Options: | | | | | | |
Allow transport layer to send IP options |3.2.1.8 |x| | | | |
Pass all IP options rcvd to higher layer |3.2.1.8 |x| | | | |
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
UDP | | | | | | |
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
UDP send Port Unreachable |4.1.3.1 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
IP Options in UDP | | | | | | |
- Pass rcv'd IP options to applic layer |4.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
- Applic layer can specify IP options in Send |4.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
- UDP passes IP options down to IP layer |4.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
Pass ICMP msgs up to applic layer |4.1.3.3 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
UDP checksums: | | | | | | |
- Able to generate/check checksum |4.1.3.4 |x| | | | |
- Silently discard bad checksum |4.1.3.4 |x| | | | |
- Sender Option to not generate checksum |4.1.3.4 | | |x| | |
- Default is to checksum |4.1.3.4 |x| | | | |
- Receiver Option to require checksum |4.1.3.4 | | |x| | |
| | | | | | |
UDP Multihoming | | | | | | |
- Pass spec-dest addr to application |4.1.3.5 |x| | | | |
|<------- RCV.BUFF ---------------->|
1 2 3
----|---------|------------------|------|----
RCV.NXT ^
(Fixed)
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
Push flag | | | | | | |
Aggregate or queue un-pushed data |4.2.2.2 | | |x| | |
Sender collapse successive PSH flags |4.2.2.2 | |x| | | |
SEND call can specify PUSH |4.2.2.2 | | |x| | |
- Default at least 2 hrs. |4.2.3.6 |x| | | | |
- Tolerant of lost ACK's |4.2.3.6 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
IP Options | | | | | | |
Ignore options TCP doesn't understand |4.2.3.8 |x| | | | |
Time Stamp support |4.2.3.8 | | |x| | |
Record Route support |4.2.3.8 | | |x| | |
Source Route: | | | | | | |
ALP can specify |4.2.3.8 |x| | | | |1
Overrides src rt in datagram |4.2.3.8 |x| | | | |
Build return route from src rt |4.2.3.8 |x| | | | |
Later src route overrides |4.2.3.8 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Receiving ICMP Messages from IP |4.2.3.9 |x| | | | |
Dest. Unreach (0,1,5) => inform ALP |4.2.3.9 | |x| | | |
Dest. Unreach (0,1,5) => abort conn |4.2.3.9 | | | | |x|
Dest. Unreach (2-4) => abort conn |4.2.3.9 | |x| | | |
Source Quench => slow start |4.2.3.9 | |x| | | |
Time Exceeded => tell ALP, don't abort |4.2.3.9 | |x| | | |
Param Problem => tell ALP, don't abort |4.2.3.9 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Address Validation | | | | | | |
Reject OPEN call to invalid IP address |4.2.3.10|x| | | | |
Reject SYN from invalid IP address |4.2.3.10|x| | | | |
Silently discard SYN to bcast/mcast addr |4.2.3.10|x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
TCP/ALP Interface Services | | | | | | |
Error Report mechanism |4.2.4.1 |x| | | | |
ALP can disable Error Report Routine |4.2.4.1 | |x| | | |
ALP can specify TOS for sending |4.2.4.2 |x| | | | |
Passed unchanged to IP |4.2.4.2 | |x| | | |
ALP can change TOS during connection |4.2.4.2 | |x| | | |
Pass received TOS up to ALP |4.2.4.2 | | |x| | |
FLUSH call |4.2.4.3 | | |x| | |
Optional local IP addr parm. in OPEN |4.2.4.4 |x| | | | |
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-----------------------------------------------|----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
User interfaces: | | | | | | |
Allow host name to begin with digit |2.1 |x| | | | |
Host names of up to 635 characters |2.1 |x| | | | |
Host names of up to 255 characters |2.1 | |x| | | |
Support dotted-decimal host numbers |2.1 | |x| | | |
Check syntactically for dotted-dec first |2.1 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Map domain names per Section 6.1 |2.2 |x| | | | |
Cope with soft DNS errors |2.2 |x| | | | |
Reasonable interval between retries |2.2 |x| | | | |
Allow for long outages |2.2 |x| | | | |
Expect WKS records to be available |2.2 | | | |x| |
| | | | | | |
Try multiple addr's for remote multihomed host |2.3 | |x| | | |
UDP reply src addr is specific dest of request |2.3 | |x| | | |
Use same IP addr for related TCP connections |2.3 | |x| | | |
Specify appropriate TOS values |2.4 |x| | | | |
TOS values configurable |2.4 |x| | | | |
Unused TOS bits zero |2.4 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
Option Negotiation |3.2.1 |x| | | | |
Avoid negotiation loops |3.2.1 |x| | | | |
Refuse unsupported options |3.2.1 |x| | | | |
Negotiation OK anytime on connection |3.2.1 | |x| | | |
Default to NVT |3.2.1 |x| | | | |
Send official name in Term-Type option |3.2.8 |x| | | | |
Accept any name in Term-Type option |3.2.8 |x| | | | |
Implement Binary, Suppress-GA options |3.3.3 |x| | | | |
Echo, Status, EOL, Ext-Opt-List options |3.3.3 | |x| | | |
Implement Window-Size option if appropriate |3.3.3 | |x| | | |
Server initiate mode negotiations |3.3.4 | |x| | | |
User can enable/disable init negotiations |3.3.4 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Go-Aheads | | | | | | |
Non-GA server negotiate SUPPRESS-GA option |3.2.2 |x| | | | |
User or Server accept SUPPRESS-GA option |3.2.2 |x| | | | |
User Telnet ignore GA's |3.2.2 | | |x| | |
| | | | | | |
Control Functions | | | | | | |
Support SE NOP DM IP AO AYT SB |3.2.3 |x| | | | |
Support EOR EC EL Break |3.2.3 | | |x| | |
Ignore unsupported control functions |3.2.3 |x| | | | |
User, Server discard urgent data up to DM |3.2.4 |x| | | | |
User Telnet send "Synch" after IP, AO, AYT |3.2.4 | |x| | | |
Server Telnet reply Synch to IP |3.2.4 | | |x| | |
Server Telnet reply Synch to AO |3.2.4 |x| | | | |
User Telnet can flush output when send IP |3.2.4 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Encoding | | | | | | |
Send high-order bit in NVT mode |3.2.5 | | | |x| |
Send high-order bit as parity bit |3.2.5 | | | | |x|
Negot. BINARY if pass high-ord. bit to applic |3.2.5 | |x| | | |
Always double IAC data byte |3.2.6 |x| | | | |
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------|---------------|-|-|-|-|-|--
Implement TYPE T if same as TYPE N |4.1.2.2 | |x| | | |
File/Record transform invertible if poss. |4.1.2.4 | |x| | | |
User-FTP send PORT cmd for stream mode |4.1.2.5 | |x| | | |
Server-FTP implement PASV |4.1.2.6 |x| | | | |
PASV is per-transfer |4.1.2.6 |x| | | | |
NLST reply usable in RETR cmds |4.1.2.7 |x| | | | |
Implied type for LIST and NLST |4.1.2.7 | |x| | | |
SITE cmd for non-standard features |4.1.2.8 | |x| | | |
STOU cmd return pathname as specified |4.1.2.9 |x| | | | |
Use TCP READ boundaries on control conn. |4.1.2.10 | | | | |x|
| | | | | | |
Server-FTP send only correct reply format |4.1.2.11 |x| | | | |
Server-FTP use defined reply code if poss. |4.1.2.11 | |x| | | |
New reply code following Section 4.2 |4.1.2.11 | | |x| | |
User-FTP use only high digit of reply |4.1.2.11 | |x| | | |
User-FTP handle multi-line reply lines |4.1.2.11 |x| | | | |
User-FTP handle 421 reply specially |4.1.2.11 | | | |x| |
| | | | | | |
Default data port same IP addr as ctl conn |4.1.2.12 |x| | | | |
User-FTP send Telnet cmds exc. SYNCH, IP |4.1.2.12 | | | | |x|
User-FTP negotiate Telnet options |4.1.2.12 | | | | |x|
Server-FTP handle Telnet options |4.1.2.12 |x| | | | |
Handle "Experimental" directory cmds |4.1.3.1 | |x| | | |
Idle timeout in server-FTP |4.1.3.2 | |x| | | |
Configurable idle timeout |4.1.3.2 | |x| | | |
Receiver checkpoint data at Restart Marker |4.1.3.4 | |x| | | |
Sender assume 110 replies are synchronous |4.1.3.4 | | | | |x|
| | | | | | |
Support TYPE: | | | | | | |
ASCII - Non-Print (AN) |4.1.2.13 |x| | | | |
ASCII - Telnet (AT) -- if same as AN |4.1.2.2 | |x| | | |
ASCII - Carriage Control (AC) |959 3.1.1.5.2 | | |x| | |
EBCDIC - (any form) |959 3.1.1.2 | | |x| | |
IMAGE |4.1.2.1 |x| | | | |
LOCAL 8 |4.1.2.1 |x| | | | |
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
Fix Sorcerer's Apprentice Syndrome |4.2.3.1 |x| | | | |
Transfer modes: | | | | | | |
netascii |RFC-783 |x| | | | |
octet |RFC-783 |x| | | | |
mail |4.2.2.1 | | | |x| |
extensions |4.2.3.3 | | |x| | |
Use adaptive timeout |4.2.3.2 |x| | | | |
Configurable access control |4.2.3.4 | |x| | | |
Silently ignore broadcast request |4.2.3.5 | |x| | | |
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
-------------------------------------------------|--------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-----------------------------------------------|----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
RECEIVER-SMTP: | | | | | | |
Implement VRFY |5.2.3 |x| | | | |
Implement EXPN |5.2.3 | |x| | | |
EXPN, VRFY configurable |5.2.3 | | |x| | |
Implement SEND, SOML, SAML |5.2.4 | | |x| | |
Verify HELO parameter |5.2.5 | | |x| | |
Refuse message with bad HELO |5.2.5 | | | | |x|
Accept explicit src-route syntax in env. |5.2.6 |x| | | | |
Support "postmaster" |5.2.7 |x| | | | |
Process RCPT when received (except lists) |5.2.7 | | |x| | |
Long delay of RCPT responses |5.2.7 | | | | |x|
| | | | | | |
Add Received: line |5.2.8 |x| | | | |
Received: line include domain literal |5.2.8 | |x| | | |
Change previous Received: line |5.2.8 | | | | |x|
Pass Return-Path info (final deliv/gwy) |5.2.8 |x| | | | |
Support empty reverse path |5.2.9 |x| | | | |
Send only official reply codes |5.2.10 | |x| | | |
Send text from RFC-821 when appropriate |5.2.10 | |x| | | |
Delete "." for transparency |5.2.11 |x| | | | |
Accept and recognize self domain literal(s) |5.2.17 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
Error message about error message |5.3.1 | | | | |x|
Keep pending listen on SMTP port |5.3.1.2 | |x| | | |
Provide limit on recv concurrency |5.3.1.2 | | |x| | |
Wait at least 5 mins for next sender cmd |5.3.2 | |x| | | |
Avoidable delivery failure after "250 OK" |5.3.3 | | | | |x|
Send error notification msg after accept |5.3.3 |x| | | | |
Send using null return path |5.3.3 |x| | | | |
Send to envelope return path |5.3.3 | |x| | | |
Send to null address |5.3.3 | | | | |x|
Strip off explicit src route |5.3.3 | |x| | | |
Minimize acceptance delay (RFC-1047) |5.3.3 |x| | | | |
-----------------------------------------------|----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
SENDER-SMTP: | | | | | | |
Canonicalized domain names in MAIL, RCPT |5.2.2 |x| | | | |
Implement SEND, SOML, SAML |5.2.4 | | |x| | |
Send valid principal host name in HELO |5.2.5 |x| | | | |
Send explicit source route in RCPT TO: |5.2.6 | | | |x| |
Use only reply code to determine action |5.2.10 |x| | | | |
Use only high digit of reply code when poss. |5.2.10 | |x| | | |
Add "." for transparency |5.2.11 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
Retry messages after soft failure |5.3.1.1 |x| | | | |
Delay before retry |5.3.1.1 |x| | | | |
Configurable retry parameters |5.3.1.1 |x| | | | |
Retry once per each queued dest host |5.3.1.1 | |x| | | |
Multiple RCPT's for same DATA |5.3.1.1 | |x| | | |
Support multiple concurrent transactions |5.3.1.1 | | |x| | |
Provide limit on concurrency |5.3.1.1 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
Timeouts on all activities |5.3.1 |x| | | | |
Per-command timeouts |5.3.2 | |x| | | |
Timeouts easily reconfigurable |5.3.2 | |x| | | |
Recommended times |5.3.2 | |x| | | |
Try alternate addr's in order |5.3.4 |x| | | | |
Configurable limit on alternate tries |5.3.4 | | |x| | |
Try at least two alternates |5.3.4 | |x| | | |
Load-split across equal MX alternates |5.3.4 | |x| | | |
Use the Domain Name System |5.3.5 |x| | | | |
Support MX records |5.3.5 |x| | | | |
Use WKS records in MX processing |5.2.12 | | | |x| |
-----------------------------------------------|----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | | | |
MAIL FORWARDING: | | | | | | |
Alter existing header field(s) |5.2.6 | | | |x| |
Implement relay function: 821/section 3.6 |5.2.6 | | |x| | |
If not, deliver to RHS domain |5.2.6 | |x| | | |
Interpret 'local-part' of addr |5.2.16 | | | | |x|
| | | | | | |
MAILING LISTS AND ALIASES | | | | | | |
Support both |5.3.6 | |x| | | |
Report mail list error to local admin. |5.3.6 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
MAIL GATEWAYS: | | | | | | |
Embed foreign mail route in local-part |5.2.16 | | |x| | |
Rewrite header fields when necessary |5.3.7 | | |x| | |
Prepend Received: line |5.3.7 |x| | | | |
Change existing Received: line |5.3.7 | | | | |x|
Accept full RFC-822 on Internet side |5.3.7 | |x| | | |
Act on RFC-822 explicit source route |5.3.7 | | |x| | |
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
GENERAL ISSUES | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Implement DNS name-to-address conversion |6.1.1 |x| | | | |
Implement DNS address-to-name conversion |6.1.1 |x| | | | |
Support conversions using host table |6.1.1 | | |x| | |
Properly handle RR with zero TTL |6.1.2.1 |x| | | | |
Use QCLASS=* unnecessarily |6.1.2.2 | |x| | | |
Use QCLASS=IN for Internet class |6.1.2.2 |x| | | | |
Unused fields zero |6.1.2.3 |x| | | | |
Use compression in responses |6.1.2.4 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
Include config info in responses |6.1.2.5 | | | | |x|
Support all well-known, class-indep. types |6.1.3.5 |x| | | | |
Easily expand type list |6.1.3.5 | |x| | | |
Load all RR types (except MD and MF) |6.1.3.6 |x| | | | |
Load MD or MF type |6.1.3.6 | | | | |x|
Operate when root servers, etc. unavailable |6.1.3.7 |x| | | | |
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
RESOLVER ISSUES: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Resolver support multiple concurrent requests |6.1.3.1 | |x| | | |
Full-service resolver: |6.1.3.1 | | |x| | |
Local caching |6.1.3.1 |x| | | | |
Information in local cache times out |6.1.3.1 |x| | | | |
Configurable with starting info |6.1.3.1 | |x| | | |
Stub resolver: |6.1.3.1 | | |x| | |
Use redundant recursive name servers |6.1.3.1 |x| | | | |
Local caching |6.1.3.1 | | |x| | |
Information in local cache times out |6.1.3.1 |x| | | | |
Support for remote multi-homed hosts: | | | | | | |
Sort multiple addresses by preference list |6.1.3.4 | |x| | | |
| | | | | | |
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Support UDP queries |6.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
Support TCP queries |6.1.3.2 | |x| | | |
Send query using UDP first |6.1.3.2 |x| | | | |1
Try TCP if UDP answers are truncated |6.1.3.2 | |x| | | |
Name server limit TCP query resources |6.1.3.2 | | |x| | |
Punish unnecessary TCP query |6.1.3.2 | | | |x| |
Use truncated data as if it were not |6.1.3.2 | | | | |x|
Private agreement to use only TCP |6.1.3.2 | | |x| | |
Use TCP for zone transfers |6.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
TCP usage not block UDP queries |6.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
Support broadcast or multicast queries |6.1.3.2 | | |x| | |
RD bit set in query |6.1.3.2 | | | | |x|
RD bit ignored by server is b'cast/m'cast |6.1.3.2 |x| | | | |
Send only as occasional probe for addr's |6.1.3.2 | |x| | | |
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
RESOURCE USAGE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Transmission controls, per [DNS:2] |6.1.3.3 |x| | | | |
Finite bounds per request |6.1.3.3 |x| | | | |
Failure after retries => soft error |6.1.3.3 |x| | | | |
Cache temporary failures |6.1.3.3 | |x| | | |
Cache negative responses |6.1.3.3 | |x| | | |
Retries use exponential backoff |6.1.3.3 | |x| | | |
Upper, lower bounds |6.1.3.3 | |x| | | |
Client handle Source Quench |6.1.3.3 | |x| | | |
Server ignore Source Quench |6.1.3.3 | | |x| | |
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
USER INTERFACE: | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
All programs have access to DNS interface |6.1.4.2 |x| | | | |
Able to request all info for given name |6.1.4.2 |x| | | | |
Returns complete info or error |6.1.4.2 |x| | | | |
Special interfaces |6.1.4.2 | | |x| | |
Name<->Address translation |6.1.4.2 |x| | | | |
| | | | | | |
Abbreviation Facilities: |6.1.4.3 | | |x| | |
Convention for complete names |6.1.4.3 |x| | | | |
Conversion exactly once |6.1.4.3 |x| | | | |
Conversion in proper context |6.1.4.3 |x| | | | |
Search list: |6.1.4.3 | | |x| | |
Administrator can disable |6.1.4.3 | |x| | | |
Prevention of excessive root queries |6.1.4.3 |x| | | | |
Both methods |6.1.4.3 | |x| | | |
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
| | | | |S| |
| | | | |H| |F
| | | | |O|M|o
| | |S| |U|U|o
| | |H| |L|S|t
| |M|O| |D|T|n
| |U|U|M| | |o
| |S|L|A|N|N|t
| |T|D|Y|O|O|t
FEATURE |SECTION | | | |T|T|e
-----------------------------------------------|-----------|-|-|-|-|-|--
Support SNMP or CMOT agent |6.3.1 | |x| | | |
Implement specified objects in standard MIB |6.3.1 | |x| | | |
--------------------
N bytes | physical header |
|------------------|
30 bytes | IPX header |
|------------------|
8 bytes | 802.2 header |
|------------------|
usually 20 bytes | IP header |
|------------------|
usually 20 bytes | TCP header |
|------------------|
up to 498 bytes | TCP data |
--------------------
+----------+---------+---------+----------+------------
| Flag | Address | Control | Protocol | Information
| 01111110 | 1111111 | 0000011 | 16 bits | *
+----------+---------+---------+----------+------------
---+---------+----------+
| FCS | Flag |
| 16 bits | 01111110 |
---+---------+----------+
+------------------------------+
| |
V |
+---2---+ PO +---1---+ RTA +---7---+ |
| |<-------------| |<-----------| | |
|Listen | |Closed | |Closing| |
RCR | | C | | PLD | | |
+----| |----->+------>| |<---Any | |<--+ |
|scr +-------+ ^ +-------+ State +-------+ | |
| | AO | ^ | TO | |
| +-----------+ --- | | +---->+ |
| | SCR | C | str ^ |
| C | RCN/TO | +----------------+ | |
| -- | +-------->+<--------+ | str | |
| | | scr | | | |
| +---3---+ V TO +---4---+ +-------+ | |
| | |<-----+<------| |<-----------| | | |
| | Req- | scr | Ack- | scn | Good | | |
| | Sent | RCA | Rcvd | RCR | Req? | | |
| | |------------->| |----------->| | | |
| +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ | |
| | ^ | | |
| RCR | +<--------+ | | |
| --- | | | TO RCN --- | | |
| | | --- +---------+ +-----+ sca | | |
| V | scn scr | | scr | V | |
| +-------+ +---5---+ | +---6---+ C | |
+--->| |------------->| |<--+ | |---+ |
| Good | sca | Ack- | | Open | str |
| Req? | RCR | Sent | RCA | | |
| |<-------------| |----------->| | |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ |
^ | | |
| RCR | | RTR |
+---------------------------------------+ +--------+
scr sta
| State
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Events| Closed Listen Req-Sent Ack-Rcvd Ack-Sent Open Closing
------+-------------------------------------------------------------
AO | scr/3 scr/3 3 4 5 6 scr/3
PO | 2 2 2* 4 5 6 sta/3*
C | 1 1 1* 1 str/7 str/7 7
TO | 1 2 scr/3 scr/3 scr/3 6 str/7*
PLD | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RCR+ | sta/1 scr&sca/5 sca/5 sca/6 sca/5 scr&sca/5 7
RCR- | sta/1 scr&scn/3 scn/3 scn/4 scn/3 scr&scn/3 7
RCA | sta/1 sta/2 4 scr/3 6 scr/3 7
RCN | sta/1 sta/2 scr/3 scr/3 scr/5 scr/3 7
RTR | sta/1 sta/2 sta/3 sta/3 sta/3 sta/1 sta/7
RTA | 1 2 3 3 3 1 1
RCJ | 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
RUC | scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 1 scj/1
RER | sta/1 sta/2 3 4 5 ser/1 7
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | X | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | X | XXX | X |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | X | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+----------+----------+----------+
| Kind=14 | Length=3 | chksum |
+----------+----------+----------+
+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+
| Kind=15 |Length=N | data | ... | data |
+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
| Region #1 INOC | |Region #2 INOC | |PC in Region #3 |
| | | | | |
|Domain=Region #1 | |Domain=Region #2| |Domain=Region #3|
|CPU=super-mini-1 | |CPU=super-mini-1| |CPU=Clone-1 |
|PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=pub | |PCommunity=slate|
| | | | | |
+------------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
/|\ /|\ /|\
| | |
| | |
| \|/ |
| +-----------------+ |
+-------------->| Region #3 INOC |<-------------+
| |
|Domain=Region #3 |
|CPU=super-mini-2 |
|PCommunity=pub, |
| slate |
|DCommunity=secret|
+-------------->| |<-------------+
| +-----------------+ |
| /|\ |
| | |
| | |
\|/ \|/ \|/
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
|Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 | |Domain=Region#3 |
|CPU=router-1 | |CPU=mainframe-1 | |CPU=modem-1 |
|DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret| |DCommunity=secret|
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
Events| Idle | Active | Connect | OpenSent | OpenConfirm | Estab
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 5 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6
| | | | | |
12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 6
| | | | | |
13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------
+--------+ +--------+
BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP
--------+ +-------+ +-------
| IGP | | IGP |
+--------+ +--------+
H1 --- 1 -G12...G21 - 2 -- G23...G32 -- 3 ----- H2
| |
| |
| |
|- G14...G41 - 4 -- G43...G34 ---|- G35...G53 - 5
| |
| |
| H4
H3
+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------
| Flag | Address | Control | Protocol | Information
| 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 | 16 bits | *
+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------
---+---------+----------+
| FCS | Flag |
| 16 bits | 01111110 |
---+---------+----------+
+------------------------------+
| |
V |
+---2---+ PO +---1---+ RTA +---7---+ |
| |<-------------| |<-----------| | |
|Listen | |Closed | |Closing| |
RCR | | C | | PLD | | |
+----| |----->+------>| |<---Any | |<--+ |
|scr +-------+ ^ +-------+ State +-------+ | |
| | AO | ^ | TO | |
| +-----------+ --- | | +---->+ |
| | SCR | | str ^ |
| C | RCN/TO | | C | |
| --- | +-------->+<--------+ | --- | |
| | | scr | | | |
| +---3---+ V TO +---4---+ +-------+ | |
| | |<-----+<------| |<-----------| | | |
| | Req- | scr | Ack- | scn | Good | | |
| | Sent | RCA | Rcvd | RCR | Req? | | |
| | |------------->| |----------->| | | |
| +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ | |
| | ^ | | |
| RCR | +<--------+ | | |
| --- | | | TO RCN --- | | |
| | | --- +---------+ +-----+ sca | | |
| V | scn scr | | scr | V | |
| +-------+ +---5---+ | +---6---+ C | |
+--->| |------------->| |<--+ | |---+ |
| Good | sca | Ack- | | Open | str |
| Req? | RCR | Sent | RCA | | |
| |<-------------| |----------->| | |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ |
^ | | |
| RCR | | RTR |
+---------------------------------------+ +--------+
scr sta
| State
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Events| Closed Listen Req-Sent Ack-Rcvd Ack-Sent Open Closing
------+-------------------------------------------------------------
AO | scr/3 scr/3 3 4 5 6 scr/3
PO | 2 2 2* 4 5 6 sta/3*
C | 1 1 1* 1 str/7 str/7 7
TO | 1 2 scr/3 scr/3 scr/3 6 str/7*
PLD | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RCR+ | sta/1 scr&sca/5 sca/5 sca/6 sca/5 scr&sca/5 7
RCR- | sta/1 scr&scn/3 scn/3 scn/4 scn/3 scr&scn/3 7
RCA | sta/1 sta/2 4 scr/3 6 scr/3 7
RCN | sta/1 sta/2 scr/3 scr/3 scr/5 scr/3 7
RTR | sta/1 sta/2 sta/3 sta/3 sta/3 sta/1 sta/7
RTA | 1 2 3 3 3 1 1
RCJ | 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
RUC | scj/1 scj/2 scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 scj/1 1 scj/7
RER | sta/1 sta/2 3 4 5 ser/6 7
+---------+ +-------+ +----+ Outbound
| |-->| Mux |-->| Tx |=========>
| Link- | +-------+ +----+
| Manager |
| | +-------+ +----+ Inbound
| |<--| Demux |<--| Rx |<=========
+---------+ +-------+ +----+
----------------------------
| network applications |
| |
|... \ | / .. \ | / ...|
| ----- ----- |
| |TCP| |UDP| |
| ----- ----- |
| \ / |
| -------- |
| | IP | |
| ----- -*------ |
| |ARP| | |
| ----- | |
| \ | |
| ------ |
| |ENET| |
| ---@-- |
----------|-----------------
|
----------------------o---------
Ethernet Cable
1 2 3 ... n 1 2 3 ... n
\ | / | \ | | / ^
\ | | / | \ | | / |
------------- flow ---------------- flow
|multiplexer| of |de-multiplexer| of
------------- data ---------------- data
| | | |
| v | |
1 1
----------------------------
| network applications |
| |
|... \ | / .. \ | / ...|
| ----- ----- |
| |TCP| |UDP| |
| ----- ----- |
| \ / |
| -------- |
| | IP | |
| ----- -*----*- ----- |
| |ARP| | | |ARP| |
| ----- | | ----- |
| \ | | / |
| ------ ------ |
| |ENET| |ENET| |
| ---@-- ---@-- |
----------|-------|---------
| |
| ---o---------------------------
| Ethernet Cable 2
---------------o----------
Ethernet Cable 1
1 2 3 ... n 1 2 3 ... n
\ | | / | \ | | / ^
\ | | / | \ | | / |
------------- flow ---------------- flow
|multiplexer| of |de-multiplexer| of
------------- data ---------------- data
/ | | \ | / | | \ |
/ | | \ v / | | \ |
1 2 3 ... m 1 2 3 ... m
TCP UDP
\ /
\ /
--------------
| IP |
| |
| --- |
| / \ |
| / v |
--------------
/ \
/ \
data data
comes in goes out
here here
------------------------------------
|IP address Ethernet address |
------------------------------------
|223.1.2.1 08-00-39-00-2F-C3|
|223.1.2.3 08-00-5A-21-A7-22|
|223.1.2.4 08-00-10-99-AC-54|
------------------------------------
TABLE 1. Example ARP Table
---------------------------------------
|Sender IP Address 223.1.2.1 |
|Sender Enet Address 08-00-39-00-2F-C3|
---------------------------------------
|Target IP Address 223.1.2.2 |
|Target Enet Address <blank> |
---------------------------------------
TABLE 2. Example ARP Request
---------------------------------------
|Sender IP Address 223.1.2.2 |
|Sender Enet Address 08-00-28-00-38-A9|
---------------------------------------
|Target IP Address 223.1.2.1 |
|Target Enet Address 08-00-39-00-2F-C3|
---------------------------------------
TABLE 3. Example ARP Response
----------------------------------
|IP address Ethernet address |
----------------------------------
|223.1.2.1 08-00-39-00-2F-C3|
|223.1.2.2 08-00-28-00-38-A9|
|223.1.2.3 08-00-5A-21-A7-22|
|223.1.2.4 08-00-10-99-AC-54|
----------------------------------
TABLE 4. ARP Table after Response
----------------------------------------
|address source destination|
----------------------------------------
|IP header A B |
|Ethernet header A B |
----------------------------------------
TABLE 5. Addresses in an Ethernet frame for an IP packet
from A to B
A B C ----D---- E F G
| | | | | | | | |
--o------o------o------o- | -o------o------o------o--
Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2
IP network "development" | IP network "accounting"
|
|
| H I J
| | | |
--o-----o------o------o--
Ethernet 3
IP network "factory"
----------------------------------------
|address source destination|
----------------------------------------
|IP header A E |
|Ethernet header A D |
----------------------------------------
TABLE 6. Addresses in an Ethernet frame for an IP packet
from A to E (before D)
----------------------------------------
|address source destination|
----------------------------------------
|IP header A E |
|Ethernet header D E |
----------------------------------------
TABLE 7. Addresses in an Ethernet frame for an IP packet
from A to E (after D)
--------- ---------
| alpha | | beta |
| 1 | | 1 |
--------- ---------
| |
--------o---------------o-
Ethernet 1
IP network "development"
--------- --------- ---------
| alpha | | delta | |epsilon|
| 1 | |1 2 3| | 1 |
--------- --------- ---------
| | | | |
--------o---------------o- | -o----------------o--------
Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2
IP network "Development" | IP network "accounting"
|
| --------
| | iota |
| | 1 |
| --------
| |
--o--------o--------
Ethernet 3
IP network "factory"
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|network direct/indirect flag router interface number|
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|development direct <blank> 1 |
|accounting indirect devnetrouter 1 |
|factory indirect devnetrouter 1 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 10. Alpha Route Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|network direct/indirect flag router interface number|
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|223.1.2 direct <blank> 1 |
|223.1.3 indirect 223.1.2.4 1 |
|223.1.4 indirect 223.1.2.4 1 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 11. Alpha Route Table with Numbers
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|network direct/indirect flag router interface number|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|development direct <blank> 1 |
|factory direct <blank> 3 |
|accounting direct <blank> 2 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 12. Delta's Route Table
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|network direct/indirect flag router interface number|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|223.1.2 direct <blank> 1 |
|223.1.3 direct <blank> 3 |
|223.1.4 direct <blank> 2 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13. Delta's Route Table with Numbers
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| IDLE |
+----------------------+------+------+-------+-------+---------++
^ ^ ^ | | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |
| | | v v | | | | | v | |
| | | +------+ +---+--+ | | | | ########### | |
| | | | Get | | Send | | | | | # Get # | |
| | | | SPC0 | | SPC0 | | | | | # 0,DEF,0 # | |
| | | +---+--+ +------+ | | | | ########### | |
| | | | ^ | | | | | | |
| | | v | v | | | v | |
| | | / \ | *********** | | ########### | |
| | | / \ | * Send * | | # Switch # | |
| ********** |Yes/ Same as \ | * 0,VAL,0 * | | # to # | |
| * Change * +--< current? > | *********** | | # default # | |
| * to new * \ / | v | ########### | |
| * value * \ / | *********** | | |
| ********** \ / | * Send * v | |
| ^ |No | * 0,DEF,0 * ######### | |
| |Yes v | *********** # Send #--+ |
| / \ / \ | # SPC-A # |
| / \ / \ | ######### |
| / Is ACK \ Yes/ Same \ | ^ |
|< bit set? ><-< level as > | | |
| \ / \ current?/ | ########### |
| \ / \ / | # Get #<--+
| \ / \ / +-+---+ # 0,VAL,0 #
| |No |No | Set | ###########
| +--------------+ | ACK |
| v | bit | * - Client side only
| / \ +-----+ # - Server side only
| +------+ / \ ^
| | Send | No / Do we \ Yes|
+---| SPC1 |<---< agree? >---+
+------+ \ /
\ /
\ /
|- 2**32 ISN ISN
| * *
| * *
| * *
| *x *
| o *
^ | * *
| | * x *
| * o *
S | *o *
e | o *
q | * *
| * *
# | * x *
| *o *
|o_______________*____________
^ Time -->
4.55hrs
|- 2**32 ISN ISN
| * *
| * *
| * *
| * *
| * *
^ | * *
| | * *
| * *
S | * *
e | * x* y
q | * o *
| * o *z
# | *o *
| * *
|*_________________*____________
^ Time -->
4.55hrs
|- 2**32 ISN ISN
| * *
| x o * *
| * *
| o-->o* *
| * *
^ | o o *
| | * *
| o * *
S | * *
e | o * *
q | * *
| o* *
# | * *
| o *
|*_________________*____________
^ Time -->
4.55hrs
|- 2**32 ISN ISN
| o * *
| x * *
| * *
| o * *
| o *
^ | * *
| | o * *
| * o *
S | * *
e | o * *
q | * o *
| * *
# | o *
| * o *
|*_________________*____________
^ Time -->
4.55hrs
...--------+--------+--------+
MAC Header | FDDI MAC
...--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+--------+
| DSAP=K1| SSAP=K1| Control| 802.2 LLC
+--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
|Protocol Id or Org Code =K2| EtherType | 802.2 SNAP
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
+------------------+ +--------------------+
ACSE ROSE
ISO IS 8649/8650 ISO DIS 9072-1/2
+------------------+ +--------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
RFC 1085
+-----------------------------------------------+
+------------------+ +--------------------+
TCP UDP
RFC 793 RFC 768
+------------------+ +--------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
IP
RFC 791
+-----------------------------------------------+
+------------------+ +--------------------+
ACSE ROSE
ISO 8649/8650 ISO DIS 9072-1/2
+------------------+ +--------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
ISO Presentation
ISO
+-----------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
ISO Session
ISO
+-----------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------+
ISO Transport
ISO
+-----------------------------------------------+
+--------------------+
| Conference Control |
+--------------------+
|
+-------+ +-------+ |
| Video | | Voice | | +-----+ +------+ +-----+ +-----+ Application
| Appl | | Appl | | | SNMP| |Telnet| | FTP | ... | | Layer
+-------+ +-------+ | +-----+ +------+ +-----+ +-----+
| | | | | | |
V V | | | | | ------------
+-----+ +-----+ | | | | |
| PVP | | NVP | | | | | |
+-----+ +-----+ + | | | |
| \ | \ \ | | | |
| +-----|--+-----+ | | | |
| Appl.|control V V V V V
| ST data | +-----+ +-------+ +-----+
| & control| | UDP | | TCP | ... | | Transport
| | +-----+ +-------+ +-----+ Layer
| /| / | \ / / | / /|
|\ / | +------+--|--\-----+-/--|--- ... -+ / |
| \ / | | | \ / | / |
| \ / | | | \ +----|--- ... -+ | -----------
| \ / | | | \ / | |
| V | | | V | |
| +------+ | | | +------+ | +------+ |
| | SCMP | | | | | ICMP | | | IGMP | | Internet
| +------+ | | | +------+ | +------+ | Layer
| | | | | | | | |
V V V V V V V V V
+-----------------+ +-----------------------------------+
| STream protocol |->| Internet Protocol |
+-----------------+ +-----------------------------------+
| \ / |
| \ / |
| X | ------------
| / \ |
| / \ |
VV VV
+----------------+ +----------------+
| (Sub-) Network |...| (Sub-) Network | (Sub-)Network
| Protocol | | Protocol | Layer
+----------------+ +----------------+
1.1. (open B,C,D)
V
1.2. +-> (routing to B,C,D)
V
1.3. +->(reserve resources from A to Agent 1)
| V
1.4. | +-> CONNECT B --------->>
| <RVLId=0><SVLId=4>
| <Ref=10><HID=1200>
V
1.5. +->(reserve resources from A to Agent 2)
V
1.6. +-> CONNECT C,D ------------------>>
<RVLId=0><SVLId=5>
<Ref=15><HID=2400>
[1.4] >>-> CONNECT B -------->+--+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=4> | V
2.1. <Ref=10><HID=1200> | (routing to B)
| V
2.2. V +->(reserve resources from 1 to B)
2.3. +<- HID-APPROVE <------+ V
2.4. <RVLId=4><SVLId=14> +-> CONNECT B ---------->>
<Ref=10><HID=1200> <RVLId=0><SVLId=15>
<Ref=110><HID=3600>
[1.6] >>-> CONNECT C,D ------>+-+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=5> | V
2.5. <Ref=15><HID=2400> | (routing to C,D)
| V
2.6. V +-->(reserve resources from 2 to C)
2.7. +<- HID-APPROVE <------+ | V
2.8. <RVLId=5><SVLId=23> | +-> CONNECT C ---------->>
<Ref=15><HID=2400> | <RVLId=0><SVLId=25>
| <Ref=210><HID=4800>
|
| Agent D
V
2.9. +->(reserve resources from 2 to D)
V
2.10. +-> CONNECT D ---------->>
<RVLId=0><SVLId=26>
<Ref=215><HID=4800>
Agent 1 Agent B Application B
3.1. (proc B listening)
[2.4] >>-> CONNECT B ---------->+------------------+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=15> | |
3.2. <Ref=110><HID=3600> V (proc B accepts)
3.3. +<- HID-APPROVE <--------+ |
<RVLId=15><SVLId=44> |
<Ref=110><HID=3600> V
3.4. (wait until HID negotiated) <---+
V
3.5. <<--+<- ACCEPT B <-----------+
<RVLId=15><SVLId=44>
<Ref=410><LnkRef=110>
Agent 2 Agent C Application C
3.6. (proc C listening)
[2.8] >>-> CONNECT C ---------->+------------------+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=25> | |
3.7. <Ref=210><HID=4800> V (proc C accepts)
3.8. +<- HID-APPROVE <--------+ |
<RVLId=25><SVLId=54> |
<Ref=210><HID=4800> V
3.9. (wait until HID negotiated) <---+
V
3.10. <<--+<- ACCEPT C <-----------+
<RVLId=25><SVLId=54>
<Ref=510><LnkRef=210>
Agent 2 Agent D Application D
3.11. (proc D listening)
[2.10] >>-> CONNECT D ---------->+------------------+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=26> | |
3.12. <Ref=215><HID=4800> V (proc D accepts)
3.13. +<- HID-APPROVE <--------+ |
<RVLId=26><SVLId=64> |
<Ref=215><HID=4800> V
3.14. (wait until HID negotiated) <---+
V
3.15. <<--+<- ACCEPT D <-----------+
<RVLId=26><SVLId=64>
<Ref=610><LnkRef=215>
+<-+<- ACCEPT B <-------<< [3.5]
V | <RVLId=15><SVLId=44>
4.1. (wait for ACCEPTS) V <Ref=410><LnkRef=110>
4.2. V +-> ACK --------------->+
4.3. (wait until HID negotiated)<-+ <RVLId=44><SVLId=15>
V <Ref=410>
4.4. <<--+<-- ACCEPT B <---------+
<RVLId=4><SVLId=14>
<Ref=115><LnkRef=10>
+<-+<- ACCEPT C <------<< [3.10]
| | <RVLId=25><SVLId=54>
| V <Ref=510><LnkRef=210>
4.5. | +-> ACK --------------->+
| <Ref=510>
| <RVLId=54><SVLId=25>
|
| Agent D
V
+<-+<- ACCEPT D <------<< [3.15]
V | <RVLId=26><SVLId=64>
4.6. (wait for ACCEPTS) V <Ref=610><LnkRef=215>
4.7. V +-> ACK --------------->+
4.8. (wait until HID negotiated)<-+ <RVLId=64><SVLId=26>
V <Ref=610>
4.9. <<--+<- ACCEPT C <----------+
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23> |
<Ref=220><LnkRef=15>|
V
4.10. <<--+<- ACCEPT D <----------+
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23>
<Ref=225><LnkRef=15>
+<-- ACCEPT B <--------<< [4.4]
| <RVLId=4><SVLId=14>
V <Ref=115><LnkRef=10>
5.1. +--> ACK ----------------->+
| <RVLId=14><SVLId=4>
V <Ref=115>
5.2. +<-- (inform A of B's FlowSpec)
| +<-- ACCEPT C <----------------<< [4.9]
| | <RVLId=5><SVLId=23>
| V <Ref=220><LnkRef=15>
5.3. | +--> ACK ------------------------->+
| | <RVLId=23><SVLId=5>
| V <Ref=220>
5.4. +<-- (inform A of C's FlowSpec)
| +<-- ACCEPT D <----------------<< [4.10]
| | <RVLId=5><SVLId=23>
| V <Ref=225><LnkRef=15>
5.5. | +--> ACK ------------------------->+
| | <RVLId=23><SVLId=5>
| V <Ref=225>
5.6. +<-- (inform A of D's FlowSpec)
V
5.7. (wait until HIDs negotiated)
V
5.8. (inform A open to B,C,D)
Appl. Agent A Agent 2 Agent E
(proc E NOT listening)
1. (add E)
2. +----->+-> CONNECT E ---------->+->+
<RVLId=23><SVLId=5> | |
<Ref=65> V |
3. +<-- ACK <---------------+ |
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23> V
4. <Ref=65> (routing to E)
V
5. (reserve resources 2 to E)
V
6. +--> CONNECT E --------->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=27> |
<Ref=115><HID=4600> |
V
7. +<-+<- REFUSE B <-----------+
| | <RVLId=27><SVLId=74>
| | <Ref=705><LnkRef=115>
| V <RC=SAPUnknown>
8. | +-> ACK ---------------->+
| | <RVLId=74><SVLId=27> |
| V <Ref=705> |
9. | (free link 27) V
10. V (free link 74)
11. +<- REFUSE B <-----------+
| <RVLId=5><SVLId=23> |
| <Ref=550><LnkRef=65> V
12. | <RC=SAPUnknown> (free resources 2 to E)
V
13. +-> ACK --------------->+
| <RVLId=23><SVLId=5> |
| <Ref=550> V
14. V (keep link 23 for C,D)
15. (keep link 5 for C,D)
V
16. (inform application failed SAPUnknown)
1. (network from 1 to B fails)
2. (add B)
3. +-> CONNECT B ----------------->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=6> |
<Ref=35><HID=100> |
3. +<- HID-APPROVE <---------------+
<RVLId=6><SVLId=11> |
<Ref=35><HID=100> V
4. (routing to B: no route)
V
5. +<-+-- REFUSE B ----------------+
| | <RVLId=6><SVLId=11>
| | <Ref=155><LnkRef=35>
| V <RC=NoRouteToDest>
6. | +-> ACK -------------------->+
| | <RVLId=11><SVLId=6> V
7. | V <Ref=155> (drop link 6)
8. V (drop link 11)
9. (find alternative route: via agent 2)
10. (resources from A to 2 already allocated:
V reuse control link & HID, no additional resources required)
11. +-> CONNECT B -------->+->+
<RVLId=23><SVLId=5>| |
<Ref=40> V |
12. +<- ACK <--------------+ |
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23> V
13. <Ref=40> (routing to B: via agent 3)
V
14. +-> CONNECT B -->+
15. <RVLId=0><SVLId=24> +-> CONNECT B --------->+
<Ref=245><HID=4801> V <RVLId=0><SVLId=32> |
16. +<- HID-APPROVE -+ <Ref=310><HID=6000> |
<RVLId=24><SVLId=33> |
<Ref=245><HID=4801> V
17. +<- HID-APPROVE --------+
<RVLId=32><SVLId=45>|
<Ref=310><HID=6000> V
18. (ACCEPT handling follows normally to complete stream setup)
1. (open E)
2. V (proc E listening)
3. +->(routing to E)
V
4. +-> (check resources from A to Agent 2: already allocated,
V reuse control link & HID, no additional resources needed)
5. +-> CONNECT E --------->+->+
<RVLId=23><SVLId=5> | V
6. <Ref=20> V (routing to E)
7. +<- ACK <---------------+ V
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23> +->(reserve resources 2 to E)
<Ref=20> V
8. +-> CONNECT E --------->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=27> |
<Ref=230><HID=4800> |
9. +<- HID-APPROVE <-------+
<RVLId=27><SVLId=74>|
<Ref=230><HID=4800> V
10. (proc E accepts)
11. (wait until HID negotiated)
V
12. +<-+<- ACCEPT E <----------+
V | <RVLId=27><SVLId=74>
13. (wait for ACCEPTS) V <Ref=710><LnkRef=230>
14. V +-> ACK --------------->+
15. (wait until HID negotiated)<-+ <RVLId=74><SVLId=27>
V <Ref=710>
16. +<- ACCEPT E <-------+
| <RVLId=5><SVLId=23>
V <Ref=235><LnkRef=20>
17. +-> ACK ------------>+
| <RVLId=23><SVLId=5>
V <Ref=235>
18. +<-(inform A of E's FlowSpec)
V
19. +<-(wait for ACCEPTS)
V
20. +<-(wait until HID negotiated)
V
21. (inform A open to E)
1. (close B,C ApplDisconnect)
V
2. +->+-+-> DISCONNECT B ----->+
3. | | <RVLId=14><SVLId=4>+-+-> DISCONNECT B ------>+
| | <Ref=25> | | <RVLId=44><SVLId=15>|
| V <RC=ApplDisconnect>| | <Ref=120> |
4. | (free A to 1 resrc.) | V <RC=ApplDisconnect> |
5. | V (free 1 to B resrc.) |
6. | +<- ACK <--------------+ V
7. | | <RVLId=4><SVLId=14>| +<- ACK <---------------+
| V <Ref=25> | | <RVLId=15><SVLId=44>|
8. | (free link 4) V | <Ref=120> |
9. | (free link 14) V |
10. | (free link 15) V
11. | (inform B that stream closed ApplDisconnect)
12. | (free link 44)
V
13. +<-+-+-> DISCONNECT C ---------->+
14. | | <RVLId=23><SVLId=5> +-+-> DISCONNECT C ------>+
| | <Ref=30> | | <RVLId=54><SVLId=25>|
| V <RC=ApplDisconnect> | | <Ref=240> |
15. | (keep A to 2 resrc for | V <RC=ApplDisconnect> |
16. | data going to D,E) | (free 2 to C resrc.) |
| V |
17. | +<- ACK <-------------------+ V
18. | | <RVLId=5><SVLId=23> | +<- ACK <---------------+
| V <Ref=30> | | <RVLId=25><SVLId=54>|
19. | (keep link 5 for D,E) V | <Ref=240> |
20. | (keep link 23 for D,E) V |
21. | (free link 25) V
22. | (inform C that stream closed ApplDisconnect>)
23. V (free link 54)
24. (inform A closed to B,C ApplDisconnect)
1. (close E ApplDisconnect)
V
2. +<- REFUSE E --+
| <RVLId=27><SVLId=74>
| <Ref=720>
V <RC=ApplDisconnect>
3. +<-+-> ACK ------>+
| | <RVLId=74><SVLId=27>
4. V V <Ref=720>
5. +<-+<- REFUSE E --+ (prune allocations)
| | <RVLId=5><SVLId=23>
| | <Ref=245>
| V <RC=ApplDisconnect>
6. | +-> ACK ------>+
| | <RVLId=23><SVLId=5>
| V <Ref=245>
7. V (prune allocations)
8. (inform application closed E ApplDisconnect)
1. ->+----> CONNECT X ------>//// (message lost or garbled)
| <RVLId=0><SVLId=99>
V <Ref=1278><HID=1234>
2. (timeout)
V
3. +----> CONNECT X ------------>+
4. | <RVLId=0><SVLId=99> +----> CONNECT X ----------->+
| <Ref=1278><HID=1234> V <RVLId=0><SVLId=1010> |
5. | //<- HID-APPROVE <----------+ <Ref=6666><HID=6666> V
6. | <RVLId=99><SVLId=88> +<- HID-APPROVE <---------+
V <Ref=1278><HID=1234> <RVLId=1010><SVLId=1111>
7. (timeout) <Ref=6666><HID=6666>
V
8. +----> CONNECT X ------------>+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=99> |
<Ref=1278><HID=1234> V
9. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE <----------+
| <RVLId=99><SVLId=88>
V <Ref=1278><HID=1234>
(cancel timer)
1. (high precedence request preempts 10K of
the stream's original 30Kb bandwidth
allocated to the hop from 1 to B)
|
V
2. +<------+-- NOTIFY -------------+
| | <RVLId=4><SVLId=14>
| | <Ref=150>
| V <FlowSpec=20Kb,...><TargList=B>
3. | +-> ACK --------------->+
| <RVLId=14><SVLId=4>
V <Ref=150>
4. (inform application)
....
5. change(FlowSpec=20Kb,...)
V
6. +---------> CHANGE B ---------->+
7. <RVLId=14><SVLId=4> +--> CHANGE B ------------>+->+
<Ref=60> | <RVLId=44><SVLId=15> | |
<FlowSpec=20Kb,...> V <Ref=160> | |
8. +<- ACK ----------------+ <FlowSpec=20Kb,...> | |
<RVLId=4><SVLId=14> V |
9. <Ref=60> +--- ACK ------------------+ |
<RVLId=15><SVLId=44> |
<Ref=160> V
... perform normal ACCEPT processing ... <-----+
1. (open B<SR=2,3>)
2. V (proc B listening)
3. (source routed to 2)
V
4. (check resources from A to Agent 2: already allocated,
V reuse control link & HID, no additional resources needed)
5. +-> CONNECT B<SR=2,3>->-+-+
<RVLId=23><SVLId=5> | |
6. <Ref=50> V |
7. +<- ACK ----------------+ |
<RVLId=5><SVLId=23> |
<Ref=50> V
8. (source routed to 3)
V
9. (reserve resources 2 to 3)
V
10. +-> CONNECT B<SR=3> ---->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=24> |
<Ref=280><HID=4801> V
11. +<- HID-APPROVE <--------+
<RVLId=24><SVLId=33> |
<Ref=280><HID=4801> |
V
(routing to B)
V
(reserve resources from 3 to B)
V
12. +-> CONNECT B ---------->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=32> |
<Ref=330><HID=6000> V
13. +<- HID-APPROVE <--------+
<RVLId=32><SVLId=45> |
<Ref=330><HID=6000> V
14. (proc B accepts)
V
... perform normal ACCEPT processing ... <-----+
1. +-> CONNECT B -------------->+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=32> |
<Ref=315><HID=5990> V
2. (Check HID Table, 5990 busy, 6000-11 unused)
V
3. +<- HID-REJECT --------------+
| <RVLId=32><SVLId=45>
| <Ref=315><HID=5990>
V <FreeHIDs=5990:0000FFF0>
4. +-> HID-CHANGE ------------>+
<RVLId=45><SVLId=32> |
<Ref=320><HID=6000> V
5. (Check HID Table, 6000 (still) available)
V
6. +<- HID-APPROVE -------------+
<RVLId=32><SVLId=45>
<Ref=320><HID=6000>
1. +->+-> CONNECT ---------------------------------->+
| <RVLId=0><SVLId=26> |
| <Ref=250><HID=4824> |
V <Mcast=224.1.18.216,01:00:5E:01:12:d8> |
2. +-> CONNECT --------------------+ |
<RVLId=0><SVLId=25> | |
<Ref=252><HID=4824> | V
3. <Mcast=224.1.18.216, V (Check HID Table)
4. 01:00:5E:01:12:d8> (Check HID Table) (4824 ok)
(4824 busy) (4800-4809 ok)
(4800-4820 ok) |
V |
5. +<- HID-REJECT -----------------+ |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> |
| <Ref=252><HID=4824> |
V <FreeHIDs=4824:FFFFF800> V
6. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE -------------------------------+
| <RVLId=26><SVLId=64>
| <Ref=250><HID=4824>
V <FreeHIDs=4824:FFC00080>
(find common HID 4800)
V
7. +->+-> HID-CHANGE ------------------------------->+
| <RVLId=64><SVLId=26> |
V <Ref=253><HID=4800> |
8. +-> HID-CHANGE ---------------->+ |
<RVLId=54><SVLId=25> | V
9. <Ref=254><HID=4800> V (Check HID Table)
10. (Check HID Table) (4800 ok)
(4800-4820 ok) (4800-4809 ok)
V |
11. +<- HID-APPROVE ----------------+ |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> |
| <Ref=254><HID=4800> |
V <FreeHIDs=4800:7FFFF800> V
12. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE -------------------------------+
| <RVLId=26><SVLId=64>
| <Ref=253><HID=4800>
V <FreeHIDs=4800:7FC00080>
13. (all parties have now agreed to use HID 4800)
1. +----> CONNECT B ------------------------------------>+
<RVLId=0><SVLId=24> V
2. <Ref=260><HID=4800> (Check HID Table)
<Mcast=224.1.18.216, (4800 busy, 4801-4810 ok)
01:00:5E:01:12:d8> V
3. +<---- HID-REJECT <-----------------------------------+
| <RVLId=24><SVLId=33>
| <Ref=260><HID=4824>
V <FreeHIDs=4824:7FE00000>
4. (find common HID 4810)
V
5. +->+-> HID-CHANGE ----------------------------------->+
| <RVLId=33><SVLId=24> |
V <Ref=262><HID=4810> |
6. +-> HID-CHANGE-ADD ------------------->+ |
| <RVLId=64><SVLId=26> | V
7. V <Ref=263><HID=4810> | (Check HID Table)
8. +-> HID-CHANGE-ADD ---->+ | (4801-4815 ok)
<RVLId=54><SVLId=25>| V |
9. <Ref=265><HID=4810> V (Check HID Table) |
10. (Check HID Table) (4810 busy) |
(4801-4812 ok) (4801-4807 ok) |
V | |
11. +<- HID-APPROVE <-------+ | |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> | |
| <Ref=265><HID=4810> | |
V <FreeHIDs=4810:7FD8000> V |
12. +<- HID-REJECT <-----------------------+ |
| <RVLId=26><SVLId=64> |
| <Ref=263><HID=4810> |
V <FreeHIDs=4810:7F000000> V
13. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE <----------------------------------+
| <RVLId=24><SVLId=33>
| <Ref=262><HID=4810>
V <FreeHIDs=4810:7FDF0000>
14. +->+-> HID-CHANGE-DELETE ---------------------------->+
| | <RVLId=33><SVLId=24> |
| V <Ref=266><HID=4810> |
15. | +-> HID-CHANGE-DELETE ->+ |
| <RVLId=54><SVLId=25>| |
| <Ref=268><HID=4810> V |
16. | +<- HID-APPROVE --------+ |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> |
| <Ref=268><HID=0> V
17. | +<- HID-APPROVE -----------------------------------+
| <RVLId=24><SVLId=33>
V <Ref=266><HID=0>
18. (find common HID 4801)
18. (find common HID 4801)
V
19. +->+-> HID-CHANGE ----------------------------------->+
| <RVLId=33><SVLId=24> |
V <Ref=270><HID=4801> |
20. +-> HID-CHANGE-ADD ------------------->+ |
| <RVLId=64><SVLId=26> | V
21. V <Ref=273><HID=4801> | (Check HID Table)
22. +-> HID-CHANGE-ADD ---->+ | (4801-4815 ok)
<RVLId=54><SVLId=25>| V |
23. <Ref=274><HID=4801> V (Check HID Table) |
24. (Check HID Table)(4801-4807 ok) |
(4801-4812 ok) | |
V | |
25. +<- HID-APPROVE <-------+ | |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> | |
| <Ref=274><HID=4801> | |
V <FreeHIDs=4801:3FF80000> V |
26. +<- HID-APPROVE <----------------------+ |
| <RVLId=26><SVLId=64> |
| <Ref=273><HID=4801> |
V <FreeHIDs=4801:3F000000> V
27. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE <----------------------------------+
| <RVLId=24><SVLId=33>
| <Ref=270><HID=4801>
V <FreeHIDs=4801:3FFF0000>
28. (switch data stream to HID 4801, drop 4800)
V
29. +->+-> HID-CHANGE-DELETE ---------------->+
| <RVLId=64><SVLId=26> |
V <Ref=275><HID=4800> |
30. +-> HID-CHANGE-DELETE ->+ |
<RVLId=54><SVLId=25>| |
<Ref=277><HID=4800> V |
31. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE --------+ |
| <RVLId=25><SVLId=54> |
V <Ref=277><HID=0> V
32. +<-+<- HID-APPROVE -----------------------+
| <RVLId=26><SVLId=64>
V <Ref=275><HID=0>
(all parties have now agreed to use HID 4801)
+----------------------+-------------------------------+
| IDP | DSP |
+----------------------+-------------------------------+
. . .
. . .
. . .
+-----+----------------+----------+--------------+-----+
| AFI | IDI | HO-DSP | ID | SEL |
+-----+----------------+----------+--------------+-----+
| |
+----+---+ +----+---+
| Router | | Router |
| X | | Y |
+----+---+ +----+---+
| |
-----+------------+- -+------------+----
| |
+-+-----+-+
| Brouter |
| B |
+---------+
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | X | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | X | XXX | X | X |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | X | XXX | X |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | X | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Directory Service
| provided via DAP
|
+-----------+ | +-----------+
| | | | |
| DUA | <----------+----------> | DSA |
| | | | |
+-----------+ | +-----------+
|
Directory User |
Client Server
------ ------
{Wait for Connection}
{Open session as above}
<-- A004 19 EXISTS
<-- A004 2 RECENT
<-- A004 OK Select complete
{Wait for command}
A005 SEARCH RECENT -->
<-- A005 SEARCH (18 19) (RECENT)
<---A005 OK Search complete
A006 FETCH 18:19 ALL RFC822.TEXT
A007 STORE 18:19 +FLAGS (\SEEN)
A008 FETCH 1:17 ALL -->
<-- A006 18 Fetch (... RFC822.TEXT ...)
A009 STORE 18 +FLAGS (\DELETED)
<-- A006 19 Fetch (... RFC822.TEXT ...)
<-- A006 OK Fetch complete
<-- A007 18 STORE (Flags (\Seen))
A010 STORE 19 +FLAGS (\DELETED)
<-- A007 19 STORE (Flags (\Seen))
<-- A007 OK Store complete
<-- A008 1 Fetch (......)
...
<-- A008 16 Fetch (......)
<-- A008 17 Fetch (......)
<-- A008 OK Fetch complete
<-- A009 18 STORE (Flags (\Seen
\Deleted))
000A 12A0 0000 0400 000B FFEF
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | End Of Record marker
| | | | | |
| | | | | Opcode = Turn On Message Light ('0B'X)
| | | | |
| | | | Flags = '0000'X
| | | |
| | | Variable Header Length = '04'X
| | |
| | Reserved - Set to '0000'X
| |
| Record Type = General Data Stream ('12A0'X)
|
Logical Record Length = '000A'X for this record
+-------+
|IP/ARP | IP/ARP
+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
| Org Code |Ethertype| | SNAP
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
|DSAP|SSAP|Ctrl| | LLC
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
|SIP..|HLPI|...| | SIP L3
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
+--------------+---------------------------------------+-------+
| SIP | LLC / SNAP | IP |
| | | |
|SIP..|HLPI|...|DSAP|SSAP|Ctrl| Org Code |Ethertype| |
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
|SIP..| 01 |...| AA | AA | 03 | 000000 | 0800 | IP... |
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
+--------------+---------------------------------------+-------+
| SIP | LLC / SNAP | ARP |
| | | |
|SIP..|HLPI|...|DSAP|SSAP|Ctrl| Org Code |Ethertype| |
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
|SIP..| 01 |...| AA | AA | 03 | 000000 | 0806 | ARP...|
+-----+----+-+-+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-------+
--------------------------------------
| subnet field | host field |
|-----+-----------+-------+------------|
| | | | |
| 0's | 1's & 0's | 0's | 1's & 0's |
/\ /\
|| ||
subnets can hosts can grow here
grow here
--------------------------------------
| subnet field | host field |
|-----+-----------+--------------------|
| | | |
| 0's | 1's & 0's | 1's & 0's |
--------------------------------------
| subnet field | host field |
|-----------+-------------+------------|
| | | |
| 1's & 0's | 0's | 1's & 0's |
/\
||
Both hosts and subnets can
grow here
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|AR| REFUSAL CODE | A/R MESSAGE NUMBER |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Create Stream Request ---------->
Create Stream Reply <----------
Reply Acknowledgment ---------->
Stream Messages --------------------->
: :
Change Stream Request ---------->
Change Stream Reply <----------
Reply Acknowledgment ---------->
Stream Messages --------------------->
: :
Delete Stream Request ---------->
Delete Stream Reply <----------
Reply Acknowledgment ---------->
Create Group Request |<-------|
Create Group Reply |------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------|
: :
Distribute Group Adr & Key |---->|
Distribute Group Adr & Key |---------->|
: :
Join Group Request (C) |<-------------------|
Join Group Reply |------------------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------------------|
Join Group Request (B) |<-------------|
Join Group Reply |------------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------------|
: :
Data Message 1 (A to B and C) |---->|---->|
Data Message 2 (B to A and C) |<----|---->|
Data Message 3 (C to A and B) |<----|<----|
: :
Leave Group Request (C) |<-------------------|
Leave Group Reply |------------------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------------------|
Leave Group Request (A) |<-------|
Leave Group Reply |------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------|
Delete Group Request |<-------------|
Delete Group Reply |------------->|
Reply Acknowledgment |<-------------|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
S3 | 0 | stream ID |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
S3 | group address |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
.-----.
Any Timeout or ----->| OFF |<----------------------------+
Device Down `--+--' |
| |
| (When I/O Device Up) |
V |
.-------. |
| INIT | |
`---+---' |
| |
(Yes) V (No) |
+---------RR Received?----------+ |
| | |
| Send RR |
| | |
| V |
| .--------. |
Send RC <-----+-------<--------+ RR-SNT | |
| | (Rcv RR) `---+----' |
| | | (Rcv RC) |
V | | |
.--------. | | |
| RC-SNT +--->--+ Send RC |
`----+---' (Rcv RR) | |
(Rcv RC) | | |
| | |
+------->------+-------<--------+ |
| |
Initialize Status Counters |
| |
V |
.-----. Rcv RR or |
Rcv Any +----->| ON +---------------------->------+
Other | `--+--' Fail to Rcv Status message
+---------+ for 10 seconds
Message Proper
+--------------------+
| |
| |
| |
| 16-64 bytes |
| |
| |
| |
+--------------------+
Associated Data
+----------------------------------------------------+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Unlimited length |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------+
*---------------------------------*
| SNMP Network |
| Management Station |
| |
|---------------------------------|
| SNMP Protocol |
*---------------------------------*
A | Get A
| | GetNext | GetResponse
Trap | | Set |
| V |
*---------------------------------* *----------------------*
| SNMP Protocol | | DPI Interface |
|---------------------------------| Reply | *-----------------|
| | |<-----------| | |
| SNMP Agent | | | | Client |
| A *-----------+-> | MIB query | | |
| | | Get/Set | |----------->| | or |
| Trap| | info | SNMP | | | |
|-----+------+-------* | | trap | | SNMP |
| | V | | DPI |<-----------| | Sub-Agent |
| TCP/IP layers, | | | | | |
| Kernel | | |<-----------| | |
*---------------------------------* Register *----------------------*
+---------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| | | | |
| IP Header | UDP Header | IPX Header | IPX packet data |
| (20 or more octets) | (8 octets) | (30 octets) | |
| | | | |
+---------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
receive +-------+ receive
.---------------| SIDLE |---------------.
| FULREQ +-------+ PARREQ |
| ^ ^ |
| | | |
V | | V
+--------+ | | +--------+
| FULSND | | | | PARSND |
| | done | | done | |
| send |------------' `------------| send |
| entire | | req'ed |
| file | | blocks |
+--------+ +--------+
+-----------+ +-----------+
| TS-user | | TS-user |
+-----------+ +-----------+
| |
|CLTS interface |
|[ISO 8072/AD1] |
| |
_________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | | |
| +-----------+ UD TPDU +-----------+ |
| | TS-peer | <-----------------------> | TS-peer | |
| +-----------+ +-----------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |UDP interface [RFC 768] | |
| | | |
| +-----------+ UDP datagram +-----------+ |
| | UDP | <-----------------------> | UDP | |
| +-----------+ (UD TPDU encapsulated) +-----------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
| |
| TS-provider |
|_________________________________________________________________|
1 2 3 m m+1 n
+--------------------------------------------------+
| LI | UD | Variable Part | User Data |
| | 01000000 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------+
-------------- -----------
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
| | | |
| & | | |
| + +++++ | | ***** |
| +++++ + | | * * |
| + | | ***** * |
\ + / ----------- \ * * / ----------
\ ++> # * **> # * ***> # ++++ \
-------------- / * * \ ------------ / + \
| * * | | + |
| * * | | + |
| ***** * | | +++++++ |
| ***** | | V |
| | | & |
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
----------- ----------
Encapsulation User
Space B Space D
+---------------+-----------------+--------+----------------+
| Encapsulating | Encapsulation | Clear | Remainder of |
| IP Header | Protocol Header | Header | Clear Datagram |
+---------------+-----------------+--------+----------------+
+--------+
| |
+->| Encap. |--+
| | Info. | |
+-------+ | | Table | |
| Mask | +---------+ | | | |
Clear --+-->| & |-->| Flow ID |---+ | | |
Header | | Match | +---------+ +--------+ |
| +-------+ |
| +--> Encap
+-----------------------------------------------> Header
------------ ------------
/ \ / \
/ +++ # \ / \
| # +++ + | | # ***** # |
| + + | | * * |
| + + | | * * |
| + + | | * * |
| # ++++ # + | | * * |
\ + / ------------- \ # ** / ---------
\ + # ++ \ # ****** *** # ** \
------------ / +++ * ------------ / *** \
| # * | | # *** #|
| + ** | | * *|
| + # | | * ** |
| + ++++ * | | * * |
| #+ * | | * * |
------------ \ ++++ */ ------------ \ * # /
/ \ # + # ** * # ***** /
/ + ------------- / # ****** # *\ --------
| # +++++++ +| | * * |
| + + + | | * * |
| + # | | * * |
| + ++ | | * # |
| # ++++++ | | * ********* |
\ / \ # /
\ / \ /
------------ ------------
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | X | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | X | XXX | X | X |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | X | XXX | X |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | X | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
(------------)
(organization)
(------------)
|
|<------------------------------+
| |
+--->(organizationalUnit)-------+
| |
+--->(locality)-----------------+
|
+--->(organizationalRole)
|
+--->(organizationalPerson)
|
+--->(applicationProcess)--->(nadfApplicationEntity)
|
+--->(groupOfNames)
|
+--->(ediUser)
|
+--->(device)
Events| Idle | Active | Connect | OpenSent | OpenConfirm | Estab
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 5 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6
| | | | | |
12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 6
| | | | | |
13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------
+-------+ +-------+
BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP
---------+ +---------+ +---------
| IGP | | IGP |
+-------+ +-------+
Packet Management Managed
Number Station Object
Connection Open...
1 >--<CTL=SYN>----------------------->
2 <--<CTL=SYN,ACK>-------------------<
3 >--<CTL=ACK>----------------------->
Connection now open,
SNMP Request is sent.
4 >--<DATA=SNMP Request>------------->
Response comes back
5 <--<DATA=SNMP Response, CTL=ACK>---<
6 >--<CTL=ACK>----------------------->
Operation is complete,
Management station initiates the
close.
7 >--<CTL=FIN,ACK>------------------->
8 <--<CTL=ACK>-----------------------<
9 <--<CTL=FIN,ACK>-------------------<
10 >--<CTL=ACK>----------------------->
Wait 2 MSL
Connection now closed.
our domain X
-------------------
/ | | | |
/ | C
/ ------ /
Network A / | \ /
----- (diagonals \___/____
| | | cross admin. domain B
boundaries)
128.252.100.X 128.252.150.X 128.253.220.X
+----------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
| | |
| | |
/ \ / \ / \
128.252.100.10 128.252.150.10 128.253.220.10
\ / \ / \ /
| | |
+--+-+----------------------+-+----------------------+-+-+
| | |
/ \ / \ / \
128.252.130.10 128.252.120.10 128.253.140.10
\ / \ / \ /
| | |
| | |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +----------------+
128.252.130.X 128.252.120.X 128.253.140.X
116.125
+-----------------+
|
+
/ \
116.125.10.10
\ /
/ + \
/ \
/ \
/ \
| + + |
| / \ / \ |
128.242 |----- 128.242.10.10 128.252.10.10 -----| 128.252
| \ / \ / |
| + + |
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ + /
/ \
124.110.10.10
\ /
+
+-----------------+
|
124.110
__________
|
+
| / \ |
|--+ 1 +--|
| \ / |
+
/ \
\ /
/ + \
/ \
_______ / \ _______
| / \ |
+ + + +
| / \ / \ / \ / \ |
|--+ 4 +----\ / 5 \ /-----+ 2 +-|
| \ / + + \ / |
+ \ / +
___|____ \ / ___|____
\ /
\ + /
/ \
\ /
+
| / \ |
|--+ 3 +--|
| \ / |
+
____|____
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | X | XXX | XX | X |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | X | XXX | XX |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | X | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+-------------------------------+
| Organizationally Unique |
+-- +---------------+
| Identifier | Protocol |
+---------------+---------------+
| Identifier |
+---------------+
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+------------------------+---+--+
| DLCI (high order) |c/r|ea|
+------------------------+---+--+
| DLCI (lower) |FECN|BECN|DE |EA|
+--------------+----+----+---+--+
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Q.922 Address |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Control (0x03) | NLPID - 0x81 (CLNP) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| CLNP packet |
| . |
| . |
+---------------------------------------------+
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| | |
| | |
| | |
| (data content and format |
| dependent on packet type | data
| and modifier) | fields
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------
| | |
| synchro | tri-state bitmask[12] |
---------------------------------------------------------
| message | packet sequence |
| sequence number | number |
---------------------------------------------------------
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| member | transport | transport | | |
| class | class | type | reserved | |
----------------------------------------------------------
| minimum | maximum data | data
| throughput | unit size |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| multicast connection | |
| identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| | |
| | |
| TSAPs of all networks |
| represented in the web | data
| membership |
| | |
| | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
----- | |
| |\ |
| | \ |
|\ \ |
heartbeat | \ \ |
|\ \ \ |
| | \ \ V| data(n)
| | \ \ |
----- | \ V| data(n+1)
|\ \ |
| \ V| data(n+w-1) w/eow
|\ \ |
| \ \ |
|\ \ \ |
| \ \ V| data(n+w)
| \ \ |
----- | \ V| data(n+w+1)
|\ \ |
| \ V| data(n+2w-1) w/eow
w = window = 3 | \ |
r = retention = 2 | \ |
| \ |
| V| empty(n+2w)
| |
----- | |
|\ |
| \ |
| \ |
| \ |
| \ |
| V| data(n+2w) w/eom
| | Packets n..n+w-1 are released,
----- | | token is surrendered.
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
----- | | Packets n+w..n+2w-1 are released.
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| | |
| uninterpreted data |
| | data
| |
| | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| | | |
| message sequence (low) | packet sequence (low) |
---------------------------------------------------------- data
| | |
| message sequence (high) | packet sequence (high) | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
----- | | retransmission count = rx=0
| |\ |
| | \ |
| |\ \ |
| | \ \ |
| |\ \ \ |
| | \ \ V| data(n)
| | \ \ |
| \ *| data(n+1)
heartbeat | \ |
| V| data(n+w-1-rx) w/eow rx=0
| | |
| | /| nak(n') of n+1
| | / |
| | / |
| | / |
| | / |
| |V |
----- | |
|\ |
| \ |
|\ \ |
| \ \ |
|\ \ \ |
w = window = 3 | \ \ *| retransmission(n+1) rx=1
r = retention = 1 | \ \ |
| \ V| data(n+w)
| \ |
| V| data(n+2w-1-rx) w/eow rx=1
| |
| /| nak(n') of n+1
| / |
----- | / |
|\ / |
| / |
|V \ |
|\ \ |
| \ \ |
|\ \ V| data(n+2w-rx) rx=1
| \ \ | Packets n..n+w-1-0 can be released.
| \ \ |
| \ V| nak deny(n+1) rx=2
| \ |
| V| data(n+3w-1-rx) w/eom rx=2
| |
----- | | Packets n+w..n+2w-1-1 are released.
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| protocol | packet | type | client | |
| version | type | modifier | channel | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| source connection identifier | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| destination connection identifier |
---------------------------------------------------------- transport
| | header
| message acceptance criteria |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | |
| heartbeat | |
---------------------------------------------------------- |
| | | |
| window | retention | |
---------------------------------------------------------- -----
| |
| target TSAP |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
----------------------------------------------------------
| | |
| destination port | source port |
----------------------------------------------------------
| | |
| length | checksum |
----------------------------------------------------------
| |
| client data |
----------------------------------------------------------
___________________
| |
| SIP Level 3 [11] |
|___________________|
| |
| SIP Level 2 [11] |
|___________________|
| |
| PLCP [12] |
|___________________|
| |
| DS1 or DS3 [12] |
|___________________|
------- +----------------+
Transport | Down |<---------\
Connect ---->+----------------+ \
Request / ^ ^ \
------- Setup | | \
Send Failed | | Teardown \ Response Timeout
Setup /------ | | Success \ ---------------
/ / | | -------- |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | Teardown Response | | |
| | Success Timeout | | |
| | ----------------- | | +----------+ |
| | Send---------|--|-----| Bring Up |--|----\
| | Setup | | +----------+ | | Transport
| | / | | ^ | | Teardown
| | / | | Transport | | Request
| | / | | Connect| | | ---------
| | / Setup | Request| | |
| | | Failed | -------| | |
v | v ------ | | | v
+--------------+ | | +-------------+
| Coming Up |----------+----|--|--Response--->| Going Down |
+--------------+ ^ | | Timeout +-------------+
| ^ | | | | -------- ^ ^
| | Transport | | | Send | |
| Transport Teardown | | | Teardown | |
| Connect Request | | | / |
| Request ------- | | | / |
| ------- v | | | / /
| \ +------------+ - | | / /
| -| Bring Down | ------ | / /
\ +------------+ --------|--Setup----- /
\ | Success /
\ | ------- /
\ Setup Network | Send / Transport
\ Success Is Down | Teardown / Teardown
\ ------- ------- | / Request
\ | / --------
\ | / Send
\ +---------------+ / Teardown
\----------->| Up |---
+---------------+
attribute ---> surName= Smith <--- attribute value
|---> telephoneNumber= 999-9999 <--- attribute value
|---> title= Janitor <--- attribute value
...
.-----------------.
.-----------------. | Standard MIB |
| Telnet MIB | | Interface Group |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| Character MIB | | PPP MIB |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| RS-232-like MIB | | RS-232-like MIB |
`-----------------' `-----------------'
.-----------------.
.-----------------. | Standard MIB |
| Telnet MIB | | Interface Group |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| Character MIB | | PPP MIB |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| RS-232-like MIB | | RS-232-like MIB |
`-----------------' `-----------------'
.-----------------.
.-----------------. | Standard MIB |
| Telnet MIB | | Interface Group |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| Character MIB | | PPP MIB |
|-----------------| |-----------------|
| RS-232-like MIB | | RS-232-like MIB |
`-----------------' `-----------------'
+-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
|Kind=8 | 10 | TS Value (TSval) |TS Echo Reply (TSecr)|
+-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
1 1 4 4
TS.Recent
<A, TSval=1> ------------------->
1
<B, TSval=2> ------------------->
1
<C, TSval=3> ------------------->
1
<---- <ACK(C), TSecr=1>
(etc)
TS.Recent
<A, TSval=1> ------------------->
1
<---- <ACK(A), TSecr=1>
1
<C, TSval=3> ------------------->
1
<---- <ACK(A), TSecr=1>
1
<B, TSval=2> ------------------->
2
<---- <ACK(C), TSecr=2>
2
<E, TSval=5> ------------------->
2
<---- <ACK(C), TSecr=2>
2
<D, TSval=4> ------------------->
4
<---- <ACK(E), TSecr=4>
(etc)
+--------------------+
| |
| B(X) |
+------+ | +------+ | +------+
| | | | | | | |
| S(Y) |--Ra--+ Rb-| B(Y) |-Rc +--Rd--| S(Y) |
| | | | | | | |
+------+ | +------+ | +------+
| |
| |
+--------------------+
For the ARP layer, the following model is assumed:
+-------------------------------------------------------X-----------+
| - ARP entity - | |
| | IP frames |
| +----------------+ +----------------+ read | |
| | Cache | | | entries +-------------+ |
| | Administration |->-| Address Cache |------>--| Address | |
| +----------------+ | | | Conversion | |
| | +----------------+ | Unit | |
| | ARP frames +-------------+ |
| | / | |
| | ___________ <- ARP requests _________________/ | IP frames |
| |/ | |
+-----X-------------------------------------------------X-----------+
to ARP to ARP
+----X----------------------------------------------------X--------+
| | | IP |
| | ARP frames read | frames |
| | entries | |
| +----------------------------+ +---------+ +----------+ |
| | Cache Administration |->-| Address |---->--| Multi- | |
| +----------------------------|->-| Cache | | plexer | |
| | | | | +---------+ | | |
| | | | | +----------+ |
| | ARP | DMARP | ARP | DMARP | | |
| | frames | frames | frames | frames IP | IP | |
| | | | | frames | frames | |
| | | | | | | |
+--X--------X--------X--------X-----------------------X--------X---+
to SNAP 1 to SNAP 2 to SNAP 1 to SNAP 2
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation | 1. hardware | 2. hardware | protocol | protocol |
| | address | address | address | address |
| | | | sender | receiver |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
Operation = 1 (reply), 2 (request), 3 (error):
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation | P-MAC address | S-MAC address | protocol | protocol |
| | sender | sender | address | address |
| | | | sender | receiver |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation=4 | P-MAC | P-MAC address | protocol | broadcast |
| (search) | address | counter- | address | protocol |
| | sender | station | sender | address |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation=5 | P-MAC | S-MAC address | protocol | broadcast |
| (found) | address | counter- | address | protocol |
| | sender | station | sender | address |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation=6 | S-MAC | P-MAC address | protocol | broadcast |
| (query) | address | counter- | address | protocol |
| | sender | station | sender | address |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation=7 | P-MAC address | S-MAC address | protocol | protocol |
| (hold) | sender | sender | address | address |
| | | | sender | receiver |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
______ | _______ _______ | ______
| | | MTS | | | | | | |
| UA |<----|---->| MTA |<------>| MTA |<---|--->| UA |
|______| | |_______| |_______| | |______|
|_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _|
+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------
| Flag | Address | Control | Protocol | Information
| 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 | 16 bits | *
+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------
---+----------+----------+-----------------
| FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill
| 16 bits | 01111110 | or next Address
---+----------+----------+-----------------
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+
| | UP | | OPENED | | SUCCESS/NONE
| Dead |------->| Establish |---------->| Authenticate |--+
| | | | | | |
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+ |
^ FAIL | FAIL | |
+<--------------+ +----------+ |
| | |
| +-----------+ | +---------+ |
| DOWN | | | CLOSING | | |
+------------| Terminate |<---+<----------| Network |<-+
| | | |
+-----------+ +---------+
| State
| 0 1 2 3 4 5
Events| Initial Starting Closed Stopped Closing Stopping
------+-----------------------------------------------------------
Up | 2 irc,scr/6 - - - -
Down | - - 0 tls/1 0 1
Open | tls/1 1 irc,scr/6 3r 5r 5r
Close| 0 0 2 2 4 4
|
TO+ | - - - - str/4 str/5
TO- | - - - - tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RCR+ | - - sta/2 irc,scr,sca/8 4 5
RCR- | - - sta/2 irc,scr,scn/6 4 5
RCA | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
RCN | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
|
RTR | - - sta/2 sta/3 sta/4 sta/5
RTA | - - 2 3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RUC | - - scj/2 scj/3 scj/4 scj/5
RXJ+ | - - 2 3 4 5
RXJ- | - - tlf/2 tlf/3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RXR | - - 2 3 4 5
| State
| 6 7 8 9
Events| Req-Sent Ack-Rcvd Ack-Sent Opened
------+-----------------------------------------
Up | - - - -
Down | 1 1 1 tld/1
Open | 6 7 8 9r
Close|irc,str/4 irc,str/4 irc,str/4 tld,irc,str/4
|
TO+ | scr/6 scr/6 scr/8 -
TO- | tlf/3p tlf/3p tlf/3p -
|
RCR+ | sca/8 sca,tlu/9 sca/8 tld,scr,sca/8
RCR- | scn/6 scn/7 scn/6 tld,scr,scn/6
RCA | irc/7 scr/6x irc,tlu/9 tld,scr/6x
RCN |irc,scr/6 scr/6x irc,scr/8 tld,scr/6x
|
RTR | sta/6 sta/6 sta/6 tld,zrc,sta/5
RTA | 6 6 8 tld,scr/6
|
RUC | scj/6 scj/7 scj/8 tld,scj,scr/6
RXJ+ | 6 6 8 9
RXJ- | tlf/3 tlf/3 tlf/3 tld,irc,str/5
|
RXR | 6 7 8 ser/9
+---------+ +-------+ +----+ Outbound
| |-->| Mux |-->| Tx |=========>
| Link- | +-------+ +----+
| Manager |
| | +-------+ +----+ Inbound
| |<--| Demux |<--| Rx |<=========
+---------+ +-------+ +----+
C1
192.24.0.0 -- 192.24.7.0 \ _ 192.32.0.0 - 192.32.15.0
192.24.0.0/255.255.248.0 \ / 192.32.0.0/255.255.240.0
\ / C7
C2 +----+ +----+
192.24.16.0 - 192.24.31.0 \| | | |
192.24.16.0/255.255.240.0 | | _ 192.24.12.0 - 192.24.15.0 _ | |
| | / 192.24.12.0/255.255.252.0 \ | |
C3 -| |/ C4 \| |
192.24.8.0 - 192.24.11.0 | RA | | RB |
192.24.8.0/255.255.252.0 | |___ 192.24.32.0 - 192.24.33.0 ___| |
/| | 192.24.32.0/255.255.254.0 | |
C6 | | C5 | |
192.24.34.0 - 192.24.35.0 | | | |
192.24.34.0/255.255.254.0 | | | |
+----+ +----+
\\ \\
192.24.12.0/255.255.252.0 (C4) || 192.32.12.0/255.255.252.0 (C4) ||
192.24.32.0/255.255.254.0 (C5) || 192.32.32.0/255.255.192.0 (C5) ||
192.32.0.0/255.255.240.0 (C7) || 192.32.0.0/255.248.0.0 (RB) ||
192.24.0.0/255.248.0.0 (RA) || ||
VV VV
+--------------- BACKBONE PEER BB ---------------+
0 23 47
| | |
1000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1010 xxxx xxx0 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
1 = Assigned by IANA for
other uses
0 23 47
| | |
0000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 0xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
1 = Assigned by IANA for other uses
\ upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower \ | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
3Mb Ethernet | 1001 | 1000 | 3000 |
| octal | octal | octal |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
10 Mb Ethernet| 0800 | 0200 | 0600 |
| hex | hex | hex |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Link | Link | Link |
MILNET | 155 | 152 | 150 |
| decimal| decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
\ upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower \ | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| |Protocol|Protocol|
DoD IP | X | 12 | 22 |
| | decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| | | |
PUP | ? | X | ? |
| | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | |
NS IP | 13 | 12 | X |
| decimal| decimal| |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| | | |
| PRECEDENCE | TOS | MBZ |
| | | |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | X | XXX | XX | X |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | X | XXX | XX |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | X | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
(MAU) (MAU)
\ \ / /
\ \ / /
_____\ v /_____
(MAU) ______ ______ (MAU)
/ ^ \
/ / \ \
/ / \ \
(MAU) (MAU)
Legend: ---+---+---+-- = 802 network, Ethernet or FDDI
|| = Paired HIPPI link
H = Host computer
PP = Outboard Protocol Processor
G = Gateway
ARP = ARP Agent
+----------+-----------+---------------------+----------- ------+
| | | | IP . . . 0 - 7 |
| HIPPI-FP | HIPPI-LE | IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP | octets|
|(8 octets)|(24 octets)| (8 octets) | ARP . . . fill |
+----------+-----------+---------------------+----------- ------+
31 23 15 7 0
+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| (not used for ULA) |ULA octet 0|L|G| ULA octet 1 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| ULA octet 2 | ULA octet 3 | ULA octet 4 | ULA octet 5 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
Destination
+-------------------+-------------------+
| 32 | 64 |
+----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
| | W=0 | Accept 32 | Accept 32 |
| 32 +-----+-------------------+-------------------+
| | W=1 | N/A | N/A |
Source +----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
| | W=0 | Accept 32 | Accept 32 |
| 64 +-----+-------------------+-------------------+
| | W=1 | Reject | Accept 64 |
+----+-----+-------------------+-------------------+
+----------+ +----------+
| | | |
| +--------+ +--------+ |
| | HIPPI | Cable | HIPPI | |
| | +--------------------->| | |
| | Source | | Dest. | |
| System +--------+ +--------+ System |
| X +--------+ +--------+ Y |
| | HIPPI | Cable | HIPPI | |
| | |<---------------------+ | |
| | Dest. | | Source | |
| +--------+ +--------+ |
| | | |
+----------+ +----------+
+------+-------------------------+------+
| Idle | Connected | Idle | . . .
+------+-------------------------+------+
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+
|I-field| |Packet | |Packet | |Packet |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
|Burst| |Burst|...|Burst|
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
+------------------------------------------------+
REQUEST---+ +----
+--------------------------------------------+
CONNECT---------+ +--
+---------------------------------------+
PACKET-------------+ +----
+-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+
READY------------+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +--
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+
BURST--------------+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +--------
31 28 26 23 11 0
+-+---+-+-+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|L| |W|D|PS |C| Source Address | Destination Address |
+-+---+-+-+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
11 5 0
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Switch Number | Port Number |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
31 26 23 11 0
+---------+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|0 0 0 0 0|x 1|C| Unused | Destination Address |
+---------+---+-+-----------------------+-----------------------+
31 26 24 15 4 3 0
+---------+---+-+---------------+-----------------------+-------+
|0 0 0 0 0|x 1|C| Unused | Destination Address | Link |
+---------+---+-+---------------+-----------------------+-------+
________ ________
| | h | |
| CLOSED |--------->| LISTEN |
|________| |________|
| |
| a | i
____V____ ____V___ ________
| | b | | e | |
| |--------->| |-------------->| |
|________| |________| |________|
/ / | / |
/ / | c d / | c
/ / __V_____ | ____V___
/ / | | e | | |
d | d / | |------------>| |
| | |________| | |________|
| | | | |
| | | ___V____ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |________| |
| | | | |
____V___ ______V_ | ________ | |
| | b | | e | | | | |
| |------->| |--------->| | | |
|________| |________| | |________| | |
| / | | |
c | / d c | c | d |
| / | | |
_V___V__ ____V___ V_____V_
| | e | | | |
| |---->| | | |
|________| |________| |________|
| | |
| f | f | f
____V___ ____V___ ___V____
| | e | TIME- | g | |
| |---->| WAIT |-->| CLOSED |
|________| |________| |________|
________ ________
| | h | |
| CLOSED |--------->| LISTEN |
|________| |________|
| |
| a | i
____V____ ____V___ ________
| SYN- | b' | SYN- | e' | |
| SENT |--------->|RECEIVED|-------------->| 1 |
|________| |________| |________|
/ / | | |
d'/ d'/ | c d' | c |
/ / __V_____ | _V______
/ / |ESTAB- | e | | CLOSE- |
| / | LISHED|------------|-->| WAIT |
| | |________| | |________|
| | | | |
| | | _____V__ |
| | | | | |
| | | | 2 | |
| | | |________| |
| | | | |
____V___ ______V_ | ________ | |
| | b'' | |e''' | | | | |
| 3 |------->| 4 |--------->| 5 | | |
|________| |________| | |________| | |
| / | | |
c | / d c | c | d |
| / | | |
_V___V__ ____V___ V_____V_
| FIN- | e'' | | | LAST- |
| WAIT-1|---->|CLOSING | | ACK |
|________| |________| |________|
| | |
| f | f | f
____V___ ____V___ ___V____
| FIN- | e | TIME- | g | |
| WAIT-2|---->| WAIT |-->| CLOSED |
|________| |________| |________|
________ ________
| | h | |
| CLOSED |--------------->| LISTEN |
|________| |________|
| / |
a| / i | j
| / |
| / _V______ ________
| j | |ESTAB- | e' | CLOSE- |
| /---------|----->| LISHED*|------------>| WAIT*|
| / | |________| |________|
| / | | | | |
| / | |d' | c d' | | c
____V___ / ______V_ | _V______ | _V______
| SYN- | b' | SYN- | c | |ESTAB- | e | | CLOSE- |
| SENT |------>|RECEIVED|-----|-->| LISHED|----------|->| WAIT |
|________| |________| | |________| | |________|
| | | | | |
| | | | ___V____ |
| | | | | LAST- | |
| d' | d' | d' | d | ACK* | |
| | | | |________| |
| | | | | |
| | ______V_ | ________ |c |d
| k | | FIN- | | e''' | | | |
| /------|-->| WAIT-1*|---|------>|CLOSING*| | |
| / | |________| | |________| | |
| / | | | | | |
| / | | c | | c | |
____V___ / ____V___ V_____V_ ____V___ V____V__
| SYN- | b'' | SYN- | c | FIN- | e'' | | | LAST- |
| SENT* |----->|RECEIVD*|---->| WAIT-1 |---->|CLOSING | | ACK |
|________| |________| |________| |________| |________|
| | |
| f | f | f
___V____ ____V___ ___V____
| FIN- | e |TIME- | g | |
| WAIT-2 |---->| WAIT |-->| CLOSED |
|________| |________| |________|
___________________________________________________________________
| domain | type | record | value |
| - | | | |
|*.27.32.192.in-addr.arpa | IP | TXT | RX, 10, 10.0.0.7|
|_________________________|________|__________|___________________|
ROOT
/ | \
/ | \
C=GB C=FR C=US
/ | \
/ | \
O=MultiNat---->O=MultiNat<----O=MultiNat
/ | \
/ | \
/ | \
l=abc ou=def l=fgi
+-----------------+
+----------+ +---------+ | |
|your-host |---UUCP-----|forwarder|----IP/TCP--| INTERNET |
+----------+ +---------+ | |
+-----------------+
"Forwarder" must be an IP host on the Internet.
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
|IR1| |IR2| |IR3| |XR1| |XR2| |XR3|
--+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
| | | | | |
--+-------+-------+---------------+-------+-------+--
<-------------RIP-2------------->
...--------+--------+--------+
MAC Header | FDDI MAC
...--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+--------+
| DSAP=K1| SSAP=K1| Control| 802.2 LLC
+--------+--------+--------+
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
|Protocol Id or Org Code =K2| EtherType | 802.2 SNAP
+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+
PathLength ==> 00 01 10 11
Completeness
|| +--------------------------------------------------------------
vv |
= NO | <EGP> <EGP> never export reserved
| <local_AS> <local_AS,next_hop_AS>
|
= YES | <IGP> <IGP> out of band reserved
| <local_AS> <local_AS,next_hop_AS>
|
!-----------------------!
! Network !
!---+---------------+---!
/ \
/ \
/ \
--------+------ ----+---------
! New ! ! Old !
! Collection ! ! Collection !
! Tool ! ! Tool !
!---------+---! !------+-----!
\ !
\ !-------+--------!
\ ! Post-Processor !
\ !--+-------------!
\ /
\ /
\ /
!--+-------+---!
! Common !
! Statistics !
! Database !
!-+--------+---!
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ !-+-------------!
/ ! Pre-Processor !
/ !-------+-------!
!-----------+--! !
! New ! !-------+-------!
! Presentation ! ! Old !
! Tool ! ! Presentation !
!---------+----! ! Tool !
\ !--+------------!
\ /
\ /
!-+---------------+-!
! Graphical Output !
! (e.g., to paper !
! or X-window) !
!-------------------!
+-----+
| | |
| | | +---------------------+
|E | | 1.544 MBPS | Line#A | DS1 Link
|t | R |---------------+ - - - - - - - - - +------>
|h | | | |
|e | O | 1.544 MBPS | Line#B | DS1 Link
|r | |---------------+ - - - - - - - - - - +------>
|n | U | | CSU Shelf |
|e | | 1.544 MBPS | Line#C | DS1 Link
|t | T |---------------+ - - - -- -- - - - - +------>
| | | | |
|-----| E | 1.544 MBPS | Line#D | DS1 Link
| | |---------------+ - - - - -- - - - - +------>
| | R | |_____________________|
| | |
| +-----+
+-----+
| | |
| | | +---------------------+
|E | | 44.736 MBPS | ds3 M13 Line#A | ds3 C-bit Parity
|t | R |---------------+ - - - - - - - - - +------>
|h | | | |
|e | O | 44.736 MBPS | ds3 M13 Line#B | ds3 C-bit Parity
|r | |---------------+ - - - - - - - - - - +------>
|n | U | | |
|e | | 44.736 MBPS | ds3 M13 Line#C | ds3 C-bit Parity
|t | T |---------------+ - - - -- -- - - - - +------>
| | | | |
|-----| E | 44.736 MBPS | ds3 M13 Line#D | ds3 C-bit Parity
| | |---------------+ - - - - -- - - - - +------>
| | R | |_____________________|
| | |
| +-----+
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Bridging
-------- Bridge Bridge
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
| End | +---------+ | +-----/ | | +---------+ | End |
|System+-+ LAN +-+ | /------+ +-+ LAN +-+System|
| | +---------+ | | TCP/IP | | +---------+ | |
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
Info------------------------------------------------------->
<-------------------------------------------------------RR
Data Link Switching
-------------------
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
| End | +---------+ | +-----/ | | +---------+ | End |
|System+-+ LAN +-+DLS | /------+ DLS+-+ LAN +-+System|
| | +---------+ | | TCP/IP | | +---------+ | |
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
Info-------------------> -------------> Info
<-------------------RR ---------------->
<----------------RR
+-----------------------------------------------+Switch-to-Switch
| DLC Interfaces | Protocol (SSP)
|+------------+ DLC Request +------------+ |
|| Data |<---------------- | | |Send SSP Frame
|| Link | DLC Indication | | |-------------->
|| Control 1 |----------------->| | |
|+------------+ | Data Link | |
|+------------+ DLC Request | Switch | |
|| Data |<---------------- | | |Rec. SSP Frame
|| Link | DLC Indication | | |<-------------
|| Control 2 | ---------------->| | |
|+------------+ +------------+ |
| Multi-Protocol Router |
+-----------------------------------------------+
CONTROL MESSAGES (72 Bytes)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Version Number Reserved Field |
| Message Length ----> . |
| Remote Data Link Correlator ----> . |
| . . |
| Remote DLC Port ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Reserved Field ----> . |
| Message Type Reserved Field |
| Protocol ID Header Number |
| Header Length ----> . |
| Reserved Field ----> . |
| Reserved Field Message Type |
| Target MAC Address ----> . |
| . . |
| . . |
| Origin MAC Address ----> . |
| . . |
| . . |
| Origin Link SAP Target Link SAP |
| Frame Direction Reserved Field |
| Message Length ----> . |
| DLC Header Length ----> . |
| Origin DLC Port ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Origin Data Link Correlator ----> . |
| . . |
| Origin Transport ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Target DLC Port ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Target Data Link Correlator ----> . |
| . . |
| Target Transport ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Reserved Field ----> . |
| . . |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
(Even Byte) (Odd Byte)
INFORMATION MESSAGE (16 Bytes)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Version Reserved Field |
| Message Length ----> . |
| Remote Data Link Correlator ----> . |
| . . |
| Remote DLC Port ID ----> . |
| . . |
| Reserved Field ----> . |
| Message Type Reserved Field |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
(Even Byte) (Odd Byte)
DATA LINK ID (14 Bytes)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|Target MAC Address ----> . |
| . . |
| . . |
|Origin MAC Address ----> . |
| . . |
| . . |
|Origin Link SAP Target Link SAP |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
CIRCUIT ID (8 Bytes)
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|DLC Port ID ----> . |
| . . |
|Data Link Correlator ----> . |
| . . |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
DISC TCP Connection Failure DISC
<-------- <------------------------------------> --------->
UA UA
--------> <--------
+-----------+ +-----------+
|Disconnectd| |Disconnectd|
+-----------+ +-----------+
DLC_RESOLVE_C+----+ +----DLC_ERROR---+
| | \|/ |
+------------+ +>+--+---------+ CANUREACH +-+----------+
| Disconnect +--DL_HALTED-->|Disconnected|------------>| Resolve |
| Pending |<+ +------->| |<-------+ | Pending |
+---------+--+ | | +-----+------+ | +-----+------+
/|\ | HALT_DL| /|\ |/|\/|\ | |
DLC_ERROR +----+ | +----+ | | +------+ | DLC_DL_STARTED
| | | |HALT_DL(ts)| +------+ |
| | ICANREACH| | HALT_DL(ts)|
+--HALT_DL(ts)+ | | | | | |
| HALT_DL(ts) | | HALT_DL(ts) | |
| | | | | | |
| +-RESTART_DL(ts)+----+ | | | | |
| | | \|/ \|/| | | \|/
+----+---+---+ | +-------+----+ | +-+----------+
| Contact |<-CONTACT--+--+ Circuit |<-REACH_ACK--+ Circuit |
| Pending | | | Established| (DLC not | Pending |
+-----+------+ | +----------+-+ contacted)+-+------+---+
| /|\ | /|\ /|\ | | | |
| | +--+----+ | | | | |
| +-CONTACT--+--+--------+----+------+----------+ REACH_ACK
| | |RESTART_DL(ts) | (DLC contacted)
DLC_CONTACTED | +------+ | | +--------------+ |
| | | | | DLC_CONTACTED | |
+---------------+-------+ | | +-----------------+ | |
+-----DL_RESTARTED | | | | | |
| (DLC not contacted) \|/| | \|/ | \|/
+-----+------+ +---+-+------+ CONTACTED +-----+------+
| Circuit |<-DLC_RESET---+ Connected |<------------+ Connect |
| Restart | | | | Pending |
+----------+-+ +------------+ +-----+------+
/|\ | DL_RESTARTED /|\ |
| +----------------(DLC contacted)--------------+ |
| |
+-------------------------DLC_RESET--------------------+
To summarize the effect of having a conceptual row
with a status column having a SYNTAX clause value
of RowStatus, consider the following state
diagram:
STATE
+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
| A | B | C | D
| |status col.|status column|
|status column | is | is |status column
ACTION |does not exist| notReady | notInService| is active
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError ->D|inconsist- |inconsistent-|inconsistent-
column to | or | entValue| Value| Value
createAndGo |inconsistent- | | |
| Value| | |
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError see 1|inconsist- |inconsistent-|inconsistent-
column to | or | entValue| Value| Value
createAndWait |wrongValue | | |
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |inconsistent- |inconsist- |noError |noError
column to | Value| entValue| |
active | | | |
| | or | |
| | | |
| |see 2 ->D| ->D| ->D
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |inconsistent- |inconsist- |noError |noError ->C
column to | Value| entValue| |
notInService | | | |
| | or | | or
| | | |
| |see 3 ->C| ->C|wrongValue
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError |noError |noError |noError
column to | | | |
destroy | ->A| ->A| ->A| ->A
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set any other |see 4 |noError |noError |noError
column to some| | | |
value | ->A| see 1| ->C| ->D
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
+--------------+ +--------+ +-----+ +------------+
|Teleconference| | File | |Email| | Domain |
| (CCP) | |Transfer| | | |Name Service|
+----+-------+-+ +-----+--+ +-+---+ +-----+------+
| | |__ __| |
| | || |
+-----+--+ +--+-----+ +-++-+ +----+---+
|Network | | Packet | | T | | U |
| Voice | | Video | | C | | D |
|Protocol| |Protocol| | P | | P |
+---+----+ +--+-----+ +-+--+ +--+-----+
|__ __| |__ __|
| | | |
+-+---+--+ +-+-------+-+
| Stream | | I |
|Protocol| | P |
+---+----+ +---+-------+
| |
+-----+----------------------+----+
|IEEE_802.X,FDDI,DARTnet,ATOMIC...|
+---------------------------------+
+----------------------+
| media |
| application |
+--------+----+-+------+
| |RTCP| | |
| +----+ | T |
| RTP | C |
+-----+-----+ | P |
|ST-II| UDP | | |
+ +-----+---+------|
| | IP |
+-----+-------+--------+
| Data Link Layer |
+----------------------+
+--------------+ +--------+ +-----+ +------------++-----------+
|Teleconference| | File | |Email| | Domain || media |
| | |Transfer| | | |Name Service||application|
+------+-------+ +----+---+ +--+--+ +-----+------++-----+-----+
| | | | |
+---------------+--------+----------+-------------+
|
+-------+--------+
|Unified Protocol|
+----------------+
|Data Link Layer |
+----------------+
Table 1. VISCII 8-bit Encoding Table (v1.1)
*=======================================================================*
| | 0x 1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x | 8x 9x Ax Bx Cx Dx Ex Fx |
|====|==================================================================|
| x0 | nul dle sp 0 @ P ` p | A. O^` O~ o^` A` DD a` dd |
| x1 | soh dc1 ! 1 A Q a q | A(' O^? a(' o^? A' u+' a' u+. |
| x2 | A(? dc2 " 2 B R b r | A(` O^~ a(` o^~ A^ O` a^ o` |
| x3 | etx dc3 # 3 C S c s | A(. O^. a(. O+~ A~ O' a~ o' |
| x4 | eot Y? $ 4 D T d t | A^' O+. a^' O+ A? O^ a? o^ |
| x5 | A(~ nak % 5 E U e u | A^` O+' a^` o^. A( a. a( o~ |
| x6 | A^~ syn & 6 F V f v | A^? O+` a^? o+` a(? y? u+~ o? |
| x7 | bel etb ' 7 G W g w | A^. O+? a^. o+? a(~ u+` a^~ o. |
| x8 | bs can ( 8 H X h x | E~ I. e~ i. E` u+? e` u. |
| x9 | ht Y~ ) 9 I Y i y | E. O? e. U+. E' U` e' u` |
| xA | lf sub * : J Z j z | E^' O. e^' U+' E^ U' e^ u' |
| xB | vt esc + ; K [ k { | E^` I? e^` U+` E? y~ e? u~ |
| xC | ff fs , < L \ l | | E^? U? e^? U+? I` y. i` u? |
| xD | cr gs - = M ] m } | E^~ U~ e^~ o+ I' Y' i' y' |
| xE | so Y. . > N ^ n ~ | E^. U. e^. o+' I~ o+~ i~ o+. |
| xF | si us / ? O _ o DEL| O^' Y` o^' U+ y` u+ i? U+~ |
*=======================================================================*
Table 2. VIQR Mnemonics for Vietnamese Diacritics
*=====================================================*
| Diacritic | Char | ASCII Code | D<a^'>u |
|=====================================================|
| breve | ( | 0x28, left paren | tr<a(>ng |
| circumflex | ^ | 0x5E, caret | m<u~> |
| horn | + | 0x2B, plus sign | m<o'>c |
|-------------+------+--------------------+-----------|
| acute | ' | 0x27, apostrophe | s<a('>c |
| grave | ` | 0x60, backquote | huy<e^`>n |
| hook above | ? | 0x3F, question | h<o?>i |
| tilde | ~ | 0x7E, tilde | ng<a~> |
| dot below | . | 0x2E, period | n<a(.>ng |
|-------------+------+--------------------+-----------|
| d bar | dd | (repeated d) | <dd> |
| D bar | DD | (repeated D) | <DD> |
*=====================================================*
[ Server 15 ] [ Server 13 ] [ Server 14]
/ \ /
/ \ /
[ Server 11 ] ------ [ Server 1 ] [ Server 12]
/ \ /
/ \ /
[ Server 2 ] [ Server 3 ]
/ \ \
/ \ \
[ Server 4 ] [ Server 5 ] [ Server 6 ]
/ | \ /
/ | \ /
/ | \____ /
/ | \ /
[ Server 7 ] [ Server 8 ] [ Server 9 ] [ Server 10 ]
Community: REMOTEmail
Domain: * P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH;
RELAY-MTA: P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH;MTAname=MTA-B; 10
RELAY-MTA: P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH;MTAname=MTA-C; 10
_ __________________________
) +-------+ ( )
)--+ MTA-B +--( P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH; )
) +-------+ (__________________________)
) /
) +-------+/
)--+ MTA-C |
_) +-------+
RELAY-MTA: P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH;MTAname=MTA-C; 10
RELAY-MTA: P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH;MTAname=MTA-B; 30
_ __________________________
) +-------+ ( )
)--+ MTA-B +--( P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH; )
) +-------+ (__________________________)
) \/
) /\ _____________________________________
) +-------+ ( )
)--+ MTA-C |--( O=Big-Org; P=REMOTE; A=ARCOM; C=CH; )
_) +-------+ (_____________________________________)
---------------------------------
| | | | | | |U/L|I/G| octet 0
---------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | octet 1
---------------------------------
| | | | | | | |FAI| octet 2
---------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | octet 3
---------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | octet 4
---------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | octet 5
---------------------------------
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Admin Domain | Network | Host |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Admin Domain | Network | Host |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
[ fixed at A0 00 00 ] [ 1st 24 bits of V4 IP] [1] [last 8]
[incoming routes]
|
v
[proximity filtering/aggregation] [static routes]
| |
v v
[route database] ---> [selected active routes]
^ |
| v
[RIP, etc. routes] [output filtering]
|
v
[routes advertised]
For each requested service:
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| RQS TYP | RQS LEN |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| RQS SRV |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+
| US |
+-------+
|
+----------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| FED | | DNI | | TX | | SD | | CA |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Your host is not an IP host but does talk directly with a host that
is an IP host.
+-----------------+
+----------+ +---------+ | |
|your-host |---UUCP-----|forwarder|----IP/TCP--| INTERNET |
+----------+ +---------+ | |
+-----------------+
"Forwarder" must be an IP host on the Internet.
+------+------+------+------+------+
| OUI | PID |
+------+------+------+------+------+
Payload Format for Routed PDUs
+-------------------------------+
| . |
| Carried PDU |
| (up to 2^16 - 1 octets) |
| . |
| . |
+-------------------------------+
Payload Format for BPDUs
+-------------------------------+
| |
| BPDU as defined by |
| 802.1(d) or 802.1(g) |
| |
+-------------------------------+
|--- octet one ---|--- octet two ---|
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
+--------------------------------------------+
| Organizationally Unique |
+-- +--------------------+
| Identifier | Protocol |
+-----------------------+--------------------+
| Identifier |
+-----------------------+
+--------------------------------------------+
| Organizationally Unique |
+-- +--------------------+
| Identifier | Protocol |
+-----------------------+--------------------+
| Identifier |
+-----------------------+
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+------------------------+---+--+
| DLCI (high order) |c/r|ea|
+--------------+----+----+---+--+
| DLCI (lower) |FECN|BECN|DE |EA|
+--------------+----+----+---+--+
+---------------------------------------------+
| Q.922 Address |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Control (0x03) | NLPID - 0x81 (CLNP) |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| remainder of CLNP packet |
| . |
| . |
+---------------------------------------------+
Q.922 control
|
|
--------------------------------------------
| |
UI I Frame
| |
--------------------------------- --------------
| 0x08 | 0x81 |0xCC | 0x80 |..01.... |..10....
| | | | | |
Q.933 CLNP IP SNAP ISO 8208 ISO 8208
| | Modulo 8 Modulo 128
| |
-------------------- OUI
| | |
L2 ID L3 ID -------
| User | |
| specified | |
| 0x70 802.3 802.6
|
-------------------
|0x51 |0x4E | |0x4C
| | | |
7776 Q.922 Others 802.2
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| user user Message Handling Environment|
| | | |
| ----------------------------------------------------------|
| | | | Message Handling System ||
| | ---- ---- ||
| | |UA| |UA| ||
| | ---- ---- ||
| | | | ||
| | -------------------------------------------------||
| | | | | Message Transfer System |||
| | ---- | ----- ----- |||
|user-|-|UA|--|--|MTA| |MTA| |||
| | ---- | ----- ----- |||
| | | \ / |||
| | | \ / |||
| | | \ / |||
| | | \ / |||
| | | \ / |||
| | ---- | ----- |||
|user-|-|UA|--|---------|MTA| |||
| | ---- | ----- |||
| | -------------------------------------------------||
| ----------------------------------------------------------|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Fig. 1.1. X.400 functional model
--------------------------------------------------------------
----- -----
UA layer |UAE|<----- P2, Pc ----------->|UAE|
----- -----
--------------------------------------------------------------
------ ------ -----
MTA layer |MTAE|<-- P1 -->|MTAE|<-- P3-->|SDE|
------ ------ -----
--------------------------------------------------------------
xxxE = xxx Entity ; SDE = Submission & Delivery Entity
--------------------------------------------------------------
Fig. 1.2. X.400 Protocols
Forwarded
Message IP-message
- ---------- --- ---------- -
| message- |envelope| / | PDI | |
| content IPM ---------- / ---------- |
| - - ---------- / ---------- |
| | | IPM- |heading | / |heading | |
| | | body ---------- / ---------- |
| | | - ----------/ ---------- |
| | | | |bodypart| |bodypart| |
| | | | ----------\ ---------- |
| | | | ---------- \ ---------- |
| | | | |bodypart| \ |bodypart| |
| | | | ---------- \ ---------- |
| | | | . \ |
| | | | . \ |
| | | | ---------- \ ---------- |
| | | | |bodypart| \ |bodypart| |
- - - - ---------- - ---------- -
(PDI = Previous Delivery Info.)
Fig. 1.3. X.400 message structure
address information of the gateway performing the mapping
|
v
+-----------------+
RFC 822 address <--->| address mapping | <---> X.400 address
+-----------------+
| ------------ ---------
| |X: RFC 822|<------->|gateway|
| ------------ ---------
| A | ^
\ | |
\---------------------------------------------
| |
/---------------------------------------------
/ | |
| B | v
| | -----------
| | |Z: X.400 |
| | -----------
| | .
| | .
| | .
| | .
| | .
| v v
| ------------ ---------
| |Y: RFC 822|<........|gateway|
| ------------ ---------
address information of the gateway performing the mapping
|
v
+-----------------+
RFC 822 address <--->| address mapping | <---> X.400 address
+-----------------+
^
|
domain associations (mapping rules)
localpart
| sdom3
| | sdom2
| | | sdom1
| | | | top-level-domain
| | | | |
plork@ tlec.nl
localpart
| sdom3
| | sdom2
| | | sdom1
| | | | top-level-domain
| | | | |
plork@owe.you.tlec.nl
MSB LSB
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| Calling Error | Routine Error | Supplementary Info |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
Bit 31 24 23 16 15 0
+-----------+----------+-------------+-----+
|confounder | check | msg-seq | pad |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-----+
(MAU) (MAU)
\ \ / /
\ \ / /
_____\ v /_____
(MAU) ______ ______ (MAU)
/ ^ \
/ / \ \
/ / \ \
(MAU) (MAU)
C1
192.24.0.0 -- 192.24.7.0 \ _ 192.32.0.0 - 192.32.15.0
192.24.0.0/255.255.248.0 \ / 192.32.0.0/255.255.240.0
\ / C7
C2 +----+ +----+
192.24.16.0 - 192.24.31.0 \| | | |
192.24.16.0/255.255.240.0 | | _ 192.24.12.0 - 192.24.15.0 _ | |
| | / 192.24.12.0/255.255.252.0 \ | |
C3 -| |/ C4 \| |
192.24.8.0 - 192.24.11.0 | RA | | RB |
192.24.8.0/255.255.252.0 | |___ 192.24.32.0 - 192.24.33.0 ___| |
/| | 192.24.32.0/255.255.254.0 | |
C6 | | C5 | |
192.24.34.0 - 192.24.35.0 | | | |
192.24.34.0/255.255.254.0 | | | |
+----+ +----+
\\ \\
192.24.12.0/255.255.252.0 (C4) || 192.24.12.0/255.255.252.0 (C4) ||
192.32.0.0/255.255.240.0 (C7) || 192.24.32.0/255.255.254.0 (C5) ||
192.24.0.0/255.248.0.0 (RA) || 192.32.0.0/255.248.0.0 (RB) ||
|| ||
VV VV
+--------------- BACKBONE PEER BB ---------------+
_______________________________________________
|____IDP_____|_______________DSP______________|
|__AFI_|_IDI_|_____HO-DSP______|___ID___|_SEL_|
_______________
|<--__IDP_-->_|___________________________________
|AFI_|__IDI___|___________<--_DSP_-->____________|
|_47_|__0005__|DFI_|AA_|Rsvd_|_RD_|Area_|ID_|Sel_|
octets |_1__|___2____|_1__|_3_|__2__|_2__|_2___|_6_|_1__|
Figure 2 (a): GOSIP Version 2 NSAP structure.
______________
|<--_IDP_-->_|_____________________________________
|AFI_|__IDI__|____________<--_DSP_-->_____________|
|_39_|__840__|DFI_|_ORG_|Rsvd_|RD_|Area_|_ID_|Sel_|
octets |_1__|___2___|_1__|__3__|_2___|_2_|__2__|_6__|_1__|
Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 ... Octet LLL-1 Octet LLLL
+-----------+-----------+-----------+- ...-+-----------+-----------+
| xxxx TTGM | xxxx xxxx | xxxx xxxx | | xxxx xxxx | xxxx xxxx |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+- ...-+-----------+-----------+
Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 Octet 5 Octet 6
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| VVVV VV00 | VVVV VVVV | VVVV VVVV | SSSS SSSS | SSSS SSSS | SSSS SSSS |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|------------vendor code -----------|--------station code---------------|
Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 Octet 5 Octet 6
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 0000 0001 | 1010 1010 | aaaa aaaa | bbbb bbbb | cccc cccc | dddd dddd |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|-len&Type--|--reserved-|---------IP address----------------------------|
Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 Octet 5 Octet 6
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 0000 0001 | 1010 1010 | 1000 0000 | 0110 0000 | 0101 1010 | 0011 0111 |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|-len&Type--|--reserved-|---------IP address----------------------------|
______________
|<--_IDP_-->_|______________________________
|AFI_|__IDI__|____________<--_DSP_-->_______|
|_39_|__840__|DFI_|_ORG_|RD_|Area_|_ID_|Sel_|
octets |_1__|___2___|_1__|__3__|_2_|__2__|_8__|_1__|
_______________
|<--__IDP_-->_|___________________________________
|AFI_|__IDI___|___________<--_DSP_-->____________|
|_47_|__0005__|DFI_|AA_|_RD_|Area_|ID_|Sel_|
octets |_1__|___2____|_1__|_3_|_2__|_2___|_8_|_1__|
v v v
| | |
| Begins initialization |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
| | |
Determines | Determines
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | ____________/|
| \_________ | /DHCPOFFER |
| DHCPOFFER\ |/ |
| \ | |
| Collects replies |
| \| |
| Selects configuration |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST \|
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | |
| Initialization complete |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Graceful shutdown |
| | |
| |\_____________ |
| | DHCPRELEASE \|
| | |
| | Discards lease
| | |
v v v
v v v
| | |
| Begins |
| initialization |
| | |
| /|\ |
| ___________/ | \___________ |
| /DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
|/ | \|
| | |
Locates | Locates
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | /|
| \ | ___________/ |
| \ | / DHCPACK |
| \_______ |/ |
| DHCPACK\ | |
| Initialization |
| complete |
| \| |
| | |
| (Subsequent |
| DHCPACKS |
| ignored) |
| | |
| | |
v v v
-------- -------
| | +-------------------------->| |<-------------------+
| INIT/ | | +-------------------->| INIT | |
| REBOOT |DHCPNAK/ +---------->| |<---+ |
| |Restart| | ------- | |
-------- | DHCPNAK/ | | |
| Discard offer | -/Send DHCPDISCOVER |
-/Send DHCPREQUEST | | |
| | | DHCPACK v | |
----------- | (not accept.)/ ----------- | |
| | | Send DHCPDECLINE | | | |
| REBOOTING | | | | SELECTING | | |
| | | / | | | |
----------- | / ----------- | |
| | / | | |
DHCPACK/ | / +----------------+ | |
Record lease, | | v | |
set timers ------------ | |
| +----->| | DHCPNAK, Lease expired/ |
| | | REQUESTING | Halt network |
DHCPOFFER/ | | | |
Discard ------------ | |
| | | | ----------- |
| +--------+ DHCPACK/ | | |
| Record lease, set -----| REBINDING | |
| timers T1, T2 / | | |
| | DHCPACK/ ----------- |
| v Record lease, set ^ |
+----------------> ------- /Timers T1,T2 | |
+----->| |<---+ | |
| | BOUND |<---+ | |
DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK, | | | T2 expires/ DHCPNAK/
DHCPNAK/Discard ------- | Broadcast Halt network
| | | | DHCPREQUEST |
+-------+ | DHCPACK/ | |
T1 expires/ Record lease, set | |
Send DHCPREQUEST timers T1, T2 | |
to leasing server | | |
| ---------- | |
| | |------------+ |
+->| RENEWING | |
| |----------------------------+
----------
Code Len Address 1 Mask 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 21 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Address 2 Mask 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | m1 | m2 | m3 | m4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
Code Len Destination 1 Router 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 33 | n | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Destination 2 Router 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | r1 | r2 | r3 | r4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
Code Len Data item Code Len Data item Code
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| T1 | n | d1 | d2 | ... | T2 | n | D1 | D2 | ... | ... |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
| 44 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Code Len Address 1 Address 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
| 45 | n | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
Logical Null XID ------------------------->
<------------------------ XID Request
Logical SNA XID -------------------------->
<------------------------ TCP SYN
TCP SYN ACK ----------------------------->
<------------------------ TCP ACK
Logical Null XID ------------------------->
(UDP Datagram)
Logical Null XID ------------------------->
(UDP Datagram)
<------------------------ XID Request
(UDP Datagram)
Logical SNA XID -------------------------->
(UDP Datagram)
<------------------------ TCP SYN
(TCP Message)
TCP SYN ACK ----------------------------->
(TCP Message)
<------------------------ TCP SYN
(TCP Message)
<------------------------ SNA ACTPU
(TCP Message)
SNA ACTPU Response --------------------->
(TCP Message)
<------------------------ SNA ACTLU
(TCP Message)
SNA ACTLU Response --------------------->
(TCP Message)
.
.
.
<------------------------ TCP FIN
(TCP Message)
TCP FIN ACK ------------------------>
(TCP Message)
<------------------------ TCP ACK
(TCP Message)
Transition State
Given State | No Conn | Null XID Sent | SNA XID Sent | Conn Estb
------------+---------+---------------+--------------+-----------
No | | Internal Act. | |
Connection | | Stimulus | |
| | ---> Sends | |
| | 1st Null XID | |
------------+---------+---------------+--------------+-----------
Null XID | | Internal | XID Request |
Sent | | Timer Event | Received |
| | ----> Resend | ----> Sends |
| | Null XID | SNA XID |
------------+---------+---------------+--------------+-----------
SNA XID | | Internal | SNA XID | Indication
Sent | | Timer Event | Received | that TCP
| | ----> Resend | ----> Send | connection
| | Null XID | SNA XID | is estb.
| | | |
------------+---------+---------------+--------------+-----------
Connection | Indica- | | | SNA
Established | tion | | | Session
| that | | | Data
| TCP conn| | |
| term. | | |
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
v v v
| | |
| Begins initialization |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
| | |
Determines | Determines
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | ____________/|
| \_________ | /DHCPOFFER |
| DHCPOFFER\ |/ |
| \ | |
| Collects replies |
| \| |
| Selects configuration |
| | |
| _____________/|\_____________ |
|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST \|
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | |
| Initialization complete |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Graceful shutdown |
| | |
| |\_____________ |
| | DHCPRELEASE \|
| | |
| | Discards lease
| | |
v v v
v v v
| | |
| Begins |
| initialization |
| | |
| /|\ |
| ___________/ | \___________ |
| /DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
|/ | \|
| | |
Locates | Locates
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | /|
| \ | ___________/ |
| \ | / DHCPACK |
| \_______ |/ |
| DHCPACK\ | |
| Initialization |
| complete |
| \| |
| | |
| (Subsequent |
| DHCPACKS |
| ignored) |
| | |
| | |
v v v
-------- -------
| | +-------------------------->| |<-------------------+
| INIT/ | | +-------------------->| INIT | |
| REBOOT |DHCPNAK/ +---------->| |<---+ |
| |Restart| | ------- | |
-------- | DHCPNAK/ | | |
| Discard offer | -/Send DHCPDISCOVER |
-/Send DHCPREQUEST | | |
| | | DHCPACK v | |
----------- | (not accept.)/ ----------- | |
| | | Send DHCPDECLINE | | | |
| REBOOTING | | | | SELECTING | | |
| | | / | | | |
----------- | / ----------- | |
| | / | | |
DHCPACK/ | / +----------------+ | |
Record lease, | | v | |
set timers ------------ | |
| +----->| | DHCPNAK, Lease expired/ |
| | | REQUESTING | Halt network |
DHCPOFFER/ | | | |
Discard ------------ | |
| | | | ----------- |
| +--------+ DHCPACK/ | | |
| Record lease, set -----| REBINDING | |
| timers T1, T2 / | | |
| | DHCPACK/ ----------- |
| v Record lease, set ^ |
+----------------> ------- /Timers T1,T2 | |
+----->| |<---+ | |
| | BOUND |<---+ | |
DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK, | | | T2 expires/ DHCPNAK/
DHCPNAK/Discard ------- | Broadcast Halt network
| | | | DHCPREQUEST |
+-------+ | DHCPACK/ | |
T1 expires/ Record lease, set | |
Send DHCPREQUEST timers T1, T2 | |
to leasing server | | |
| ---------- | |
| | |------------+ |
+->| RENEWING | |
| |----------------------------+
----------
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+
| | UP | | OPENED | | SUCCESS/NONE
| Dead |------->| Establish |---------->| Authenticate |--+
| | | | | | |
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+ |
^ FAIL | FAIL | |
+<--------------+ +----------+ |
| | |
| +-----------+ | +---------+ |
| DOWN | | | CLOSING | | |
+------------| Terminate |<---+<----------| Network |<-+
| | | |
+-----------+ +---------+
| State
| 0 1 2 3 4 5
Events| Initial Starting Closed Stopped Closing Stopping
------+-----------------------------------------------------------
Up | 2 irc,scr/6 - - - -
Down | - - 0 tls/1 0 1
Open | tls/1 1 irc,scr/6 3r 5r 5r
Close| 0 0 2 2 4 4
|
TO+ | - - - - str/4 str/5
TO- | - - - - tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RCR+ | - - sta/2 irc,scr,sca/8 4 5
RCR- | - - sta/2 irc,scr,scn/6 4 5
RCA | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
RCN | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
|
RTR | - - sta/2 sta/3 sta/4 sta/5
RTA | - - 2 3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RUC | - - scj/2 scj/3 scj/4 scj/5
RXJ+ | - - 2 3 4 5
RXJ- | - - tlf/2 tlf/3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RXR | - - 2 3 4 5
| State
| 6 7 8 9
Events| Req-Sent Ack-Rcvd Ack-Sent Opened
------+-----------------------------------------
Up | - - - -
Down | 1 1 1 tld/1
Open | 6 7 8 9r
Close|irc,str/4 irc,str/4 irc,str/4 tld,irc,str/4
|
TO+ | scr/6 scr/6 scr/8 -
TO- | tlf/3p tlf/3p tlf/3p -
|
RCR+ | sca/8 sca,tlu/9 sca/8 tld,scr,sca/8
RCR- | scn/6 scn/7 scn/6 tld,scr,scn/6
RCA | irc/7 scr/6x irc,tlu/9 tld,scr/6x
RCN |irc,scr/6 scr/6x irc,scr/8 tld,scr/6x
|
RTR | sta/6 sta/6 sta/6 tld,zrc,sta/5
RTA | 6 6 8 tld,scr/6
|
RUC | scj/6 scj/7 scj/8 scj/9
RXJ+ | 6 6 8 9
RXJ- | tlf/3 tlf/3 tlf/3 tld,irc,str/5
|
RXR | 6 7 8 ser/9
+----------+----------+----------+
| Flag | Address | Control |
| 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 |
+----------+----------+----------+
+----------+-------------+---------+
| Protocol | Information | Padding |
| 16 bits | * | * |
+----------+-------------+---------+
+----------+----------+------------------+
| FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill |
| 16 bits | 01111110 | or next Address |
+----------+----------+------------------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Timer Request | | Timer Request |
+---------------+ +---------------+
\---->\ /<----/
\ /
x
/ \
/\ /<----/ \---->\ /\
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ My primary \ / My primary \
/ network address\ / network address\
\ is larger / \ is smaller /
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
\/ \/
MASTER SLAVE
+----------------+
<----------------+ Timer Response +
+----------------+
Byte # +--1----2----3----4----5----6-+
| 02 | XX | XX | XX | XX | XX |
+-----------------------------+
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | | | | | | | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 0 Compressed
| | | | 1 Regular
| | | | 3 Confirmed Initial
| | | | 5 Confirm
| | | | 7 Unconfirmed Initial
| | | | 9 Reject
| | | | 11-15 Reserved
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ Packet Type Dependent Flags
________________________________ Slot Number
| 0 Assume same as last packet
| 1 Included in packet
|
| ____________________________ Checksum
| | 0 Assume 0xFFFF
| | 1 Included in packet
| |
| | ________________________ Length
| | | 0 Determine from MAC length
| | | 1 Included in packet
| | |
| | | ____________________ Task Number (NCP only)
| | | | 0 Assume same as last packet
| | | | 1 Included in packet
| | | |
| | | | ________________ Reserved (Must be zero)
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | ____ Packet Type
| | | | | | | | 0 Compressed Packet
v v v v v v v v
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------
| Flags | Slot |Checksum | Length | DATA ...
| 0xE0 | Number |2 octets |3 octets |
+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------
+--------+--------+---------+---------+--------+---------
| Flags | Slot |Checksum | Length |NCP Task| DATA ...
| 0xF0 | Number |2 octets |3 octets | Number |
+--------+--------+---------+---------+--------+---------
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 1 Regular
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ Reserved (must be zero)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 3 Confirmed Initial
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ 0 IPX Protocol
1-15 Reserved
+---------+---------+---------+-/ /-+----------
| Flags | Slot | ID | IPX | DATA ...
| 0x03 | Number | | Header |
+---------+---------+---------+-/ /-+----------
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 5 Confirm
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ Reserved (must be zero)
+---------+---------+----------+
| Flags | Slot | ID |
| 0x05 | Number | |
+---------+---------+----------+
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 7 Unconfirmed Initial
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ 0 NCP Protocol
1-15 Reserved
+---------+---------+-/ /-+-/ /-+---------
| Flags | Slot | IPX | NCP | NCP
| 0x07 | Number | Header | Header | DATA ...
+---------+---------+-/ /-+-/ /-+---------
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|___|___ Packet Type
| | | | 9 Reject
| | | |
|__ |__ |__ |___________________ Reserved (must be zero)
+---------+---------+----------+
| Flags | Slot | Rejected |
| 0x09 | Number | Flags |
+---------+---------+----------+
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | | | | | | | 0 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | |___ Packet Type
| | | | | | | 0 Compressed Packet
| | | | | | |
| | | | |___|___|_______ Redefined bits
| | | |
|___|___|___|___________________ Compressed Packet flags
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---//----+-
|11000100|XXXXXXXX|01000000|10000010|YYYYYYYY| | ...
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---//----+----
CLNP CLNP CLNP BASIC BASIC BASIC
OPTION OPTION FORMAT SECURITY OPTION OPTION
TYPE LENGTH CODE TYPE LENGTH VALUE
(197) (130)
---+------------+------------+----//-------+
... | 10000101 | 000LLLLL | |
-----+------------+------------+----//-------+
EXTENDED EXTENDED EXTENDED OPTION
OPTION OPTION VALUE
TYPE (133) LENGTH
+-----------+-----------+----------+
| 1100 0011 | 0000 0001 | 110ABCDE |
+-----------+-----------+----------+
CLNP QOS OPTION QOS FLAGS
TYPE (195) LENGTH
+----------+----------+-----------+
| 11001100 | LLLLLLLL | VVVV VVVV |
+----------+----------+-----------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| Section || Points |
+--------------------------------||---------------+
| No.||Description |Maximum|Scored |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | |
| 2||General Information | 20 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | |
| 3||Conformance to OSI | 35 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | | |
| 4||Other protocols | 5 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | | |
| 5||Extensions| Schema | 16 | |
+----|| |---------------|-------|--------+
| || | | | |
| ||to the |Replication | 10 | |
+----|| |---------------|-------|--------+
| || | | | |
| ||1988 |Access Control | 15 | |
+----|| |---------------|-------|--------+
| || | | | |
| ||standard |Miscellaneous | 5 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| ||Miscellaneous | | |
| 6||characteristics | 15 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | |
| 7||Management tools | 10 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | |
| 8||Operational use | 10 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | | |
| 9||Interoperability | 10 | |
+----||--------------------------|-------|--------+
| || | see | |
| 10||Performance |table 2| |
+-------------------------------------------------+
+------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation || Cold DSA || Optimum |
| || || Performance |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Bind || || |
| --Anonymous ||.............. || .............. |
| --Simple ||.............. || .............. |
| --Simple Prot ||.............. || .............. |
| --Strong ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| List || || |
| -- 10 entries ||.............. || .............. |
| -- 1000 entries||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Search |single|subtree |single|subtree |
| |level | |level | |
| |------|--------|------|----------|
| -- exact |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- leading sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- any sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- trailing sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- approx |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- complex |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- return all |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
+--------------------|------|--------|------|----------|
| Read ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Add || || |
| 0 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Modify || || |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Modify RDN || || |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Query rate ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
+------------------------------------------------------+
| Operation || Cold DSA || Optimum |
| || || Performance |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Bind || || |
| --Anonymous ||.............. || .............. |
| --Simple ||.............. || .............. |
| --Simple Prot ||.............. || .............. |
| --Strong ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| List || || |
| -- 10 entries ||.............. || .............. |
| -- 1000 entries||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Search |single|subtree |single|subtree |
| |level | |level | |
| |------|--------|------|----------|
| -- exact |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- leading sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- any sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- trailing sub |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- approx |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- complex |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
| -- return all |.... |...... |..... | ...... |
+--------------------|------|--------|------|----------|
| Read ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Add || || |
| 0 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Modify || || |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Modify RDN || || |
| 10 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
| 1000 siblings ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
| Query rate ||.............. || .............. |
+-------------------||---------------||----------------+
MSB 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 1/0 | Octet length of address |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
-\
- \
stick -> - \
- a \ a=shadow angle
- \
- \
ground___________________-______\_____________________________
-------------- --------- ---------
| RIP | | RIP | | SAP |
-------------- --------- ---------
| | |
-------------- | |
| UDP | | |
-------------- | |
| | |
-------------- ----------------
| IP | | IPX |
-------------- ----------------
| |
-------------------------------------------
| Circuit Manager |
-------------------------------------------
||||||||||
||||||||||
---------------------------
| Connection Oriented |
| WAN stack |
---------------------------
* |RT1|RT2|
+---+Ia +---+ * ------------
|RT1|------|RT2| T RT1| | X |
+---+ Ib+---+ O RT2| X | |
* Ia| | X |
* Ib| X | |
**FROM**
+---+ *
|RT7| * |RT7| N3|
+---+ T ------------
| O RT7| | |
+----------------------+ * N3| X | |
N3 *
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10|11|12|N3|N6|N8|N9|
----- ---------------------------------------------
RT1| | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT2| | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT3| | | | | |6 | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT4| | | | |8 | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT5| | | |8 | |6 |6 | | | | | | | | | |
RT6| | |8 | |7 | | | | |5 | | | | | | |
RT7| | | | |6 | | | | | | | | |0 | | |
* RT8| | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | |
* RT9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |
T RT10| | | | | |7 | | | | | | | |0 |0 | |
O RT11| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |0 |
* RT12| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |
* N1|3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N2| |3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N3|1 |1 |1 |1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N4| | |2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N6| | | | | | |1 |1 | |1 | | | | | | |
N7| | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | | | |
N8| | | | | | | | | |3 |2 | | | | | |
N9| | | | | | | | |1 | |1 |1 | | | | |
N10| | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | |
N11| | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | | |
N12| | | | |8 | |2 | | | | | | | | | |
N13| | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
N14| | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
N15| | | | | | |9 | | | | | | | | | |
H1| | | | | | | | | | | |10| | | | |
|RT12|N9|N10|H1| |RT9|RT11|RT12|N9|
* -------------------- * ----------------------
* RT12| | | | | * RT9| | | |0 |
T N9|1 | | | | T RT11| | | |0 |
O N10|2 | | | | O RT12| | | |0 |
* H1|10 | | | | * N9| | | | |
* *
RT12's router links N9's network links
advertisement advertisement
RT6(origin)
RT5 o------------o-----------o Ib
/|\ 6 |\ 7
8/8|8\ | \
/ | \ | \
o | o | \7
N12 o N14 | \
N13 2 | \
N4 o-----o RT3 \
/ \ 5
1/ RT10 o-------o Ia
/ |\
RT4 o-----o N3 3| \1
/| | \ N6 RT7
/ | N8 o o---------o
/ | | | /|
RT2 o o RT1 | | 2/ |9
/ | | |RT8 / |
/3 |3 RT11 o o o o
/ | | | N12 N15
N2 o o N1 1| |4
| |
N9 o o N7
/|
/ |
N11 RT9 / |RT12
o--------o-------o o--------o H1
3 | 10
|2
|
o N10
...........................
. + .
. | 3+---+ . N12 N14
. N1|--|RT1|\ 1 . \ N13 /
. | +---+ \ . 8\ |8/8
. + \ ____ . \|/
. / \ 1+---+8 8+---+6
. * N3 *---|RT4|------|RT5|--------+
. \____/ +---+ +---+ |
. + / \ . |7 |
. | 3+---+ / \ . | |
. N2|--|RT2|/1 1\ . |6 |
. | +---+ +---+8 6+---+ |
. + |RT3|------|RT6| |
. +---+ +---+ |
. 2/ . Ia|7 |
. / . | |
. +---------+ . | |
.Area 1 N4 . | |
........................... | |
.......................... | |
. N11 . | |
. +---------+ . | |
. | . | | N12
. |3 . Ib|5 |6 2/
. +---+ . +----+ +---+/
. |RT9| . .........|RT10|.....|RT7|---N15.
. +---+ . . +----+ +---+ 9 .
. |1 . . + /3 1\ |1 .
. _|__ . . | / \ __|_ .
. / \ 1+----+2 |/ \ / \ .
. * N9 *------|RT11|----| * N6 * .
. \____/ +----+ | \____/ .
. | . . | | .
. |1 . . + |1 .
. +--+ 10+----+ . . N8 +---+ .
. |H1|-----|RT12| . . |RT8| .
. +--+SLIP +----+ . . +---+ .
. |2 . . |4 .
. | . . | .
. +---------+ . . +--------+ .
. N10 . . N7 .
. . .Area 2 .
.Area 3 . ................................
..........................
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |7 |N3|
----- -------------------
RT1| | | | | | |0 |
RT2| | | | | | |0 |
RT3| | | | | | |0 |
* RT4| | | | | | |0 |
* RT5| | |14|8 | | | |
T RT7| | |20|14| | | |
O N1|3 | | | | | | |
* N2| |3 | | | | | |
* N3|1 |1 |1 |1 | | | |
N4| | |2 | | | | |
Ia,Ib| | |15|22| | | |
N6| | |16|15| | | |
N7| | |20|19| | | |
N8| | |18|18| | | |
N9-N11,H1| | |19|16| | | |
N12| | | | |8 |2 | |
N13| | | | |8 | | |
N14| | | | |8 | | |
N15| | | | | |9 | |
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT
|3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |10|11|
------------------------
RT3| | | |6 | | | |
RT4| | |8 | | | | |
RT5| |8 | |6 |6 | | |
RT6|8 | |7 | | |5 | |
RT7| | |6 | | | | |
* RT10| | | |7 | | |2 |
* RT11| | | | | |3 | |
T N1|4 |4 | | | | | |
O N2|4 |4 | | | | | |
* N3|1 |1 | | | | | |
* N4|2 |3 | | | | | |
Ia| | | | | |5 | |
Ib| | | |7 | | | |
N6| | | | |1 |1 |3 |
N7| | | | |5 |5 |7 |
N8| | | | |4 |3 |2 |
N9-N11,H1| | | | | | |1 |
N12| | |8 | |2 | | |
N13| | |8 | | | | |
N14| | |8 | | | | |
N15| | | | |9 | | |
+----+
|RT10|------+
+----+ \+-------------+
/ \ |Routing Table|
/ \ +-------------+
/ \
+------+ / \ +--------+
|Area 2|---+ +---|Backbone|
+------+***********+ +--------+
/ \ * / \
/ \ * / \
+---------+ +---------+ +------------+ +------------+
|Interface| |Interface| |Virtual Link| |Interface Ib|
| to N6 | | to N8 | | to RT11 | +------------+
+---------+ +---------+ +------------+ |
/ \ | | |
/ \ | | |
+--------+ +--------+ | +-------------+ +------------+
|Neighbor| |Neighbor| | |Neighbor RT11| |Neighbor RT6|
| RT8 | | RT7 | | +-------------+ +------------+
+--------+ +--------+ |
|
+-------------+
|Neighbor RT11|
+-------------+
+----+ UnloopInd +--------+
|Down|<--------------|Loopback|
+----+ +--------+
|
|InterfaceUp
+-------+ | +--------------+
|Waiting|<-+-------------->|Point-to-point|
+-------+ +--------------+
|
WaitTimer|BackupSeen
|
|
| NeighborChange
+------+ +-+<---------------- +-------+
|Backup|<----------|?|----------------->|DROther|
+------+---------->+-+<-----+ +-------+
Neighbor | |
Change | |Neighbor
| |Change
| +--+
+---->|DR|
+--+
+-------+
|ExStart|
+-------+
|
NegotiationDone|
+->+--------+
|Exchange|
+--+--------+
|
Exchange|
Done |
+----+ | +-------+
|Full|<---------+----->|Loading|
+----+<-+ +-------+
| LoadingDone |
+------------------+
Down Down
Hello(DR=0,seen=0)
------------------------------>
Hello (DR=RT2,seen=RT1,...) Init
<------------------------------
ExStart D-D (Seq=x,I,M,Master)
------------------------------>
D-D (Seq=y,I,M,Master) ExStart
<------------------------------
Exchange D-D (Seq=y,M,Slave)
------------------------------>
D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Master) Exchange
<------------------------------
D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Slave)
------------------------------>
...
...
...
D-D (Seq=y+n, Master)
<------------------------------
D-D (Seq=y+n, Slave)
Loading ------------------------------>
LS Request Full
------------------------------>
LS Update
<------------------------------
LS Request
------------------------------>
LS Update
<------------------------------
Full
....................................
. 192.1.2 Area 1 .
. + .
. | .
. | 3+---+1 .
. N1 |--|RT1|-----+ .
. | +---+ .
. | _______N3 .
. + / . 1+---+
. * 192.1.1 *------|RT4|
. + /_______/ . +---+
. | / | .
. | 3+---+1 / | .
. N2 |--|RT2|-----+ 1| .
. | +---+ +---+8 . 6+---+
. | |RT3|----------------|RT6|
. + +---+ . +---+
. 192.1.3 |2 . 18.10.0.6|7
. | . |
. +------------+ .
. 192.1.4 (N4) .
....................................
........................
. Area 1 (transit) . +
. . |
. +---+1 1+---+100 |
. |RT2|----------|RT4|=========|
. 1/+---+********* +---+ |
. /******* . |
. 1/*Virtual . |
1+---+/* Link . Net|work
=======|RT1|* . | N1
+---+\ . |
. \ . |
. \ . |
. 1\+---+1 1+---+20 |
. |RT3|----------|RT5|=========|
. +---+ +---+ |
. . |
........................ +
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10|11|12|N3|N6|N8|N9|
----- ---------------------------------------------
RT1| | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT2| | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT3| | | | | |6 | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT4| | | | |8 | | | | | | | |0 | | | |
RT5| | | |8 | |6 |6 | | | | | | | | | |
RT6| | |8 | |7 | | | | |5 | | | | | | |
RT7| | | | |6 | | | | | | | | |0 | | |
* RT8| | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 | | |
* RT9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |
T RT10| | | | | |7 | | | | | | | |0 |0 | |
O RT11| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |0 |
* RT12| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0 |
* N1|3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N2| |3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N3|1 |1 |1 |1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N4| | |2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
N6| | | | | | |1 |1 | |1 | | | | | | |
N7| | | | | | | |4 | | | | | | | | |
N8| | | | | | | | | |3 |2 | | | | | |
N9| | | | | | | | |1 | |1 |1 | | | | |
N10| | | | | | | | | | | |2 | | | | |
N11| | | | | | | | |3 | | | | | | | |
N12| | | | |8 | |2 | | | | | | | | | |
N13| | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
N14| | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
N15| | | | | | |9 | | | | | | | | | |
H1| | | | | | | | | | | |10| | | | |
..................................
. + .
. | 3+---+ +--+ +--+ . N12 N14
. N1|--|RT1|\1 |Mb| |H4| . \ N13 /
. _| +---+ \ +--+ /+--+ . 8\ |8/8
. | + \ _|__/ . \|/
. +--+ +--+ / \ 1+---+8. 8+---+6
. |Mb| |Mb| * N3 *---|RT4|------|RT5|--------+
. +--+ /+--+ \____/ +---+ . +---+ |
. + / | . |7 |
. | 3+---+ / | . | |
. N2|--|RT2|/1 |1 . |6 |
. __| +---+ +---+8 . 6+---+ |
. | + |RT3|--------------|RT6| |
. +--+ +--+ +---+ +--+. +---+ |
. |Ma| |H3|_ |2 _|H2|. Ia|7 |
. +--+ +--+ \ | / +--+. | |
. +---------+ . | |
.Area 1 N4 . | |
.................................. | |
................................ | |
. N11 . | |
. +---------+ . | |
. | \ . | | N12
. |3 +--+ . | |6 2/
. +---+ |Ma| . | +---+/
. |RT9| +--+ . | |RT7|---N15
. +---+ ....... | +---+ 9
. |1 .. + ...|..........|1........
. _|__ .. | Ib|5 __|_ +--+.
. / \ 1+----+2.. | 3+----+1 / \--|Ma|.
. * N9 *------|RT11|----|---|RT10|---* N6 * +--+.
. \____/ +----+ .. | +----+ \____/ .
. | !*******|*****! | .
. |1 Virtual + Link |1 .
. +--+ 10+----+ ..N8 +---+ .
. |H1|-----|RT12| .. |RT8| .
. +--+SLIP +----+ .. +---+ +--+.
. |2 .. |4 _|H5|.
. | .. | / +--+.
. +---------+ .. +--------+ .
. N10 Area 3..Area 2 N7 .
.............................................................
membership +------------------+ datagrams
+ > > > >>| Backbone |< < < < +
^ +------------------+ ^
^ / | \ ^
^ / | \ ^
+----^-----+/ +----------+ \+----^-----+
| Area 1 | | Area 2 | | Area 3 |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |7 |N3|
----- -------------------
RT1| | | | | | |0 |
RT2| | | | | | |0 |
RT3| | | | | | |0 |
* RT4| | | | | | |0 |
* RT5| | |14|8 | | | |
T RT7| | |20|14| | | |
O N1|3 | | | | | | |
* N2| |3 | | | | | |
* N3|1 |1 |1 |1 | | | |
N4| | |2 | | | | |
Ia,Ib| | |15|22| | | |
N6| | |16|15| | | |
N7| | |20|19| | | |
N8| | |18|18| | | |
N9-N11,H1| | |19|16| | | |
N12| | | | |8 |2 | |
N13| | | | |8 | | |
N14| | | | |8 | | |
N15| | | | | |9 | |
|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT|RT
|3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |10|11|
------------------------
RT3| | | |6 | | | |
RT4| | |8 | | | | |
RT5| |8 | |6 |6 | | |
RT6|8 | |7 | | |5 | |
RT7| | |6 | | | | |
* RT10| | | |7 | | |2 |
* RT11| | | | | |3 | |
T N1|4 |4 | | | | | |
O N2|4 |4 | | | | | |
* N3|1 |1 | | | | | |
* N4|2 |3 | | | | | |
Ia| | | | | |5 | |
Ib| | | |7 | | | |
N6| | | | |1 |1 |3 |
N7| | | | |5 |5 |7 |
N8| | | | |4 |3 |2 |
N9-N11,H1| | | | | | |1 |
N12| | |8 | |2 | | |
N13| | |8 | | | | |
N14| | |8 | | | | |
N15| | | | |9 | | |
o N4
/ \
2/ \3
/ \
RT3 (Ma,Mb) o o RT4 (Ma,Mb)
/ \
6/ \8
/ \
RT6 o o RT5
| |
5| |6
| |
RT10 (Ma) o o RT7 (Ma)
|
2|
|
RT11 (Ma) o
o N12
|
2|
|
o RT7
|
14|
|
o RT4 (W)
|
0|
|
o N3 (Mb)
/|\
/ | \
1/ | 1\
/ 1| \
/ | \
RT1 (Mb) o | o RT3 (W)
o
RT2 (Ma,Mb)
+-------+
|receive|
+-------+
|
|---> To application
|
+-------------------+
|forwarding decision|
+-------------------+
|
/ \
/---\----> To application
/ \------> To application
/ \
/ \
+--------+ +--------+
|transmit| |transmit|
+--------+ +--------+
+-------+
|receive|
+-------+
|
|
|
+-------------------+
|forwarding decision|---> to application
+-------------------+
|
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+--------+ +--------+
|transmit| |transmit|
+--------+ +--------+
+--+
|H1|
+--+
Net 192.9.1.0 |
+------------------+
..................... | |
. +----------+ . |1 |1 192.9.1.0
. | Network | 8+---+ +---+ o
. | 10.1.0.0 |------|RT1|........|RT2|... / \
. +----------+ +---+ +---+ . 1/ \1
. | |8 8| . / \
. 8| +----------+ |8 . o RT1 o RT2
. +---+10 | Network | 10+---+ . | \
. |RT4|-------| 10.2.0.0 |----|RT3| . 0| \8
. +---+ +----------+ +---+ . | \
. |3 |3 . o 10.1.0.0 o
. | | . | RT3
. +---------+ +-------+. 8|
. | | . |
. +--+ +--+ . o
. |Ma| |Ma| . RT4
. +--+ Area 1 +--+ .
.........................................
+---+
+-------------------------------|RT1|
| +---+
| +---------+ |
| | |
| +---+ +---+ +---+ |
| |RT5|---------|RT2| |NAZ| |
| +---+ +----+---+ +---+ |
| | | | |
| | +------------------------+
| | | +
| | | |
| | | | +---+
| +------------+ + | |--|RT7|
| | | | | +---+
| +---+ | +---+ |
| |RT4|--------|-----------|RT3|----|
| +---+ | +---+ |
| | |
| + + |
| | +---+ |
+---------------|-----------|RT6|------------|
| +---+ |
+ +
192.31.114
|
(cloud)
-------------- 130.57.4
|
|
------ 131.119.13 ------
|BR18|------------|BR10|
------ ------
|
V
to BARRNet "core" OSPF system
0 32
-----------------------------------
| | OPTS | 7 |
| ------------------
| Link-State Header |
| |
-----------------------------------
| Network Mask |
----------------------------------- ______
|E| Tos | metric | .
----------------------------------- . repeated for each TOS
| Forwarding Address | .
----------------------------------- .
| External Route Tag | ______
-----------------------------------
No Leap Leap Insert Leap Delete
UTC NTP UTC NTP UTC NTP
---------------------------------------------
23:59:58|398 23:59:58|398 23:59:58|398
| | |
23:59:59|399 23:59:59|399 00:00:00|400
| | |
00:00:00|400 23:59:60|399 00:00:01|401
| | |
00:00:01|401 00:00:00|400 00:00:02|402
| | |
00:00:02|402 00:00:01|401 00:00:03|403
| | |
*---------------------------------*
| |
| SNMP Network |
| Management Station |
| |
|---------------------------------|
| SNMP Protocol |
*---------------------------------*
A | Get A
| | GetNext | GetResponse
Trap | | GetBulk |
| | Set |
| V |
*------------------------------* *-------------------*
| SNMP Protocol | | DPI Interface |
|------------------------------| Response | *--------------|
| | |<----------->| | |
| | | | | |
| SNMP Agent | | | | |
| | | Get,GetNext | | |
| | | (GetBulk) | | Client |
| | | Set,Commit | | |
| A *-----------+-> | Undo | | |
| | | Get/Set | |------------>| | or |
| Trap| | info | | | | |
| | | | SNMP | | | |
|-----+-----+-------* | | trap | | SNMP |
| | V | | DPI |<------------| | Sub-Agent |
| | | | | | |
| Statically Linked | | | | | |
| Instrumentation | | | | | |
| (like MIB II) | | | | | |
| | | | close | | |
| A | | | unregister | | |
|-------+-----------| | |<----------->| | |
| V | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | AreYouThere | | |
| TCP/IP layers | | | open | | |
| Kernel | | | register | | |
| | | |<------------| | |
*------------------------------* *-------------------*
_____________________________
| | | | >
| | | | |
| VT 1 |..........|VT K| > K ifEntries
| | | | |
|_____________|__________|____| >
| | | | >
| | | | |
| Path 1 |......|Path L| > L ifEntries
| | | | |
|_______________|______|______| >
| | >
| | |
| Line | |
| | |
|_____________________________| |
| | |
| | |
| Section Layer | > 1 ifEntry
| | |
|_____________________________| |
| | |
| | |
| Physical Medium Layer | |
| | |
|_____________________________| >
____________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | SIP | RFC1490 |
| | X.25 MIB | Relay | (no applic.|
| | for IW/Encap.| MIB | MIB) |
| | | | |
| MIB II |-----------------------------------|
| | |
| ifTable | Frame Relay Service MIB |
| ifXTable | |
| ifStackTable |___________________________________|
| | | |
| | Physical Layer MIBs | ATM MIB |
| | e.g., DS1/E1 MIB, |---------|
| | RS232-like MIB | Phy. |
| | | Layer |
| | | MIB |
|--------------|-------------------------|---------|
+-------------------------------------+
| Customer Network Management Station |
| (SNMP based) |
+-------------------------------------+
^ ^ ^
| | |
| | |
UNI | NNI | NNI | UNI
| ^ | ^ | ^
| +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
Originating | | FR | | | FR | | | FR | |Terminating
+--------+ | | Network I | | | Network J | | | Network K | | +--------+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |---| |---| |---| |---| User B |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +--------+
| | | |
| | | |
| PVC Segment 1 | PVC Segment 2 | PVC Segment 3 |
|<------------->|<------------->|<------------->|
| |
| Multi-network PVC |
|<--------------------------------------------->|
| NNI = Network-to Network Interface |
UNI = User-to-Network Interface
-- In ____________________________________ Out
-- >>>>>>| |>>>>>>>>
-- ______| Frame Relay Network |__________
-- Out | | In
-- <<<<<<| |<<<<<<<<
-- |___________________________________|
-- Frame Relay PVC Frame Relay
-- End-point PVC End-point
-- Frame Relay Network Frame Relay Network
-- Low Port ____________________________________ High Port
-- | |
-- ______| >> from low to high PVC flow >> |____________
-- | << from high to low PVC flow << |
-- |___________________________________|
--
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
____________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | SIP | RFC1490 |
| | X.25 MIB | Relay | (no applic.|
| | for IW/Encap.| MIB | MIB) |
| | | | |
| MIB II |-----------------------------------|
| | |
| ifTable | Frame Relay Service MIB |
| ifXTable | |
| ifStackTable |___________________________________|
| | | |
| | Physical Layer MIBs | ATM MIB |
| | e.g., DS1/E1 MIB, |---------|
| | RS232-like MIB | Phy. |
| | | Layer |
| | | MIB |
|--------------|-------------------------|---------|
+-------------------------------------+
| Customer Network Management Station |
| (SNMP based) |
+-------------------------------------+
^ ^ ^
| | |
| | |
UNI | NNI | NNI | UNI
| ^ | ^ | ^
| +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
Originating | | FR | | | FR | | | FR | |Terminating
+--------+ | | Network I | | | Network J | | | Network K | | +--------+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |---| |---| |---| |---| User B |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +-----------+ | +--------+
| | | |
| | | |
| PVC Segment 1 | PVC Segment 2 | PVC Segment 3 |
|<------------->|<------------->|<------------->|
| |
| Multi-network PVC |
|<--------------------------------------------->|
| NNI = Network-to Network Interface |
UNI = User-to-Network Interface
-- In ____________________________________ Out
-- >>>>>>| |>>>>>>>>
-- ______| Frame Relay Network |__________
-- Out | | In
-- <<<<<<| |<<<<<<<<
-- |___________________________________|
-- Frame Relay PVC Frame Relay
-- End-point PVC End-point
-- Frame Relay Network Frame Relay Network
-- Low Port ____________________________________ High Port
-- | |
-- ______| >> from low to high PVC flow >> |____________
-- | << from high to low PVC flow << |
-- |___________________________________|
--
root
|
+-------------+---------------+
| |
c= o=Internet
| |
+-----+------+ +------+-------+
| | | |
ipNw= as= dbl= asB=
| | |
ipNd= ipG= asRef=
| |
ipNwIf= ipRef=
...............
: :
: IP OSI :
: +-+ +-+ :
: |A| |B| :
NetWork -----> : +-+ +-+ :
/ \ : | | :
/ \ : ============ :
/ \ : | :
/ \ : +-+ :
/ \ : |C| :
/ \ : +-+ :
OSI-image IP-image : IP + OSI :
| | +..............+
V V
........ ........
: : : :
IP : OSI : : IP : OSI
+-+ : +-+ : : +-+ : +-+
|A| : |B| : : |A| : |B|
+-+ : +-+ : : +-+ : +-+
....|...: | : : | :..|...
: ============ : : ============ :
: | : : | :
: +-+ : : +-+ :
: |C| : : |C| :
: +-+ : : +-+ :
: IP + OSI : : IP + OSI :
+..............+ +..............+
_root_
/ \
/ \
/ \
country \
/ \
/ organization
/ / | \
/ / | \
/ / | \
/ / | \
/ organizationalUnit* | \
/ / \ \ | \
/ / \ \__|_________ \
/ / \ | \ \
Person Network*<====>NetworkImage*
| |
| |
Node NodeImage
| |
| |
NetworkInterface NetworkInterfaceImage
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
---------------------------------
| |
| IP Header |
| |
---------------------------------
| |
| TCP Header |
| |
---------------------------------
| |
| XOT Header |
| |
---------------------------------
| |
| X.25 Packet |
| |
---------------------------------
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
R | | S | | T | | U
+---+ TA +--+--+ NT2 +--+--+ NT1 +---+
| | | | | |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
| | | |
| | | |
_|_ _|_ _|_ _|_
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(Net) (Net) (Net) (Net)
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D )
- R1 --( )-- R2 --( )-- R3 --( )-- R4 --( )-- R5 --
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(___) (___) (___) (___)
| | | |
---- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ----
| __|__ __|__ __|__ __|__ |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |
( Net ) ( Net ) ( Net ) ( Net )
| ( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D ) |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |
(_____) (_____) (_____) ( ____)
| | | | | | | | | |
--- | | -------- | | -------- | | -------- | | ---
| | | | | | | |
- R1 - --- R2 --- --- R3 --- --- R4 --- --- R5 ---
| | | |
---- | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | ----
( )
( Shared Medium (One Logical Network) )
( )
----|--|---------|------------|----------|----|---
| | | | | |
- R1 - | | | | --- R5 ---
____|__ __|____ __|____ _|_____
| AR Sa | | AR Sb | | AR Sc | | AR Sd |
|_______| |_______| |_______| |_______|
+===========================+
| Initial Part |
+===========================+
| Transit Part |
+===========================+
| Options Part |
+===========================+
| |
| Payload |
| |
length, in bits
+===========================+
| Reserved | 16
+---------------------------+
| Transit Part Offset | 8
+---------------------------+
| HD Contents | 8
+===========================+
| Handling Directive (HD) | 32
---------------+===========================+
^ | FTIF Offset | 8
| +---------------------------+
| | RC Contents | 8
| +---------------------------+
| | Routing Context (RC) | 16
Routing +===========================+
| FTIF 1 | 16
Directive +---------------------------+
| | FTIF 2 | 16
| +---------------------------+
| .
| .
| .
| +---------------------------+
| | FTIF N | 16
| +---------------------------+
v | Padding | Variable
---------------+===========================+
+---------+(next level RC)
(decapsulate)| |
| v
|<--------RC----------------->FIB
| / | | IF Offset)
| | |
| | v
|<------|---FTIF------------->FIB
| | / :
| |<- :(repeatedly...)
| | :
| | v
|<------|---FTIF------------->FIB
| / |
|<- |
v v
DestID-------------->FIB
<----IDP---> <----------------------DSP---------------------------->
<-----------HO-DSP------------>
+-----+-----+-------------------------------+--------------+-------+
| AFI | IDI |Contents assigned by authority identified in IDI field|
+-----+-----+-------------------------------+--------------+-------+
<----------------Area Address--------------> <-----ID-----> <-SEL->
+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| IDP | DSP |
+-----+-----+-----------+-----------------------------+
| AFI | IDI | CDP | CDSP |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------------+------+-----+
| AFI | IDI | CFI | CDI | RDAA | ID | SEL |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------------+------+-----+
octets | 1 | 2 | 2..4 | 0..13 | 1..8 | 1 |
+-----+-----+-----------+----------------+------+-----+
+-----------+
| IDP |
+-----+-----+-------------------------------------------------+
| AFI | IDI |<--------------------DSP------------------------>|
+-----+-----+-------------------------------------------------+
\ | / . /
+---------------+ WAN . +-----------------+/
|Regional Router|----------------------|Stub Router w/NAT|---
+---------------+ . +-----------------+\
. | \
. | LAN
. ---------------
Stub border
\ | /
+---------------+
|Regional Router|
+---------------+
WAN | | WAN
| |
Stub A .............|.... ....|............ Stub B
| |
{s=198.76.29.7,^ | | v{s=198.76.29.7,
d=198.76.28.4}^ | | v d=198.76.28.4}
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
|Stub Router w/NAT| |Stub Router w/NAT|
+-----------------+ +-----------------+
| |
| LAN LAN |
------------- -------------
| |
{s=10.33.96.5, ^ | | v{s=198.76.29.7,
d=198.76.28.4}^ +--+ +--+ v d=10.81.13.22}
|--| |--|
/____\ /____\
10.33.96.5 10.81.13.22
_____________________________________________________________
| ____________ ____________ ___________ |
| | | | Reservation| | | |
| | Routing | | Setup | | Management| |
| | Agent | | Agent | | Agent | |
| |______._____| |______._____| |_____._____| |
| . . | . |
| . . _V________ . |
| . . | Admission| . |
| . . | Control | . |
| V . |__________| . |
| [Routing ] V V |
| [Database] [Traffic Control Database] |
|=============================================================|
| | | _______ |
| | __________ | |_|_|_|_| => o |
| | | | | Packet | _____ |
| ====> |Classifier| =====> Scheduler |===>|_|_|_| ===>
| | |__________| | _______ | |
| | | |_|_|_|_| => o |
| Input | Internet | |
| Driver | Forwarder | O u t p u t D r i v e r |
|________|__________________|_________________________________|
Senders Receivers
_____________________
( ) ===> R1
S1 ===> ( Multicast )
( ) ===> R2
( distribution )
S2 ===> ( )
( ) ===> R3
(_____________________)
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Timer Request | | Timer Request |
+---------------+ +---------------+
\---->\ /<----/
\ /
x
/ \
/\ /<----/ \---->\ /\
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ My primary \ / My primary \
/ network address\ / network address\
\ is larger / \ is smaller /
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
\/ \/
MASTER SLAVE
+----------------+
<----------------+ Timer Response +
+----------------+
Byte # +--1----2----3----4----5----6-+
| 02 | XX | XX | XX | XX | XX |
+-----------------------------+
----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+----
| C | A1 | Z1 | F1 | F2 | S
----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+----
| Sends pkt| | | | |
| to S ----------------------->Intercept;| |
| | | | requires | |
| | | |authenticat'n |
| <------------------------------- | |
|Auth'cate | | | | |
| C to A1 ----> | | | |
| |Provide | | | |
| <------- ticket| | | |
| Request | | | | |
|authoriz'n| | | | |
| -------------------> Is C| | |
| | |allowed?| | |
| | | OK ---------> | |
|Resend | | | Set filter | |
| first pkt| | | | |
| to S -------------------------->(OK)------>Intercept;|
| | | | | requires |
| | | | |authenticat'n
| <------------------------------------------- |
| (Repeat | | | | |
|procedure | | | | |
with A2,Z2)| | | | |
| ... | | | | |
|Resend | | | | |
| first pkt| | | | |
| ------------------------------>(OK)--------(OK)------>
| | | | | |
-----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+----
|--------------|
| <-- IDP --> |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|
| AFI | IDI | <-- DSP --> |
|-----|--------|-------------------------------------|
| 47 | 0005 | DFI | AA |Rsvd | RD |Area | ID |Sel |
|-----|--------|-----|----|-----|----|-----|----|----|
octets | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 |
|-----|--------|-----|----|-----|----|-----|----|----|
E1 +--+ +--+ E3
------------| | | |------------
| | W1 | |
|B1|------------|B2|
E2 | | | | E4
------------| | | |------------
+--+ +--+
E1 +--+ W2 +--+ E3
------------|B3|------------|B4|------------
+--+ +--+
E2 +--+ W3 +--+ E4
------------|B5|------------|B6|------------
+--+ +--+
________ g ________
| |<------------| |
| CLOSED |------------>| LISTEN |
|________| h ------|________|
| / | |
| / i| j|
| / | |
a| a'/ | _V______ ________
| / j | |ESTAB- | e' | CLOSE- |
| / -----------|-->| LISHED*|------------>| WAIT*|
| / / | |________| |________|
| / / | | | | |
| / / | | c| d'| c|
____V_V_ / _______V | __V_____ | __V_____
| SYN- | b' | SYN- |c | |ESTAB- | e | | CLOSE- |
| SENT |------>|RECEIVED|---|->| LISHED|----------|->| WAIT |
|________| |________| | |________| | |________|
| | | | | |
| | | | __V_____ |
| | | | | LAST- | |
d'| d'| d'| d| | ACK* | |
| | | | |________| |
| | | | | |
| | ______V_ | ________ |c' |d
| k | | FIN- | | e''' | | | |
| -------|-->| WAIT-1*|---|------>|CLOSING*| | |
| / | |________| | |________| | |
| / | | | | | |
| / | c'| | c'| | |
___V___ / ____V___ V_____V_ ____V___ V____V__
| SYN- | b'' | SYN- | c | FIN- | e'' | | | LAST- |
| SENT* |---->|RECEIVD*|---->| WAIT-1 |---->|CLOSING | | ACK |
|________| |________| |________| |________| |________|
| | |
f| f| f'|
___V____ ____V___ ___V____
| FIN- | e |TIME- | T | |
| WAIT-2 |---->| WAIT |-->| CLOSED |
|________| |________| |________|
______________________________
| P: Passive OPEN / |
| |
| Q: Rcv SYN, special TAO test | d'| d|
| (see text) / Delete TCB, | ________ ___V____ |
| create TCB, snd SYN | |LISTEN- | P | LAST- | |
| | | LA* |<-----| ACK* | |
| Q': (same as Q) if D < MSL | |________| |________| |
| | | | | |
| R: Rcv ACK(FIN) / Delete TCB,| Q| c'| c'| |
| create TCB | | | | |
| | | ___V____ V______V
| S': Active OPEN if D < MSL / | | |LISTEN- | P | LAST- |
| Delete TCB, create TCB, | | | LA |<-----| ACK |
| snd SYN. | | |________| |________|
|______________________________| | | | |
| Q| R| f|
________ ________ | | | |
e''' | | P |LISTEN- | | | V V
---->|CLOSING*|----->| CL* | | | LISTEN CLOSED
|________| |________| | |
| | Q| | |
c'| c'| V V V
| | ESTABLISHED*
____V___ V_______
e'' | | P |LISTEN- |
---->|CLOSING |------>| CL |
|________| |________|
| R| Q|
f| V V
| LISTEN ESTABLISHED*
____V___ _________
e |TIME- | P | LISTEN- |
---->| WAIT |------------->| TW |
|________| |_________|
/ | | | |
S'/ T| T| Q'| |S'
| _____V_ h _____V__ | V
| | |-------->| | | SYN-SENT
| | CLOSED |<--------| LISTEN | |
| |________| ------|________| |
| | / | j| |
| a| a'/ i| V V
| | / | ESTABLISHED*
V V V V
SYN-SENT ...
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+
| | UP | | OPENED | | SUCCESS/NONE
| Dead |------->| Establish |---------->| Authenticate |--+
| | | | | | |
+------+ +-----------+ +--------------+ |
^ | | |
| FAIL | FAIL | |
+<--------------+ +----------+ |
| | |
| +-----------+ | +---------+ |
| DOWN | | | CLOSING | | |
+------------| Terminate |<---+<----------| Network |<-+
| | | |
+-----------+ +---------+
| State
| 0 1 2 3 4 5
Events| Initial Starting Closed Stopped Closing Stopping
------+-----------------------------------------------------------
Up | 2 irc,scr/6 - - - -
Down | - - 0 tls/1 0 1
Open | tls/1 1 irc,scr/6 3r 5r 5r
Close| 0 tlf/0 2 2 4 4
|
TO+ | - - - - str/4 str/5
TO- | - - - - tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RCR+ | - - sta/2 irc,scr,sca/8 4 5
RCR- | - - sta/2 irc,scr,scn/6 4 5
RCA | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
RCN | - - sta/2 sta/3 4 5
|
RTR | - - sta/2 sta/3 sta/4 sta/5
RTA | - - 2 3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RUC | - - scj/2 scj/3 scj/4 scj/5
RXJ+ | - - 2 3 4 5
RXJ- | - - tlf/2 tlf/3 tlf/2 tlf/3
|
RXR | - - 2 3 4 5
| State
| 6 7 8 9
Events| Req-Sent Ack-Rcvd Ack-Sent Opened
------+-----------------------------------------
Up | - - - -
Down | 1 1 1 tld/1
Open | 6 7 8 9r
Close|irc,str/4 irc,str/4 irc,str/4 tld,irc,str/4
|
TO+ | scr/6 scr/6 scr/8 -
TO- | tlf/3p tlf/3p tlf/3p -
|
RCR+ | sca/8 sca,tlu/9 sca/8 tld,scr,sca/8
RCR- | scn/6 scn/7 scn/6 tld,scr,scn/6
RCA | irc/7 scr/6x irc,tlu/9 tld,scr/6x
RCN |irc,scr/6 scr/6x irc,scr/8 tld,scr/6x
|
RTR | sta/6 sta/6 sta/6 tld,zrc,sta/5
RTA | 6 6 8 tld,scr/6
|
RUC | scj/6 scj/7 scj/8 scj/9
RXJ+ | 6 6 8 9
RXJ- | tlf/3 tlf/3 tlf/3 tld,irc,str/5
|
RXR | 6 7 8 ser/9
+----------+----------+----------+
| Flag | Address | Control |
| 01111110 | 11111111 | 00000011 |
+----------+----------+----------+
+----------+-------------+---------+
| Protocol | Information | Padding |
| 8/16 bits| * | * |
+----------+-------------+---------+
+----------+----------+-----------------
| FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill
|16/32 bits| 01111110 | or next Address
+----------+----------+-----------------
Numbered Mode
+----------+----------+----------+
| Flag | Address | Control |
| 01111110 |1-2 octets|1-2 octets|
+----------+----------+----------+
+----------+-------------+---------+
| Protocol | Information | Padding |
|1-2 octets| * | * |
+----------+-------------+---------+
+----------+----------+-----------------
| FCS | Flag | Inter-frame Fill
| 16 bits | 01111110 | or next Address
+----------+----------+-----------------
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
| | | | | Numbered |
| Header |-->| Data |-->| Mode |--> link
| Compress | | Compress | | Header |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
| | | | | Numbered |
+--->| Header |-->| Data |-->| Mode |--> link 1
| | Compress | | Compress | | Header |
+--------------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
| Distribution |
+--------------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
| | | | | | Numbered |
+--->| Header |-->| Data |-->| Mode |--> link 2
| Compress | | Compress | | Header |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
+---> link 1
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ |
| | | | | Multi | +--------------+
| Header |-->| Data |-->| Link |-->| Distribution |
| Compress | | Compress | | Procedure| +--------------+
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ |
+---> link 2
. (root)
|
+-----------------+-----------+--------+-----------------+...
| | | |
edu it us fr
| | | |
+---+---+... +-----+-----+... +-----+-----+... +--+---+...
| | | | | | | | | |
... ... cnr X42D infn va ca X42D X42D inria
| | | |
+------------+------------+... ... ... +----+-------+...
| | | | |
ADMD-PtPostel ADMD-garr ADMD-Master400 ADMD-atlas ADMD-red
| | | |
+----------+----+... ... +-------+------+... ...
| | | |
PRMD-infn PRMD-STET PRMD-Telecom PRMD-Renault
| | | |
... ... ... ...
parse single attribute
(enclosed in "." separators)
|
(yes) --- <label>$@ ? --- (no)
| |
map to <label> (no) <label>$<blank> ? (yes)
| | |
| map to <label>- map to <label>"b"
| | |
| map "\." to -d- |
| | |
| map "-" to -h- |
| | |
| map non A/N char to -<3digit>- |
restart | | |
^ | remove (if any) last "-" |
| | | |
| \-------> add a "." <--------------/
| |
\---------- take next attribute (if any)
parse single attribute
(enclosed in "." separators)
|
(yes) ---- <label> ? ---- (no)
| |
map to <label>$@ (no) <label>"b" ? (yes)
| | |
| map to <label>$ map to <label>$<blank>
| | |
| map -d- to "\." |
| | |
| map -h- to "-" |
| | |
| map -b- to " " |
restart | | |
^ | map -<3digit>- to non A/N char |
| | | |
| \--------> add a "." <----------/
| |
\------------- take next attribute (if any)
+-----------------------------------+
| File Transfer Service |
+-----------+-----------------------+
| | FTAM |
| +-----------------------+
| FTP | ISO 8823 |
| +-----------------------+
| | ISO 8327 |
| +-----------+-----------+
| |TP0/RFC1006| TP4 |
+-----------+-----------+ |
| TCP | |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| IP | CLNP |
+-----------+-----------------------+
root o
/|\
/ | \
/ | \
countries uk de fr
/ | /\ |\
/ | / \ | \
organisations a b c d e f
| | | | | |
persons .. .. ... .... ...
(left audio) (right audio)
+------+ +------+
| ++++ | | ++++ |
| ++++ | | ++++ |
+------+ +------+
===================================================
I +---------------+I
I | |I
I | (hand signs) |I
I | |I
I +---------------+I
I I
I I
I (Main Video) I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I +------------------------------------------+ I
I | (text subtitle) | I
I +------------------------------------------+ I
I I
===================================================
Figure 2: Multimedia broadcast example
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| |-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-...-o-|-o-|-o-| right audio |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | (60/sec) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-|-o-...-o-|-o-|-o-| left audio |
| | | | | | | | (60/sec) |
| | | | | | | | |
| |---o---|---o---|---o---|---o---|---...---|---o---| normal video |
| | | | (30/sec) |
| | | | |
| |-----------o-----------|--------o--...--------o--| hand signs |
| | | (10/sec) |
| | | |
| |-----------------------------o-----...-----------| text |
| | | (1/sec) |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 3: Object ordering in multimedia application
+================================+============================+
|a +-----------+ |b +----------+ |
| | 1 | | | 1 | |
| | | | | +----------+ |
| +---------+ +----------+ | +-----| 2 | |
| | 2 |----| 3 | | | | |
| | +-----------+ | | +----------+ |
| | | 4 | | | +----------+ |
| +-----| |-------+ | | 3 | |
| | | | | +----------+ |
| +-----------+ | +------| 4 | |
| | | | |
| | +----------+ |
| | |
| 1;(2||3);4 | (1;2)||(3;4) |
+================================+============================+
Figure 4: Window screen refresh
reliable-ordered reliable-unordered
| |
| |
v v
zero loss-->*---------------------------------*
min loss-->|<-- |<--
. | |
. |<-- |<--
| |
|<-- unreliable- |<-- unreliable-
RELIABILITY | ordered | unordered
|<-- |<--
| |
|<-- |<--
max loss-->| |
+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-+
ordered partial ordered unordered
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
v v v v v v v v v v v v
zero loss-->*---------------------------------*
min loss-->| . . . . . . . . . . . |
. | . . . . . . . . . . . |
. | . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . . . |
RELIABILITY | . . . unreliable-PO . . . |
| . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . . . . . . . . |
| . . . . . . . . . . . |
max loss-->| . . . . . . . . . . . |
+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-+
ordered partial ordered unordered
1 bit 1 bit 6 bits
+----------+----------+------------+----------+--------+
| Kind=10 | Length=3 | Start_flag | End_flag | Filler |
+----------+----------+------------+----------+--------+
1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
1 | - 1 0 0 0 1 | | | |
2 | - - 0 0 0 1 | |-->1-->|-->2-->| |
3 | - - - 1 0 1 | | | |
4 | - - - - 0 1 | |-->3-->|-->4-->|-->6-->|
5 | - - - - - 1 | | | |
6 | - - - - - - | |------>5------>| |
+-------------+ | | |
+--------+ +----------+
Service | UserA | | UserB |
Profile +--------+ +----------+
| | |
| | |
v | |
| +---------+ +-----------+ Service
| | TCP-A | | TCP-B | Profile
| +---------+ +-----------+ ^
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| +---------------------------------------+ |
v | | |
------>| ---- Service Profile -------------> |----->
+---------------------------------------+
(1)Send Request (5)Ack Arrival
+------+ +-----------+
| | | |
| V | |
+----------+ (4) New PO Profile +----------+ |
+---->| |----------------------->| PO |<-----+
| | ESTAB | | |
(2) | | | | SETUP |
Ack +-----| |<-----------------------| |<-----+
Arrival +----------+ (7)PO Setup Complete +----------+ |
^ | | |
| | | |
+------+ +---------+
(3)Timeout (6)Timeout
1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
1 | - 1 0 0 0 1 | | | |
2 | - - 0 0 0 1 | |-->1-->|-->2-->| |
3 | - - - 1 0 1 | | | |
4 | - - - - 0 1 | |-->3-->|-->4-->|-->6-->|
5 | - - - - - 1 | | | |
6 | - - - - - - | |------>5------>| |
+-------------+ | | |
1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
1 | - 1 0 0 0 1 |
2 | - - 0 0 0 1 |
3 | - - - 1 0 1 |
4 | - - - - 0 1 |
5 | - - - - - 1 | [ F F F F F F ]
6 | - - - - - - | 1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
1 | - 0 0 0 0 0 |
2 | - - 0 0 0 1 |
3 | - - - 0 0 0 |
4 | - - - - 0 1 |
5 | - - - - - 1 | [ T F T F F F ]
6 | - - - - - - | 1 2 3 4 5 6
+-------------+
(2)Data Segment Arrival (5)PO Profile fragment Arrival
+------+ +-------+
| | | |
| V (1)First PO Profile | V
+---------+ fragment arrives +---------+(6) Data Segment
+---->| |----------------------->| |<-----+ Arrival
| | ESTAB | | PO |------+
| | | | |
| | | | SETUP |<-----+
(3) +-----| |<-----------------------| |------+
Terminator+---------+ (9)PO Setup complete +---------+(7) Terminator
^ | | ^
| | | |
+------+ +------+
(4)Piggyback Timeout (8)Piggyback Timeout
<-----------------------VCC-------------------------->
------------ -----------
|ATM | |ATM |
|X-Connect | |X-Connect |
VCL1 |Point | VCL2 |Point | VCL3
O---------|----X-----|-------|-----|----X-----|-------O
| | | |
------------ ------------
ATM Switch ATM Switch
<-----------------------VPC-------------------------->
------------ -----------
|ATM | |ATM |
|X-Connect | |X-Connect |
VPL1 |Point | VPL2 |Point | VPL3
O---------|----X-----|-------|-----|----X-----|-------O
| | | |
------------ ------------
ATM Switch ATM Switch
<---------------------VCC--------------------------->
--------------------------------------
| |
| ---------- ---------- |
| | ATM | | ATM | |
VCL1 | | Switch | | Switch | | VCL3
O-------|-|--------|------/-------|--------|-|------O
| | | | | |
| ---------- ---------- |
| |
| ATM Network |
--------------------------------------
---------- ----------
UNI | ATM | NNI | ATM | UNI
| | switch | | | switch | |
O<---|---->X(UPC) |<----|------>| (UPC)X<-----|--->O
| VCL | | | VCL | | VCL |
---------- ----------
___________________________
| |
| ============= |
| | AAL5 | |
| | Entity | |
| ============= |
| | |
| -----Prop. Virtual Interface
| | |
| ============= |
| | ATM | |
| | Entity | |
| ============= |
|_____|__|__|__|__|_______|
| | | | |
---------------- ATM UNIs
| | | | |
| | | | |
v v v v v
__________________
| |
| AAL5 |
|________________|
| |
| Prop. Virtual |
| Interface |
|________________|
___________________________
| |
| ============= |
| | AAL5 | |
| | Entity | |
| ============= |
| | ATM | |
| | Entity | |
| ============= |
|___________|_____________|
|
__|__ ATM UNI
|
|
v
-- ________________________________
-- | |
-- VPL | ATM Host, Switch, or Network | VPL
-- receive | | receive
-- ========> X X <=======
-- <======== X X ========>
-- transmit | | transmit
-- |______________________________|
-- _________________________________________
-- | |
-- Low | ATM Switch or Network | High
-- port| | port
-- _____|>> from low to high VPC traffic flow >>|______
-- |<< from high to low VPC traffic flow <<|
-- | |
-- |_______________________________________|
--
0 23 47
| | |
1000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1010 xxxx xxx0 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
1 = Assigned by IANA for
other uses
0 23 47
| | |
0000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 0xxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
| |
Multicast Bit 0 = Internet Multicast
upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
3Mb Ethernet | 1001 | 1000 | 3000 |
| octal | octal | octal |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | Type |
10 Mb Ethernet| 0800 | 0200 | 0600 |
| hex | hex | hex |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Link | Link | Link |
MILNET | 155 | 152 | 150 |
| decimal| decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
upper| DoD IP | PUP | NS IP |
lower | | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| |Protocol|Protocol|
DoD IP | X | 12 | 22 |
| | decimal| decimal|
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| | | |
PUP | ? | X | ? |
| | | |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
| Type | Type | |
NS IP | 13 | 12 | X |
| decimal| decimal| |
--------------|--------|--------|--------|
______ ______
| | | |
| H1 | | H2 |
| | | |
|______| |______|
\ / \
\ / \
========================= / \
" "/ |
" (SIPP) " |
" " |
"=========================" |
|
====================
______ " "
| | " CLNP "
| H4 | " "
| | "===================="
|______| |
\ |
\ |
=================== ___|___
" " | |
" "-------| H3 |
" IPv4 " | |
" " |_______|
"=================="
|--------------|
| <-- IDP --> |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|
| AFI | IDI | <-- DSP --> |
|-----|--------|-------------------------------------|
| 47 | 0005 | DFI | AA |Rsvd | RD |Area | ID |Sel |
|-----|--------|-----|----|-----|----|-----|----|----|
octets | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 |
|-----|--------|-----|----|-----|----|-----|----|----|
user user
| ^
v |
+-----------------------------------------+
| | ^ |
| v | |
| +-----+ +-----+ |
| | UA | | UA | |
| +-----+ +-----+ |
| | ^ |
| v | |
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| | v ^ | |
| | v ^ | |
| | v ^ | |
| | +-----+ +-----+ | |
| | | MTA |.....................| MTA | | |
| | +-----+ +-----+ | |
| | v \ ^ | |
| | v \................ ^ | |
| | v \ ^ | | NB The actual route
| | +-----+ \ +-----+ | | is drawn as
| | | MTA |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| MTA | | | v ^
| | +-----+ +-----+ | | v ^
| | Message Transfer System | | v >>>>>>>> ^
| +-------------------------------------+ |
| Message Handling System |
+-----------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------+
| |
| The rest of the e-mail world |
| |
+-----------------------------------+
\ | | /
\ | | /
\| | /
v vv
+--------------+
|Firewall MTA A|
+--------------+
^ / ^ \ ^
/ / | \ \
/ / | \ \
Default route--o / | \ o---Default route
/ / | \ \
/ / | \ \
/ v v v \
+-----+ +-----+ +-------+
|MTA B|<----|MTA C| |MTA D |
+-----+ +-----+ +-------+
/ | | | \
/ | | | \
/ | | | \
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
| UA | | UA | | UA | | UA | | UA |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
+----------+ +---------------------------+
| MTA A | | Shared MTA B |
+----------+ +---------------------------+
| | / | | |
+-----------------/----+ +-----------+ +----------+
| | | / | | | | | | | |
| +--+ +--+ +--+/ | | +--+ +--+ | | +--+ |
| |UA| |UA| |UA| | | |UA| |UA| | | |UA| |
| +--+ +--+ +--+ | | +--+ +--+ | | +--+ |
| Distributed Domain A | | Domain B | | Domain C |
+----------------------+ +-----------+ +----------+
Network Layer
-------------
______ ______
/ \ / \
| NL 1 | | NL 2 |
\______/ \______/
| | | | | |
| | +-------------o-o-o-+
| +------+ +-----+ | | |
| | | | | |
| +------o--o-------+ + |
| | |__|_ | |
| | / \ | |
| | | MLCP | <--- Link Layer
| | \______/ Demultiplexing
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | <--- Virtual Link
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | + | |
___|_| | ___|_|
/ \ | / \
| LCP |------+-----| LCP | <--- Link Layer
\______/ \______/ Demultiplexing
| |
| |
Link 1 Link 2
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
----- ----- ----- -----
|IR1| |IR2| |XR1| |XR2|
--+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
| | | |
--+-------+-------------+-------+--
|--------RIP-2--------|
-----
|COR|
-----
/ \
/ \
----- ----- -----
|RO1|-----|RO2|=====| R |
----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
|IR1| |IR2| |IR3| |XR1| |XR2| |XR3|
--+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+-- --+--
| | | | | |
--+-------+-------+---------------+-------+-------+--
<-------------RIP-2------------->
______________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | | |
| Gopher | WAIS | WWW | Archie | Others ...
| | | | |
|___________|______________|_______|_______________|___________
| |
| _________|____________
| | |
| | Resource Discovery |
| | System (perhaps |
| | based on whois++) |
| |______________________|
| |
| |
_____|________________________________|____
| |
| Uniform resource name to uniform resource |
| locator mapping system (perhaps based on |
| whois++ or X.500) |
|___________________________________________|
|
|
________________|______________________________________
| | | |
______|______ _______|_____ ______|______ ______|______
| | | | | | | |
| Transponder | | Transponder | | Transponder | | Transponder |
|_____________| |_____________| |_____________| |_____________|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Resource | | Resource | | Resource | | Resource |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|_____________| |_____________| |_____________| |_____________|
octets octets octets octets
1&2 3&4 5&6 17&18
+------+------+------+-------+------+
| RC | RD | RD | ... | RD |
+------+------+------+-------+------+
<---- 0 to 8 RD fields ---->
octet 1 octet 2
+---------------+---------------+
|b b b l l l l l|d f f f 0 0 0 0|
+---------------+---------------+
^ ^ ^ ^
| | | |
Explorer indicator --+ | | +-- Max frame length*
Length of RIF field --+ +-- Direction to use RDs
octet 1 octet 2
+---------------+---------------+
|r r r r r r r r r r r r i i i i|
+---------------+---------------+
<---- ring number ----> <----->
^
|
bridge number --+
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
| B | <-- | B | <-- | B | <-- . . . . . . <-- | B | <-+
| 0 | | 1 | | 2 | | n | |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ |
| | | |
| | V +-----+
| V +----------------> | |
V +-----------------------------> | XOR |
+---------------------------------------------------> | |
+-----+
+---------------+
| V |
| | n |
+--+------------+
| | +---------+
| +---------> | | +-----+
+--+ | Encrypt | <--- | Key |
| +-------- | | +-----+
| | +---------+
V V
+------------+--+
| V | |
| n+1 |
+---------------+
+--------------+ +------+ +----------+
| | | |<--->| IP / ARP |
| |<--->| This | | RFC 1577 |
| ATM | | Memo | +----------+
| signaling | | |<--->| RFC 1483 |
| | +------+ +----------+
| | -------------> | AAL 5 |
| | +----------+
| | -------------> | ATM |
+--------------+ +----------+
|---------------------------------|
|Broadband Bearer |
|Capability |
|---------------------------------|
|Broadband Bearer | C | X | X |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|Traffic Type | | | |
|(CBR,VBR) | |CBR| & |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|Timing Required | |YES| &&|
|---------------------------------|
|Traffic Descriptor |
|Parameter |
|---------------------------------|
|PCR (CLP=0) | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|PCR (CLP=0+1) | S | S | S |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|SCR (CLP=0) | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|SCR (CLP=0+1) | S | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|MBS (CLP=0) | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|MBS (CLP=0+1) | S | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|Best Effort | | | S |
|---------------------|---|---|---|
|Tagging | NO| NO| NO|
|---------------------------------|
|---------------------------------|
|QOS Classes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
-----------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
| bb_bearer_capability |
----------------------------------------------------------
| spare 0 |
| bearer_class 16 (BCOC-X) |
| spare 0 |
| traffic_type 0 (no indication) |
| timing_reqs 0 (no indication) |
| susceptibility_to_clipping 0 (not suscept) |
| spare 0 |
| user_plane_configuration 0 (point_to_point) |
----------------------------------------------------------
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|Broadband Bearer |
|Capability |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|Broadband Bearer |A,C| X |X |C | X |C| X |A,C| X | X |C| X |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|Traffic Type | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|(CBR,VBR) | |CBR| & | |& | |& | |CBR|& |&| & |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|Timing Required | | Y |&& | |&& | |&& | | Y |&& | |&& |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|Traffic Descriptor |
|Parameter |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|PCR (CLP=0) | S | S | S | | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|PCR (CLP=0+1) | S | S | S | S | S |S| S | S | S | S |S| S |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|SCR (CLP=0) | | | | | S |S| | | | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|SCR (CLP=0+1) | | | | | | | S | S | | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|MBS (CLP=0) | | | | | S |S| | | | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|MBS (CLP=0+1) | | | | | | | S | S | | | | |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|Best Effort | | | | | | | | | | |S| S |
|---------------------|---|---|---|---|---|-|---|---|---|---|-|---|
|Tagging |Y/N|Y/N|Y/N|Y/N|Y/N|N| N | N | N | N |N| N |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
|QOS Classes | * | * | * | * | * |*| * | * | * | * |0| 0 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
-------- --------
------- | | | | -------
| A | | FR/ATM | | ATM | | B |
| (FR) |----->| IWU |----->| switch |----->| (ATM) |
------- | | | | -------
-------- --------
-------- --------
------- | | | | -------
| B | | FR/ATM | | ATM | | A |
| (FR) |<-----| IWU |<-----| switch |<-----| (ATM) |
------- | | | | -------
-------- --------
system printer asset user user user
manager operator manager
O O O O O O
/|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\ /|\
/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
| | | | | |
+---------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
|configur-| |printer| | asset | |printer| | user | | user |
|ator | |manager| |manager| |browser| |application| |application|
+---------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
^ ^ ^ ^ | |
|R/W |R/W |R |R +-----------+ +-----------+
| | | | | spooler | | spooler |
| | | | +-----------+ +-----------+
| | | | | |
| | | | +-----------+ +-----------+
| | | | |supervisor | |supervisor |
| | | | +-----------+ +-----------+
| | | | ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | |R |R/W |R |R/W
v v | | | | | |
================================================== | ===== |
| print| print|
|SNMP data| data|
+-----+ +-------+ PCL| PCL|
| MIB |<------>| agent | PostScript| PostScript|
+-----+ +-------+ NPAP| NPAP|
|unspecified etc.| etc.|
+=============+ +-----------------+ | |
| |--|channel/interface|<--+ |
| | +-----------------+ |
| PRINTER | |
| | +-----------------+ |
| |--|channel/interface|<----------------+
+=============+ +-----------------+
+------+ +--------+ +--------+
| | | | | |
+-------+ | +-------+ +---------+ | +-------+ +--------+ |
| Input |-+ +--------+| | Marker |-+ +--------+| | Output |-+
| |===>| |+<==>| |<==>| |+==>| |
+-------+ +--+ +--+ +---------+ +--+ +--+ +--------+
\ | || | || \
\ | || | || \
\ | || | || \
+--------+ | |+-------------------------| || +---------+
| | | +--------------------------+ || | |
+----------+ | | Media Path |+ +----------+ |
| Media |-+ +--------------------------------+ | Finisher |-+
|(optional)| |(optional)|
+----------+ +----------+
-- INPUT MEASUREMENT
--
-- _______ | |
-- ^ | |
-- | | | |
-- | |_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _| _________________ |direction
-- | | | ^ v
-- MaxCapacity | | |
-- | | Sheets left in tray | CurrentLevel
-- | | | |
-- v | | v
-- _______ +_____________________+ _______
-- OUTPUT MEASUREMENT
--
-- _______ | | _______
-- ^ | | ^
-- | | | |
-- | | | RemainingCapacity
-- MaxCapacity | | |
-- | | | v ^
-- | |_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _| ___________________ |direction
-- | | | |
-- | | Sheets in output |
-- v | |
-- _______ +_____________________+
TABLE 1 - Relationship of AFI Individual and Group Values
-----------------------------------------------------------
|Individual Group | Individual Group | Individual Group |
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 0x FF | | |
| 10 A0 | 40 BE | 70 DC |
| 11 A1 | 41 BF | 71 DD |
| 12 A2 | 42 C0 | 72 DE |
| 13 A3 | 43 C1 | 73 DF |
| 14 A4 | 44 C2 | 74 E0 |
| 15 A5 | 45 C3 | 75 E1 |
| 16 A6 | 46 C4 | 76 E2 |
| 17 A7 | 47 C5 | 77 E3 |
| 18 A8 | 48 C6 | 78 E4 |
| 19 A9 | 49 C7 | 79 E5 |
| 20 AA | 50 C8 | 80 E6 |
| 21 AB | 51 C9 | 81 E7 |
| 22 AC | 52 CA | 82 E8 |
| 23 AD | 53 CB | 83 E9 |
| 24 AE | 54 CC | 84 EA |
| 25 AF | 55 CD | 85 EB |
| 26 B0 | 56 CE | 86 EC |
| 27 B1 | 57 CF | 87 ED |
| 28 B2 | 58 D0 | 88 EE |
| 29 B3 | 59 D1 | 89 EF |
| 30 B4 | 60 D2 | 90 F0 |
| 31 B5 | 61 D3 | 91 F1 |
| 32 B6 | 62 D4 | 92 F2 |
| 33 B7 | 63 D5 | 93 F3 |
| 34 B8 | 64 D6 | 94 F4 |
| 35 B9 | 65 D7 | 95 F5 |
| 36 BA | 66 D8 | 96 F6 |
| 37 BB | 67 D9 | 97 F7 |
| 38 BC | 68 DA | 98 F8 |
| 39 BD | 69 DB | 99 F9 |
-----------------------------------------------------------
Octet
,----------------------------------------------------,
| Number of Group Address Pairs | 10
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Group Network Address Length Indicator (GNAL) | 11
|----------------------------------------------------|
| | 12
: Group Network Address (GNA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Paired SNPA Address Length Indicator (PSAL) |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: Paired SNPA Address (PSA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| GNAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: GNA :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| PSAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: PSA :
| | m-1
'----------------------------------------------------'
+-----+----------------------------------------+
| IDP | Upper DSP | Embedded SNPA address | SEL|
+-----+-----------+-----------------------+----+
octets: | 3 | 10 | 6 | 1 |
+-----+-----------+-----------------------+----+
Octet
,----------------------------------------------------,
| Network Layer Protocol Identifier | 1
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Length Indicator | 2
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Version/Protocol ID Extension | 3
|----------------------------------------------------|
| reserved (must be zero) | 4
|----------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | Type (00101 = ESGH) | 2
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Holding Time | 6,7
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Checksum | 8,9
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Number of Group Address Pairs | 10
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Group Network Address Length Indicator (GNAL) | 11
|----------------------------------------------------|
| | 12
: Group Network Address (GNA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Paired SNPA Address Length Indicator (PSAL) |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: Paired SNPA Address (PSA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| GNAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: GNA |
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| PSAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: PSA :
| | m-1
|----------------------------------------------------|
| | m
: Options :
| | p-1
'----------------------------------------------------'
Figure 2 - ESGH PDU Format
Octet
,----------------------------------------------------,
| Network Layer Protocol Identifier | 1
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Length Indicator | 2
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Version/Protocol ID Extension | 3
|----------------------------------------------------|
| reserved (must be zero) | 4
|----------------------------------------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | Type (00111 = MAM) | 2
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Holding Time | 6,7
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Checksum | 8,9
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Number of Group Address Pairs | 10
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Group Network Address Length Indicator (GNAL) | 11
|----------------------------------------------------|
| | 12
: Group Network Address (GNA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| Paired SNPA Address Length Indicator (PSAL) |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: Paired SNPA Address (PSA) :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| GNAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: GNA :
| |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| PSAL |
|----------------------------------------------------|
| |
: PSA :
| | m-1
|----------------------------------------------------|
| | m
: Options :
| | p-1
'----------------------------------------------------'
Figure 3 - MAM PDU Format
***************************************************
| | | |
| | | |
| TYPE | LENGTH | IP ADDRESS 1 |
| | | |
| | | |
|*************************************************|
| | |
| IP ADDRESS 1(Cont) | IP ADDRESS 2 |
| | |
| | |
|*************************************************|
| | |
| IP ADDRESS 2(Cont) | .......... |
| | |
| | |
|*************************************************|
| | |
| | |
| .......... | IP ADDRESS N |
| | |
| | |
|*************************************************|
| | |
| IP ADDRESS N(Cont) | UNUSED |
| | |
| | |
***************************************************
1 8
**************************************************
| | | |
| COPY | CLASS | OPTION NUMBER | = 149
| | | |
**************************************************
Events| Idle | Connect | Active | OpenSent | OpenConfirm | Estab
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6
| | | | | |
10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 5 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6
| | | | | |
12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 or 6
| | | | | |
13 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
| | | | | |
---------------------------------------------------------------
+-------+ +-------+
BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP | BGP
---------+ +---------+ +---------
| IGP | | IGP |
+-------+ +-------+
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+-------+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+-->
| opc |filename| 0 | mode | 0 | opt1 | 0 | value1 | 0 | <
+-------+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+---~~---+---+-->
>-------+---+---~~---+---+
< optN | 0 | valueN | 0 |
>-------+---+---~~---+---+
|
37 + g
|
35 +
|
33 +
|
31 +
|
29 +
|
27 +
| g blocksize n-time g-time
25 + --------- ------ ------
s | n 512 23.85 37.05
e 23 + g 1024 16.15 25.65
c | 1432 13.70 23.10
o 21 + 2048 10.90 16.90
n | 4096 6.85 9.65
d 19 + 8192 4.90 6.15
s |
17 + g
| n
15 +
| n
13 +
|
11 + n
| g
9 +
|
7 + n
| g
5 + n
"
0 +------+------+--+---+------+------+---
512 1K | 2K 4K 8K
1432
blocksize (bytes)
resulting packet flow towards NET1
<<===================================
|
|
announce NET1 | accept NET1
--------------> + ------------->
|
AS X | AS Y
|
<------------- + <--------------
accept NET2 | announce NET2
|
|
resulting packet flow towards NET2
===================================>>
B AS ---) "W"
W AS ---) --->
B AS ---)>> AS A ---> ... AS Z .... NET 3
B AS ---) --->
W AS ---) "B"
LINK1
193.0.1.1 +----------+ 193.0.1.2
| |
AS1------AS2== ==AS3-----AS4
| |
193.0.1.5 +----------+ 193.0.1.6
LINK2
+ + +
| +---+ | |
+--+ |---|RTA|---| | +--+
|H1|---| +---+ | |---|H2|
+--+ | | +---+ ODL +---+ | +--+
|LAN Y |---|RTB|-------------|RTC|---|
+ | +---+ +---+ |
+ +
+---+ +---+
|RTB| |RTC|
+---+ +---+
Hello (DC-bit set)
------------------------------------->
Hello (DC-bit clear)
<-------------------------------------
Hello (DC-bit set, RTC seen)
------------------------------------->
Database Description (DC-bit set)
<-------------------------------------
+ +--+
+---+ |--|H2|
+---------|RT2|--| +--+
/ +---+ |
/ ODL +
+--+ + /
|H1|--| / +
+--+ | +---+ ODL +---+ | +--+
|--|RT1|------------|RT3|--|--|H3|
| +---+ +---+ | +--+
| \ +
+ \ODL
\ + +--+
\ +---+ |--|H4|
+--------|RT4|--| +--+
+---+ |
+
Bridge Bridge
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
| End | +-----+ | +-----/ | | +-----+ | End |
|System+-+ LAN +-+ | /------+ +-+ LAN +-+System|
| | +-----+ | | TCP/IP | | +-----+ | |
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
Info----------------------------------------------->
<-----------------------------------------------RR
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
| End | +-----+ | +-----/ | | +-----+ | End |
|System+-+ LAN +-+DLSw| /------+DLSw+-+ LAN +-+System|
| | +-----+ | | TCP/IP | | +-----+ | |
+------+ +----+ +----+ +------+
Info---------------> -------------> Info
<---------------RR ------------>
<------------RR
+-------------------------------------------+Switch-to-Switch
| DLC Interfaces | Protocol (SSP)
|+-----------+ DLC Request +-----------+ |
|| Data |<---------------| | |Send SSP Frame
|| Link | DLC Indication | | |-------------->
|| Control 1 |--------------->| | |
|+-----------+ | Data Link | |
|+-----------+ DLC Request | Switch | |
|| Data |<-------------- | | |Rec. SSP Frame
|| Link | DLC Indication | | |<-------------
|| Control 2 | -------------->| | |
|+-----------+ +-----------+ |
| Multi-Protocol Router |
+-------------------------------------------+
Flow #1 - DLSw Startup With XIDs
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
DLC_RESOLVE_C CANUREACH_ex
-----------> ----------->
DLC_RESOLVE_R ICANREACH_ex
<----------- <-----------
DLC_XID CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
-----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-----------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
<----------- <----------- <-----------
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> -----------> ----------->
DLC_XIDs XIDFRAMEs DLC_XIDs
<------------> <------------> <------------>
DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT
-----------> -----------> ----------->
connect_pending contact_pending
DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED
<----------- <----------- <-----------
connected connected
DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs
<------------> <------------> <------------>
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
TEST_cmd DLC_RESOLVE_C CANUREACH_ex TEST_cmd
-----------> -----------> -----------> ---------->
TEST_rsp DLC_RESOLVE_R ICANREACH_ex TEST_rsp
<--------- <----------- <----------- <-----------
null XID DLC_XID CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
-----------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-------------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
XIDFRAME DLC_XID null XID
-----------> ---------> -------->
XID DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID XID
<-------- <----------- <----------- <----------- <--------
XIDs DLC_XIDs XIDFRAMEs DLC_XIDs XIDs
<----------> <----------> <------------> <------------> <--------->
SABME DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT SABME
-----------> -----------> -----------> -----------> -------->
connect_pending contact_pending
UA DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED UA
<--------- <----------- <----------- <----------- <--------
connected connected
IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<----------> <-----------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
SABME DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT SABME
-----------> -----------> -----------> -----------> -------->
UA connect_pending contact_pending
<---------
RR
----------->
RNR
<---------
RR DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED UA
<--------- <----------- <----------- <----------- <--------
connected connected
IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<----------> <------------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
DLC_CONTACTED CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
-----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-----------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
CONTACT DLC_CONTACT
-----------> ----------->
connect_pending contact_pending
DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED
<----------- <----------- <-----------
connected connected
DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs
<------------> <------------> <------------>
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
NAME_QUERY DLC_DGRM NETBIOS_NQ_ex DLC_DGRM NAME_QUERY
-----------> -----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
NAME_RECOG DLC_DGRM NETBIOS_NR_ex DLC_DGRM NAME_RECOG
<----------- <------------ <----------- <----------- <---------
SABME DLC_CONTACTED CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
-----------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-----------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
CONTACT DLC_CONTACT SABME
-----------> -----------> --------->
connect_pending contact_pending
UA DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED UA
<--------- <----------- <----------- <----------- <---------
connected connected
IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<------------> <------------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
PU 2.0 is
configured
in DLSw to DLC_XID(null) CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
call in -----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-----------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
respond with <----------- <----------- <-----------
XID configured for station or
forward XID to
station and
send response DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> -----------> ----------->
SNRM DLC_CONTACT CONTACT DLC_CONTACTED
<--------- <----------- <----------- <------------
contact_pending connect_pending
UA DLC_CONTACTED CONTACTED DLC_CONTACT
----------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
connected connected
IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs
<-----------> <------------> <------------> <------------>
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
XID(null) DLC_XID(null) CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL
-----------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED
<----------- <-----------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> ----------->
XID DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
<--------- <----------- <----------- <-----------
XID DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID
---------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
SNRM DLC_CONTACT CONTACT DLC_CONTACTED
<--------- <----------- <----------- <-----------
contact_pending connect_pending
UA DLC_CONTACTED CONTACTED DLC_CONTACT
---------> -----------> -----------> ----------->
connected connected
IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs
<----------> <------------> <------------> <------------>
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
(SDLC)
disconnected disconnected
DLC_RESOLVE_C CANUREACH_ex
-----------> -----------> reply if virtual MAC/SAP
for SDLC station is
configured, if SDLC
station responds to
DLC_RESOLVE_R ICANREACH_ex TEST/SNRM/DISC, etc.
<----------- <-----------
DLC_XID CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL SNRM
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED UA
<----------- <----------- <-------
circuit_established circuit_pending
RNR
REACH_ACK --------->
-----------> circuit_established
XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> -----------> respond with
XID configured
for station
or forward
XID to
station and
send
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID response
<----------- <----------- <-----------
DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT RR
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
connect_pending contact_pending
DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED
<----------- <----------- <-----------
connected connected
DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<------------> <------------> <------------> <------->
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
(SDLC)
disconnected disconnected
DLC_RESOLVE_C CANUREACH_ex
-----------> -----------> reply if virtual MAC/SAP
for SDLC station is
configured, if SDLC
station responds to
DLC_RESOLVE_R ICANREACH_ex TEST/XID/SNRM/DISC, etc.
<----------- <-----------
DLC_XID CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL XID
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED XID
<----------- <----------- <--------
circuit_established circuit_pending
XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> -----------> respond
with XID
received
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID above
<----------- <----------- <---------
DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT SNRM
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
connect_pending contact_pending
DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED UA
<----------- <----------- <----------- <--------
connected connected
DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<------------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
DLC_RESOLVE_C CANUREACH_ex
-----------> -----------> implementer's choice
(virtual MAC/SAP
configured,
check to see if station
is powered up using
DLC_RESOLVE_R ICANREACH_ex TEST/XID/DISC, etc.)
<----------- <-----------
DLC_XID CANUREACH_cs DLC_START_DL null XID
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
circuit_start resolve_pending
ICANREACH_cs DLC_DL_STARTED XID
<----------- <----------- <-------
circuit_established circuit_pending
REACH_ACK
-----------> circuit_established
XIDFRAME DLC_XID
-----------> -----------> respond with
XID received
DLC_XID XIDFRAME DLC_XID above
<----------- <----------- <----------
DLC_XIDs XIDFRAMEs DLC_XIDs XIDs
<------------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
DLC_CONTACTED CONTACT DLC_CONTACT SNRM
-----------> -----------> -----------> --------->
connect_pending contact_pending
DLC_CONTACT CONTACTED DLC_CONTACTED UA
<----------- <----------- <----------- <-------
connected connected
DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs DLC_INFOs IFRAMEs
<------------> <------------> <------------> <-------->
====== ___ ======
| | --------- __/ \__ --------- | |
| | __| _|_ |__ / IP \ __| _|_ |__ | |
====== | | | < Network > | | | ======
/______\ --------- \__ __/ --------- /______\
Origin Origin DLSw \___/ Target DLSw Target
Station partner partner Station
-----SENDER----- ----RECEIVER----
Granted Window Window Granted
0 2 circuit established 2 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
+- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
2 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
1 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 4
4 3 <------+
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
6 3 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
5 3 FCACK--------------> 3 5
4 3 DATA---------------> 3 4
3 3 DATA---------------> 3 3
+- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
2 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
1 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 4
0 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 3
3 3 <------+
2 3 FCACK--------------> 3 2
6 4 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 4 6
5 4 FCACK--------------> 4 5
4 4 DATA---------------> 4 4
Waiting on Buffer
+- FCIND(Dec) 3 7
3 4 DATA---|-----------> 3 6
2 4 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
1 4 DATA---|-----------> 3 4
0 4 DATA---|-----------> 3 3
3 3 <------+
2 3 FCACK--------------> 3 2
Waiting on Buffer
+- FCIND(Dec) 2 4
1 3 DATA---|-----------> 2 3
0 3 DATA---|-----------> 2 2
2 2 <------+
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
6 3 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
5 3 FCACK--------------> 3 5
4 3 DATA---------------> 3 4
3 3 DATA---------------> 3 3
6 3 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
-----SENDER----- ----RECEIVER----
Granted Window Window Granted
0 2 circuit established 2 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
Resource Shortage
2 3 DATA---------------> 1 2
1 3 DATA---------------> 1 1
0 3 DATA---------------> 1 0
1 1 <-------- FCIND(Hlv) 1 1
0 1 FCACK--------------> 1 0
-----SENDER----- ----RECEIVER----
Granted Window Window Granted
0 2 circuit established 2 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
+- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
2 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
1 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 4
4 3 <------+
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
6 3 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
5 3 FCACK--------------> 3 5
Resource shortage!
0 0 <-------- FCIND(Rst) 0 5 (note still
committed)
0 0 IFCACK-------------> 0 0
Condition eases
1 1 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 1 1
0 1 FCACK--------------> 1 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 3 4
-----SENDER----- ----RECEIVER----
Granted Window Window Granted
0 2 circuit established 2 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
+- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
2 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
| Resource shortage!
|+-FCIND(Rst) 0 5
1 3 DATA---||----------> 0 4
4 3 <------+|
3 3 FCACK---+----------> 0 3 (Not IFCACK!)
2 3 DATA----|----------> 0 2
0 0 <-------+
0 0 IFCACK-------------> 0 0
Condition eases
1 1 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 1 1
0 1 FCACK--------------> 1 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 3 4
-----SENDER----- ----RECEIVER----
Granted Window Window Granted
0 2 circuit established 2 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Rpt) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 2 1
4 3 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 3 4
3 3 FCACK--------------> 3 3
+- FCIND(Rpt) 3 6
2 3 DATA---|-----------> 3 5
| Resource shortage!
|+-FCIND(Rst) 0 5
1 3 DATA---||----------> 0 4
4 3 <------+|
0 0 <-------+
0 0 IFCACK-------------> 0 0
Condition eases
1 1 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 1 1
0 1 FCACK--------------> 1 0
2 2 <-------- FCIND(Inc) 2 2
1 2 FCACK--------------> 3 4
Root
\
\
+-------------\----------------------+
| C=IN DSA-1 |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / cn=subschema |
| / / / | \ \ \ |
| / / / | \ \ \ |
| / oid= oid= |
+--/---------------------------------+
/
+----------------------/----------------------+
| o=IIT, Madras DSA-2 |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| ou=CSE cn=subschema |
| / \ / /| \ \ \ |
| / \ / / | \ \ \ |
|ipni=spark cn=Rajeev oid=ipni oid= |
+---------------------------------------------+
.----------------------------------------------------------.
| .----------------------------------------------------. |
| | .----------------------------------------------. | |
| | | .----------------------------------------. | | |
| | | | (3.1) Base URL embedded in the | | | |
| | | | document's content | | | |
| | | `----------------------------------------' | | |
| | | (3.2) Base URL of the encapsulating entity | | |
| | | (message, document, or none). | | |
| | `----------------------------------------------' | |
| | (3.3) URL used to retrieve the entity | |
| `----------------------------------------------------' |
| (3.4) Base URL = "" (undefined) |
`----------------------------------------------------------'
DATA PATH CONTROL PATH
========= ============
Upper +------------------+ +---------+
Layer | Application data | | Control |
+------------------+ +---------+
| |
| V
| +-------------------+
SCMP | | SCMP | |
| +-------------------+
| |
V V
+-----------------------+ +------------------------+
ST | ST | | | ST | | |
+-----------------------+ +------------------------+
D-bit=1 D-bit=0
+--------------------+
| Conference Control |
+--------------------+
+-------+ +-------+ |
| Video | | Voice | | +-----+ +------+ +-----+ +-----+ Application
| Appl | | Appl | | | SNMP| |Telnet| | FTP | ... | | Layer
+-------+ +-------+ | +-----+ +------+ +-----+ +-----+
| | | | | | |
V V | | | | | ------------
+-----+ +-----+ | | | | |
| PVP | | NVP | | | | | |
+-----+ +-----+ + | | | |
| \ | \ \ | | | |
| +-----|--+-----+ | | | |
| Appl.|control V V V V V
| ST data | +-----+ +-------+ +-----+
| & control| | UDP | | TCP | ... | RTP | Transport
| | +-----+ +-------+ +-----+ Layer
| /| / | \ / / | / /|
|\ / | +------+--|--\-----+-/--|--- ... -+ / |
| \ / | | | \ / | / |
| \ / | | | \ +----|--- ... -+ | -----------
| \ / | | | \ / | |
| V | | | V | |
| +------+ | | | +------+ | +------+ |
| | SCMP | | | | | ICMP | | | IGMP | | Internet
| +------+ | | | +------+ | +------+ | Layer
| | | | | | | | |
V V V V V V V V V
+-----------------+ +-----------------------------------+
| STream protocol |->| Internet Protocol |
+-----------------+ +-----------------------------------+
| \ / |
| \ / |
| X | ------------
| / \ |
| / \ |
VV VV
+----------------+ +----------------+
| (Sub-) Network |...| (Sub-) Network | (Sub-)Network
| Protocol | | Protocol | Layer
+----------------+ +----------------+
Sender Network Receiver
| | |
OPEN.req | | |
|-----------------> | |
| |-----------------> |
| | | OPEN.ind
| | | OPEN.accept
| |<----------------- |
|<----------------- | |
OPEN.accept-ind | | |
| | |
+===================================================+
|Primitive | Descriptive |O/T|
|===================================================|
|OPEN.req | open a stream | O |
|OPEN.ind | connection request indication | T |
|OPEN.accept | accept stream | T |
|OPEN.refuse | refuse stream | T |
|OPEN.accept-ind| connection accept indication | O |
|OPEN.refuse-ind| connection refuse indication | O |
|ADD.req | add targets to stream | O |
|ADD.ind | add request indication | T |
|ADD.accept | accept stream | T |
|ADD.refuse | refuse stream | T |
|ADD.accept-ind | add accept indication | O |
|ADD.refuse-ind | add refuse indication | O |
|JOIN.req | join a stream | T |
|JOIN.ind | join request indication | O |
|JOIN.reject | reject a join | O |
|JOIN.reject-ind| join reject indication | T |
|DATA.req | send data | O |
|DATA.ind | receive data indication | T |
|CHG.req | change stream QoS | O |
|CHG.ind | change request indication | T |
|CHG.accept | accept change | T |
|CHG.refuse | refuse change | T |
|CHG.accept-ind | change accept indication | O |
|CHG.refuse-ind | change refuse indication | O |
|DROP.req | drop targets | O |
|DROP.ind | disconnect indication | T |
|LEAVE.req | leave stream | T |
|LEAVE.ind | leave stream indication | O |
|CLOSE.req | close stream | O |
|CLOSE.ind | close stream indication | T |
+---------------------------------------------------+
+------------+
| |<-------------------+
+---------->| IDLE |-------------+ |
| | | OPEN.req | |
| +------------+ | |
CLOSE.req | CLOSE.req ^ ^ CLOSE.req V | CLOSE.req
| | | +---------+ |
| | | | PENDING |-|-+ JOIN.reject
| | -------------| |<|-+
| JOIN.reject | +---------+ |
| DROP.req +----------+ | |
| +-----| | | |
| | | ESTDL | OPEN.(a/r)* | |
| +---->| |<------------+ |
| +----------+ |
| | ^ | ^ |
| | | | | |
+----------+ CHG.req| | | | Add.(a/r)* +----------+
| |<-------+ | | +-------------- | |
| CHGING | | | | ADDING |
| |-----------+ +----------------->| |
+----------+ CHG.(a/r)* JOIN.ind +----------+
| ^ ADD.req | ^
| | | |
+---+ +---+
DROP.req DROP.req
JOIN.reject JOIN.reject
+--------+
| |-----------------------+
| IDLE | |
| |<---+ | OPEN/ADD.ind
+--------+ | CLOSE.ind | JOIN.req
^ | OPEN/ADD.refuse |
| | JOIN.refect-ind |
CLOSE.ind | | V
DROP.ind | | +---------+
LEAVE.req | +-------------| |
| | PENDING |
+-------+ | |
| | +---------+
| ESTBL | OPEN/ADD.accept |
| |<-----------------------+
+-------+
+======================================================================+
|Primitive |IDLE| PENDING | ESTBL | CHGING | ADDING |
|======================================================================|
|OPEN.req | ok | - | - | - | - |
|OPEN.accept-ind| - |if(a,r)*->ESTBL| - | - | - |
|OPEN.refuse-ind| - |if(a,r)*->ESTBL| - | - | - |
|ADD.req | - | queued |->ADDING| queued | queued |
|ADD.accept-ind | - | - | - | - |if(a,r)* |
| | - | - | - | - |->ESTBL |
|ADD.refuse-ind | - | - | - | - |if(a,r)* |
| | - | - | - | - |->ESTBL |
|JOIN.ind | - | queued |->ADDING| queued |queued |
|JOIN.reject | - | OK | ok | ok | ok |
|DATA.req | - | - | ok | ok | ok |
|CHG.req | - | queued |->CHGING| queued |queued |
|CHG.accept-ind | - | - | - |if(a,r)* | - |
| | - | - | - |->ESTBL | - |
|CHG.refuse.ind | - | - | - |if(a,r)* | - |
| | - | - | - |->ESTBL | - |
|DROP.req | - | - | ok | ok | ok |
|LEAVE.ind | - | OK | ok | ok | ok |
|CLOSE.req | - | OK | ok | ok | ok |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Table 2: Primitives and States at the Origin
+======================================================+
| Primitive | IDLE | PENDING | ESTBL |
|======================================================|
| OPEN/ADD.ind | ->PENDING | - | - |
| OPEN/ADD.accept | - | ->ESTBL | - |
| OPEN/ADD.refuse | - | ->IDLE | - |
| JOIN.req | ->PENDING | - | - |
| JOIN.reject-ind |- | ->IDLE | - |
| DATA.ind | - | - | ok |
| CHG.ind | - | - | ok |
| CHG.accept | - | - | ok |
| DROP.ind | - | ok | ok |
| LEAVE.req | - | ok | ok |
| CLOSE.ind | - | ok | ok |
| CHG.ind | - | - | ok |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Table 3: Primitives and States at the Target
[H]
| [H]
________|________________________ |
| | |
________|__ ______|___|____
| | | |
| ATM [R] [R] ATM |
| Cloud | | Cloud |___[H]
| | Non-ATM Internet | |
| | [R] |
|________[R] |_____________|
| | |
| | |
[H] |________________________________|
|
|
[H]
+-------------+--------------+-------------------------------+
| IPv4 Header | Auth Header | Upper Protocol (e.g. TCP, UDP)|
+-------------+--------------+-------------------------------+
|<-- Unencrypted -->|<---- Encrypted ------>|
+-------------+--------------------+------------+---------------------+
| IP Header | Other IP Headers | ESP Header | encrypted data |
+-------------+--------------------+------------+---------------------+
+-------------+--------------------+------------+---------------------+
| Security Association Identifier (SPI), 32 bits |
+=============+====================+============+=====================+
| Opaque Transform Data, variable length |
+-------------+--------------------+------------+---------------------+
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
| byte 0 | byte 1 |...|byte n-1| 0 |...| 0 | BLOCK
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
|<-----------n bytes---------->|<------r bytes------>|
|<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)>----------->|
(MSB) (LSB)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 | INTEGER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
<------------32 bits------------>
(MSB) (LSB)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 | UNSIGNED INTEGER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
<------------32 bits------------>
(MSB) (LSB)
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 |byte 4 |byte 5 |byte 6 |byte 7 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
<----------------------------64 bits---------------------------->
HYPER INTEGER
UNSIGNED HYPER INTEGER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|byte 0 |byte 1 |byte 2 |byte 3 | SINGLE-PRECISION
S| E | F | FLOATING-POINT NUMBER
+-------+-------+-------+-------+
1|<- 8 ->|<-------23 bits------>|
<------------32 bits------------>
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
|byte 0|byte 1|byte 2|byte 3|byte 4|byte 5|byte 6|byte 7|
S| E | F |
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
1|<--11-->|<-----------------52 bits------------------->|
<-----------------------64 bits------------------------->
DOUBLE-PRECISION FLOATING-POINT
+------+------+------+------+------+------+-...--+------+
|byte 0|byte 1|byte 2|byte 3|byte 4|byte 5| ... |byte15|
S| E | F |
+------+------+------+------+------+------+-...--+------+
1|<----15---->|<-------------112 bits------------------>|
<-----------------------128 bits------------------------>
QUADRUPLE-PRECISION FLOATING-POINT
0 1 ...
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
| byte 0 | byte 1 |...|byte n-1| 0 |...| 0 |
+--------+--------+...+--------+--------+...+--------+
|<-----------n bytes---------->|<------r bytes------>|
|<-----------n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)------------>|
FIXED-LENGTH OPAQUE
0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
| length n |byte0|byte1|...| n-1 | 0 |...| 0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
|<-------4 bytes------->|<------n bytes------>|<---r bytes--->|
|<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->|
VARIABLE-LENGTH OPAQUE
0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
| length n |byte0|byte1|...| n-1 | 0 |...| 0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+...+-----+
|<-------4 bytes------->|<------n bytes------>|<---r bytes--->|
|<----n+r (where (n+r) mod 4 = 0)---->|
STRING
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+
| element 0 | element 1 |...| element n-1 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+...+---+---+---+---+
|<--------------------n elements------------------->|
0 1 2 3
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+
| n | element 0 | element 1 |...|element n-1|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+...+--+--+--+--+
|<-4 bytes->|<--------------n elements------------->|
COUNTED ARRAY
+-------------+-------------+...
| component A | component B |... STRUCTURE
+-------------+-------------+...
0 1 2 3
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| discriminant | implied arm | DISCRIMINATED UNION
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|<---4 bytes--->|
______________________________________________________________________
| |
| + Single unique WHOIS++ database handle |
| |
| _______ _______ _______ |
| handle3 |.. .. | handle6 |.. .. | handle9 |.. .. | |
| _______ | _______ | _______ | |
| handle2 |.. .. | handle5 |.. .. | handle8 |.. .. | |
| _______ | _______ | _______ | |
| handle1 |.. .. | handle4 |.. .. | handle7 |.. .. | |
| |.. .. | |.. .. | |.. .. | |
| ------- ------- ------- |
| Template Template Template |
| Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Fig.1 - Structure of a WHOIS++ database. |
| |
| Notes: - Entire database is identified by a single unique WHOIS |
| handle. |
| - Each record has a single unique handle and a specific set |
| of attributes, determined by the template type used. |
| - Each value associated with an attribute can be any ASCII |
| string up to a specified length. |
|______________________________________________________________________|
-----------------------------------------
Router
-----------------------------------------
Virtual Interface Virtual Interface
123.123.78.1 123.123.89.1
.........................................
Serial 0 Serial n
-----------------------------------------
|<---- WAN Link ---->|
------------------ ------------------
| LAN Extension | | LAN Extension |
| Interface Unit | | Interface Unit |
------------------ ------------------
| |
------------------ ------------------
| |
------------ ------------
| End node | | End node |
------------ ------------
123.123.78.2 123.123.46.2
Router LAN Extension Interface
------------------- -------------------
| Network Layer | | MAC Layer |
------------------- -------------------
| |
------------------- -------------------
| |Virtual Interface| | Filters | |
| ------------------- ------------------- |
| | | |
| ------------------- ------------- |
| | PPP | | RCMD | |
| | | | Handler | |
| ------------------- ------------- |
| | | |
| ------------------- ------------------- |
| |Serial Interface | | PPP | |
| ------------------- ------------------- |
| | | |
| | ------------------- |
| | | Serial Interface| |
| | ------------------- |
| | WAN Link | |
| --------------------------------------- |
| |
| Outbound Inbound |
--------------> <---------------
+------+
+-------->| WAIT |<-----+
| +------+ |
| New | |
| Connect | | LOGIN Failure
EXIT | \ / |
Received | +-------+ |
| | LOGIN |-----+
| +-------+
| |
| | LOGIN Successful
| \ /
| +---------+
+--------| PROCESS |<----+
+---------+ |
| | Process Commands
| |
+----------+
!-----------------------!
! Network !
!---+---------------+---!
/ \
/ \
/ \
--------+------ ----+---------
! New ! ! Old !
! Collection ! ! Collection !
! Tool ! ! Tool !
!---------+---! !------+-----!
\ !
\ !-------+--------!
\ ! Post-Processor !
\ !--+-------------!
\ /
\ /
\ /
!--+-------+---!
! Common !
! Statistics !
! Database !
!-+--------+---!
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ !-+-------------!
/ ! Pre-Processor !
/ !-------+-------!
!-----------+--! !
! New ! !-------+-------!
! Presentation ! ! Old !
! Tool ! ! Presentation !
!---------+----! ! Tool !
\ !--+------------!
\ /
\ /
!-+---------------+-!
! Graphical Output !
! (e.g., to paper !
! or X Window) !
!-------------------!
requests from client (in)
|
|
|
\|/
+---------------------+
| | (management)
| cache/replicated db |<--- commands from admins,
| | publishers, caches
+---------------------+
|
|
|
\|/
requests sent to information providers (out)
BR11 BR12 BR1n BR21 BR22 BR2n
| | ... | | | ... |
----------------- ------------------
! RS11 RS12 ! --- ! RS21 RS22 !
----------------- ------------------
<RSC#1> \ / <RSC#2>
\ /
-----------------
! RS31 RS32 ! <RSC#3>
-----------------
| | ... |
BR31 BR32 BR3n
BR11 BR12 BR1n BR21 BR22 BR2n
| | ... | | | ... |
----------------- ------------------
! RS11 RS12 ! --- ! RS21 RS22 !
----------------- ------------------
<RSC#1> \ <RSC#2>
\
-----------------
! RS31 RS32 ! <RSC#3>
-----------------
| | ... |
BR31 BR32 BR3n
HTML
|
\-HEAD
| |
| \-TITLE
| |
| \-<TITLE>
| |
| \-"Parsing Example"
| |
| \-</TITLE>
|
\-BODY
|
\-P
|
\-<P>
|
\-"Some text. "
|
\-EM
| |
| \-<EM>
| |
| \-"*wow*"
| |
| \-</EM>
|
\-</P>
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+---------------+------------------------
| IPv6 header | TCP header + data
| |
| Next Header = |
| TCP |
+---------------+------------------------
+---------------+----------------+------------------------
| IPv6 header | Routing header | TCP header + data
| | |
| Next Header = | Next Header = |
| Routing | TCP |
+---------------+----------------+------------------------
+---------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------
| IPv6 header | Routing header | Fragment header | fragment of TCP
| | | | header + data
| Next Header = | Next Header = | Next Header = |
| Routing | Fragment | TCP |
+---------------+----------------+-----------------+-----------------
+------------------+----------------------//-----------------------+
| Unfragmentable | Fragmentable |
| Part | Part |
+------------------+----------------------//-----------------------+
+------------------+--------------+--------------+--//--+----------+
| Unfragmentable | first | second | | last |
| Part | fragment | fragment | .... | fragment |
+------------------+--------------+--------------+--//--+----------+ fragment packets:
+------------------+--------+--------------+
| Unfragmentable |Fragment| first |
| Part | Header | fragment |
+------------------+--------+--------------+
+------------------+--------+--------------+
| Unfragmentable |Fragment| second |
| Part | Header | fragment |
+------------------+--------+--------------+
o
o
o
+------------------+--------+----------+
| Unfragmentable |Fragment| last |
| Part | Header | fragment |
+------------------+--------+----------+
+------------------+----------------------//------------------------+
| Unfragmentable | Fragmentable |
| Part | Part |
+------------------+----------------------//------------------------+
| 128 bits |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| node address |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| n bits | 128-n bits |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| subnet prefix | interface ID |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| n bits | 80-n bits | 48 bits |
+--------------------------------+-----------+--------------------+
| subscriber prefix | subnet ID | interface ID |
+--------------------------------+-----------+--------------------+
| s bits | n bits | m bits | 128-s-n-m bits |
+----------------------+---------+--------------+-----------------+
| subscriber prefix | area ID | subnet ID | interface ID |
+----------------------+---------+--------------+-----------------+
| 80 bits | 16 | 32 bits |
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+
|0000..............................0000|0000| IPv4 address |
+--------------------------------------+----+---------------------+
| 80 bits | 16 | 32 bits |
+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+
|0000..............................0000|FFFF| IPv4 address |
+--------------------------------------+----+---------------------+
| 7 | 121 bits |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
|0000001| to be defined |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | 121 bits |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
|0000010| to be defined |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | n bits | m bits | o bits | 125-n-m-o bits |
+---+-----------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+
|010|registry ID|provider ID|subscriber ID| intra-subscriber |
+---+-----------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+
| 10 |
| bits | n bits | 118-n bits |
+----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+
|1111111010| 0 | interface ID |
+----------+-------------------------+----------------------------+
| 10 |
| bits | n bits | m bits | 118-n-m bits |
+----------+---------+---------------+----------------------------+
|1111111011| 0 | subnet ID | interface ID |
+----------+---------+---------------+----------------------------+
| n bits | 128-n bits |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| subnet prefix | 00000000000000 |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| 8 | 4 | 4 | 112 bits |
+------ -+----+----+---------------------------------------------+
|11111111|flgs|scop| group ID |
+--------+----+----+---------------------------------------------+
if encrypted: random 32-bit integer
|
|[------- packet -------][----------- packet -----------][-packet-]
|
| receiver reports chunk chunk
V item item item item
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|R[SR|# sender #site#site][SDES|# CNAME PHONE |#CNAME LOC][BYE##why]
|R[ |# report # 1 # 2 ][ |# |# ][ ## ]
|R[ |# # # ][ |# |# ][ ## ]
|R[ |# # # ][ |# |# ][ ## ]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
|<------------------ UDP packet (compound packet) --------------->|
[10 Nov 1995 11:33:25.125] [10 Nov 1995 11:33:36.5]
n SR(n) A=b710:8000 (46864.500 s)
---------------------------------------------------------------->
v ^
ntp_sec =0xb44db705 v ^ dlsr=0x0005.4000 ( 5.250s)
ntp_frac=0x20000000 v ^ lsr =0xb705:2000 (46853.125s)
(3024992016.125 s) v ^
r v ^ RR(n)
---------------------------------------------------------------->
|<-DLSR->|
(5.250 s)
[E1] [E6]
| |
E1:17 | E6:15 |
| | E6:15
V M1:48 (1,17) M1:48 (1,17) V M1:48 (1,17)
(M1)-------------><T1>-----------------><T2>-------------->[E7]
^ ^ E4:47 ^ E4:47
E2:1 | E4:47 | | M3:89 (64,45)
| | |
[E2] [E4] M3:89 (64,45) |
| legend:
[E3] --------->(M2)----------->(M3)------------| [End system]
E3:64 M2:12 (64) ^ (Mixer)
| E5:45 <Translator>
|
[E5] source: SSRC (CSRCs)
------------------->
+-----+ +--------+ +---------+ +---------+ +------+
| | | | |Received-| | | | |
| | => |Original| => ... => | From | => |Reporting| ===> |Remote|
| user| | MTA | | MTA | | MTA | <No! | MTA |
|agent| +--------+ +---------+ +----v----+ +------+
| | |
| | <-------------------------------------------+
+-----+ (DSN returned to sender by Reporting MTA)
sender's environment recipient's environment
............................ ..........................................
: :
(1) : : (2)
+-----+ +--------+ +--------+ +---------+ +---------+ +------+
| | | | | | |Received-| | | | |
| |=>|Original|=>| |->| From |->|Reporting|-->|Remote|
| user| | MTA | | | | MTA | | MTA |<No| MTA |
|agent| +--------+ |Gateway | +---------+ +----v----+ +------+
| | | | |
| | <============| |<-------------------+
+-----+ | |(4) (3)
+--------+
: :
...........................: :.........................................
| 3 | 5 bits | 16 bits | 8 | 24 bits | 8 | 64 bits |
+---+----------+----------+---+------------+---+----------------+
|010|RegistryID|ProviderID|RES|SubscriberID|RES|Intra-Subscriber|
+---+----------+----------+---+------------+---+----------------+
| 3 | 5 bits | 16 bits | 8 | 24 bits | 8 | 16 bits|48 bits|
+---+----------+----------+---+------------+---+--------+-------+
| | |Autonomous| | IPv4 | | Subnet | Intf. |
|010| 11111 | System |RES| Network |RES| | |
| | | Number | | Address | | Address| ID |
+---+----------+----------+---+------------+---+--------+-------+
+------------+ +------------+
| | | |
| Internet | | Internet |
| customer +------------+ merchant +
| | | / |
+------------+ +------------+
/
/
+------------|-+
| CyberCash | |
| server | |
+-----+------|-+
| |
| |
+--------------+------|---------+
| +--------+ +--+-------+ |
| | card +-------+ / charge | |
| | issuer | | acquirer | |
| +--------+ +----------+ |
| |
| The Banking System |
+-------------------------------+
STATE
+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
| A | B | C | D
| |status col.|status column|
|status column | is | is |status column
ACTION |does not exist| notReady | notInService| is active
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError ->D|inconsist- |inconsistent-|inconsistent-
column to | or | entValue| Value| Value
createAndGo |inconsistent- | | |
| Value| | |
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError see 1|inconsist- |inconsistent-|inconsistent-
column to | or | entValue| Value| Value
createAndWait |wrongValue | | |
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |inconsistent- |inconsist- |noError |noError
column to | Value| entValue| |
active | | | |
| | or | |
| | | |
| |see 2 ->D| ->D| ->D
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |inconsistent- |inconsist- |noError |noError ->C
column to | Value| entValue| |
notInService | | | |
| | or | | or
| | | |
| |see 3 ->C| ->C|wrongValue
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set status |noError |noError |noError |noError
column to | | | |
destroy | ->A| ->A| ->A| ->A
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
set any other |see 4 |noError |noError |see 5
column to some| | | |
value | | see 1| ->C| ->D
--------------+--------------+-----------+-------------+-------------
whois++ index index
servers servers servers
for for
whois++ lower-level
servers index servers
_______
| |
| A |__
|_______| \ _______
\----------| |
_______ | D |__ ______
| | /----------|_______| \ | |
| B |__/ \----------| |
|_______| | F |
/----------|______|
/
_______ _______ /
| | | |-
| C |--------------| E |
|_______| |_______|-
\
\
_______ \ ______
| | \----------| |
| G |--------------------------------------| H |
|_______| |______|
+---------------+ +----------+ +---------------+
| | / IP \ | |
| c.dmn1.com |----+ network(s) +----| s.dmn2.com |
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | \ / | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
+---------------+ +----------+ +---------------+
+---------------+ +--------+ +---------------+
| | / IP \ | |
| c.dmn1.com |---+ network(s) +---| s.dmn2.com |
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | \ / | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
+---------------+ +--------+ +---------------+
A | / \
| | address for / \
| | s.dmn2.com? / \
| | / \
| | / \
| | +--------+ s.dmn2.com? +--------+
| +---->| DNS |------------->| DNS |
| | server | | server |
+--------| X |<-------------| Y |
s1.s2.s3.s4 +--------+ s1.s2.s3.s4 +--------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
| c.dmn1.com | | s.dmn2.com |
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
+---------------+ +---------------+
| | | |
| | route to S route to C | |
| V V |
| |
| A | A
| | route to C | | route to S
| | | |
| | C S C | |
+----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+
| G1 |--------| Gx |--------| Gy |---------| Gn |
+----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+
S C S
+---------------+ +--------+
| | / IP \
| c.dmn1.com |--------+ network(s) +------------+
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | \ / |
+---------------+ +--------+ +-----------------+
A | / \ | (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
| | address for / \ | proxy1.dmn3.com |
| | proxy1.dmn3.com? / \ | ... |
| | / \ +-----------------+
| | / \
| | / \
| | +--------+ proxy1.dmn3.com? +--------+
| +-------->| DNS |------------------>| DNS |
| | server | | server |
+------------| X |<------------------| Y |
p1.p2.p3.p4 +--------+ p1.p2.p3.p4 +--------+
+---------------+ | ... |
| c.dmn1.com | | proxy1.dmn3.com |
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | | (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
| | | |
| | route to P1 route to C | |
| V V |
| |
| A | A
| | route to C | | route to P1
| | | |
| | C P1 C | |
+----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+
| G1 |--------| Gx |--------| Gy |---------| Gn |
+----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+
P1 C P1
+-----------------+
| proxy1.dmn3.com |
| (p1.p2.p3.p4) | +--------+
| | / IP \
| proxy2.dmn4.com |--------+ network(s) +------------+
| (p5.p6.p7.p8) | \ / |
+-----------------+ +--------+ +---------------+
A | / \ | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
| | address for / \ | s.dmn2.com |
| | s.dmn2.com? / \ | |
| | / \ +---------------+
| | / \
| | / \
| | +--------+ s.dmn2.com? +--------+
| +-------->| DNS |------------------>| DNS |
| | server | | server |
+------------| X |<------------------| Y |
s1.s2.s3.s4 +--------+ s1.s2.s3.s4 +--------+
+-----------------+
| proxy1.dmn3.com |
| (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
| | +----------------+
| proxy2.dmn4.com | | s.dmn2.com |
| (p5.p6.p7.p8) | | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
+-----------------+ +----------------+
| | | |
| | route to S route to P2 | |
| V V |
| |
| A | A
| | route to P2 | | route to S
| | | |
| | P2 S P2 | |
+----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+
| G1 |--------| Gx |--------| Gy |---------| Gn |
+----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+
S P2 S
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
/ Org. 1 \ | Proxy | | Proxy | / Org. 2 \
+ dmn1.com +---+ system +---+ system +---+ dmn2.com +
\ net 10 / | 1 | | 2 | \ net 10 /
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
+---------------+ +--------+
| | / IP \
| c.dmn1.com |--------+ network(s) +------------+
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | \ / |
+---------------+ +--------+ +-----------------+
A | / | (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
| | address for / +-----+ | proxy system |
| | s.dmn2.com? / / \ | (p5.p6.p7.p8) |
| | / / \ +-----------------+
| | / / \ |
| | / / s.dmn2.com? | |
| | +--------+ / | +--------+
| +-------->| DNS |--+ +-------+ | / IP \
| | server | / \ | + network(s) +
+------------| X |<---+ + | \ /
s1.s2.s3.s4 +--------+ s1.s2.s3.s4| | +--------+
| | |
| + |
| \ +--------+
+ +->| DNS |
\ | server |
+----| Y |
+--------+
A
route to S |
|
+-----------------+
+---------------+ | (p5.p6.p7.p8) |
| c.dmn1.com | | proxy system |
| (c1.c2.c3.c4) | | (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
+---------------+ +-----------------+
| | | |
| | route to S route to C | |
| V V |
| |
| A | A
| | route to C | | route to S
| | | |
| | C S C | |
+----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+
| G1 |--------| Gx |--------| Gy |---------| Gn |
+----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+
S C S
+-----------------+
| proxy1.dmn3.com |
| (p1.p2.p3.p4) | +--------+
| | / IP \
| proxy2.dmn4.com |--------+ network(s) +------------+
| (p5.p6.p7.p8) | \ / |
+-----------------+ +--------+ +---------------+
A | / \ | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
| | name for / \ | s.dmn2.com |
| | s1.s2.s3.s4? / \ | |
| | / \ +---------------+
| | / \
| | / \
| | +--------+ s1.s2.s3.s4? +--------+
| +-------->| DNS |------------------>| DNS |
| | server | | server |
+------------| X |<------------------| Y |
s.dmn2.com +--------+ s.dmn2.com +--------+
+-----------------+
| proxy1.dmn3.com |
| (p1.p2.p3.p4) |
| | +----------------+
| proxy2.dmn4.com | | s.dmn2.com |
| (p5.p6.p7.p8) | | (s1.s2.s3.s4) |
+-----------------+ +----------------+
| | | |
| | route to S route to P2 | |
| V V |
| |
| A | A
| | route to P2 | | route to S
| | | |
| | P2 S P2 | |
+----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+
| G1 |--------| Gx |--------| Gy |---------| Gn |
+----+ --> +----+ <-- +----+ --> +----+
S P2 S
S T A T U S
Req Rec Ele Lim Not
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Std | X | XXX | XXX | | |
S +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Draft | X | X | XXX | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Prop | | X | XXX | | |
A +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Info | | | | | |
T +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Expr | | | | XXX | |
E +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Hist | | | | | XXX |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Generic access
--------------
!----> LD 1S ----> DV 1S (screen) ---->!
MB 1 --> SN 1 TU 1
!----> LD 1P ----> DV 1P (printer) ---->!
Specific accesses
-----------------
!----> LD 2S ----> DV 2S (screen) ---->TU 2
MB 2 --> SN 2
!----> LD 2P ----> !
!
!----> LD 3P ----> DV 3S (printer) ---->!
MB 3 --> SN 3 TU 3
!----> LD 3S ----> DV 3P (screen) ---->!
resulting packet flow towards NET1
<<===================================
|
|
announce NET1 | accept NET1
--------------> + ------------->
|
AS X | AS Y
|
<------------- + <--------------
accept NET2 | announce NET2
|
|
resulting packet flow towards NET2
===================================>>
.----. .----.
: H1 >----< S1 : Notes:
---- vvvv H#n == host #n
/ : \ R#n == router #n
/ : \ S#n == subnet #n
/------/ : \
: : \ S2 to R3 breaks
.--^---. .----. .-^--.
: : : R4 : : R6 :
: NBMA : --v- --v- See the text for
: : : : details of the
-v--v- = = looping conditions
: \ = SLOW = and mechanisms
: .-^--. = LINK =
: : R2 : = =
: --v- : :
: : .--^-. .--^-.
.-^--. : : R5 : : R7 :
: R8 : : --v- --v-
--v- \ : :
: \ / :
\ .-^^-. .--^-.
\ : S2 : : S4 :
\ --v- --v-
\ \ /
\ \ /
\ .^--^.
\ : R3 : path before the break is
\ -v-- H1->S1->R1->NBMA->R2->S2->R3->H2
\ /
.----. .-^^-. path after the break is
: H2 >---< S3 : H1->S1->R1->NBMA->R2->S2->R5->R4->S1
---- ---- \------<--the-loop--<-------/
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ .------------. .------------. +
.---------. + .-: :-. .-: :-. +
: Host or >-+-< : Single ATM : >--< : Single ATM : >-+-----\
: Router : + : : Domain : : : : Domain : : + :
--------- + -: :- -: :- + .---^----.
+ ------------ ------------ + : Router :
+ .------------. + ---v----
.---------. + .-: :-. + :
: Host or >-+- ... ... --< : Single ATM : >-+-----/
: Router : + : : Domain : : +
--------- + ATM Cloud -: :- +
+ ------------ +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+----------------------+
CLR--->| |
OE---->| 32-bit register as |
CLK--->| 2 adjacent 16-bit |<---/---> 32-bit data bus
ICLK-->| ones-complement sums |
ADD--->| |
+----------------------+
+-------------------+--------------+-------------------
| Delivery header | SDRP header | SDRP data
| (IP header) | | (Payload packet)
+-------------------+--------------+--------------------
A test table with merged cells
/--------------------------------------------------\
| | Average | other | Misc |
| |-------------------| category |--------|
| | height | weight | | |
|-----------------------------------------|--------|
| males | 1.9 | 0.003 | | |
|-----------------------------------------|--------|
| females | 1.7 | 0.002 | | |
\--------------------------------------------------/
CODE-PAGE SUPPORT IN MICROSOFT WINDOWS
========================================================================
Code-Page| Name |ACP OEMCP| Windows Windows Windows
ID | | | NT 3.1 NT 3.51 95
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1200 |Unicode (BMP of ISO 10646) | | X X *
1250 |Windows 3.1 East. Europe | X | X X X
1251 |Windows 3.1 Cyrillic | X | X X X
1252 |Windows 3.1 US (ANSI) | X | X X X
1253 |Windows 3.1 Greek | X | X X X
1254 |Windows 3.1 Turkish | X | X X X
1255 |Hebrew | X | X
1256 |Arabic | X | X
1257 |Baltic | X | X
1361 |Korean (Johab) | X | ** X
------------------------------------------------------------------------
437 |MS-DOS United States | X | X X X
708 |Arabic (ASMO 708) | X | X
709 |Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)| X | X
710 |Arabic (Transparent Arabic)| X | X
720 |Arabic (Transparent ASMO) | X | X
========================================================================
/-----------\
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| |-------|
| | 4 | |
|---|...|---|
| 5 : | 6 |
\-----------/
+------------+
| |
+------------| tester |<-------------+
| | | |
| +------------+ |
| |
| +------------+ |
| | | |
+----------->| DUT |--------------+
| |
+------------+
Figure 1
+--------+ +------------+ +----------+
| | | | | |
| sender |-------->| DUT |--------->| receiver |
| | | | | |
+--------+ +------------+ +----------+
Figure 2
+-----------+
| |
+---------------------| tester |<---------------------+
| | | |
| +-----------+ |
| |
| +----------+ +----------+ |
| | | | | |
+------->| DUT 1 |-------------->| DUT 2 |---------+
| | | |
+----------+ +----------+
--------------
---------| in A out X|--------
---------| in B out Y|--------
---------| in C out Z|--------
--------------
+--------+ +------------+
| | | phantom |------ P LAN
A
IN A------| DUT |------------| |------ P LAN
B
| | OUT A | router |------ P LAN
C
+--------+ +------------+
request chain ------------------------>
UA -------------------v------------------- O
<----------------------- response chain
request chain -------------------------------------->
UA -----v----- A -----v----- B -----v----- C -----v----- O
<------------------------------------- response chain
request chain ---------->
UA -----v----- A -----v----- B - - - - - - C - - - - - - O
<--------- response chain
b b b-----b
\ | |
\ | |
b---b b------b
/ \ / KEY....
/ \/
b C C = Core (Initial Group Key Dist'n Centre)
/ \ A, B, b = non-core routers
/ \
/ \ ======= LAN where host h is located
B b------b
\
\ NOTE: Only one core is shown, but typically
host h A a CBT tree is likely to comprise several.
o |
=====================
0 1
+--------+--------+
|00000010|00001000|
+--------+--------+
^ ^
| |
| + less significant byte = 8
+ more significant byte = 2 x 256
+=====================+---+---+---+---+
|...compressed data...| ADLER32 |
+=====================+---+---+---+---+
0 1
+--------+--------+
|00001000|00000010|
+--------+--------+
^ ^
| |
| + more significant byte = 2 x 256
+ less significant byte = 8
0 1 2 3 4...
+---+---+---+---+================================+
| LEN | NLEN |... LEN bytes of literal data...|
+---+---+---+---+================================+
0 1
+--------+--------+
|00001000|00000010|
+--------+--------+
^ ^
| |
| + more significant byte = 2 x 256
+ less significant byte = 8
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|ID1|ID2|CM |FLG| MTIME |XFL|OS | (more-->)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+---+---+=================================+
| XLEN |...XLEN bytes of "extra field"...| (more-->)
+---+---+=================================+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| CRC32 | ISIZE |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+---+---+---+---+==================================+
|SI1|SI2| LEN |... LEN bytes of subfield data ...|
+---+---+---+---+==================================+
+=======================================================================+
| Condition | Action | New State |
+=====================+=====================================+===========+
| SYN || SYNACK | Send ACK (note 1) | ESTAB |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------+
| ACK && B && C | Send ACK (note 1) | ESTAB |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------+
| ACK && !(B && C) | Send RSTACK | ESTAB |
+=======================================================================+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| E | BR | Res | FC | C2 | C1 | B | F |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
The format of the second Header octet (CS) is shown below:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| E | DR | SR | RR | Res |(Odd-Pad Length) |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
PPP | | PPP
PID | HDR SEQ DATA LCB | FCS
+-----+-----+-----+---................---+-----+-----+
| F D | C 0 | n n | Compressed Data | y y | z z |
+-----+-----+-----+---................---+-----+-----+
/ \
/ Compression \
/ Transformation \
/ \
/PPP \
/ PID PPP Information Field \
+-----+----....................----+
| x x | upper layer protocol data |
+-----+----....................----+
PPP | | PPP
PID | HDR SEQ DATA | FCS
+-----+-----+-----+---................---+-----+
| F D | 8 0 | n n | Un-compressed Data | z z |
+-----+-----+-----+---................---+-----+
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/PPP \
/ PID PPP Information Field \
+-----+----....................----+
| x x | upper layer protocol data |
+-----+----....................----+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| E | C/U | R-A | R-R | Res | Res | Res | C/D |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 128 - N bits | N bits |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------+
| link prefix | interface token |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
| | | 0 | | L | | 4 | | 3 | ---- | 2 | | 1 | | 0 |
| | | +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
| | +-| | --> +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
| | --> | 1 | | L | | 3 | ---- | 2 | | 1 | | 0 |
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
File Multi Buffers Blocks per Burst
+---------+ +-------+ +----+ Outbound
| |-->| Mux |-->| Tx |=========>
| Link- | +-------+ +----+
| Manager |
| | +-------+ +----+ Inbound
| |<--| Demux |<--| Rx |<=========
+---------+ +-------+ +----+
Network Layer
-------------
______ ______
/ \ / \
| NL 1 | | NL 2 |
\______/ \______/
| | | | | |
| | +-------------o-o-o-+
| +------+ +-----+ | | |
| | | | | |
| +------o--o-------+ + |
| | |__|_ | |
| | / \ | |
| | | MLCP | <--- Link Layer
| | \______/ Demultiplexing
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | <--- Virtual Link
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | + | |
___|_| | ___|_|
/ \ | / \
| LCP |------+-----| LCP | <--- Link Layer
\______/ \______/ Demultiplexing
| |
| |
Link 1 Link 2
a b c
+-------------+ +-------------+ +---------------+
| | | | | |
| a:t | | b:t | | |
| +--+ | | +--+ | | |
| | |--------------|--| | | | |
| +--+ | | +--+ | | |
| | | | | | | |
| +--+ | | +--+ | | |
| + + | | + + | | |
| +--+ a:y | | +--+ b:d | | |
| | | | | |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +---------------+
a |
+----------------|--------------------
| | |
| +----+ |
| |a:r1| |
| a:x +----+ a:y |
| +------+ / \ +-------+ |
| | | / \| | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| +------+ +-------+ |
| |
+ -----------------------------------+