Location
      Information     +-----------------+
          |(1)        |Internet         |   +-----------+
          v           |Access           |   |           |
     +-----------+    |Provider         |   | Mapping   |
     |           |    | (3)             |   | Service   |
     | Emergency |<---+-----------------+-->|           |
     | Caller    |    | (2)             |   +-----------+
     |           |<---+-------+         |          ^
     +-----------+    |  +----|---------+------+   |
          ^           |  |   Location   |      |   |
          |           |  |   Information<-+    |   |
          |           +--+--------------+ |(5) |   | (6)
          |              |                |    |   |
          |              |    +-----------v+   |   |
          |   (4)        |    |            |   |   |
          +--------------+--->|    ESRP    |<--+---+
          |              |    |            |   |
          |              |    +------------+   |
          |              |          ^          |
          |              |      (7) |          |  +----+--+
          |    (8)       |          +------------>|       |
          +--------------+----------------------->| PSAP  |
                         |                     |  |       |
                         |Application/         |  +----+--+
                         |Voice                |
                         |Service              |
                         |Provider             |
                         +---------------------+
      

                             SIP       +--------------+
                         Service URI   | Application  |
                      /----------------|    Server    |
                     /(e.g., RFC 3087) +--------------+
                    /                        |  MSCML
                   /                     SIP | Session
                  /                    +--------------+
          +-----+/       RTP           |              |
          | UAC |======================| Media Server |
          +-----+                      |              |
                                       +--------------+
      

                              o---------o
                         Site | Local   |
                          A   | File A  |
                              o---------o
                                   |
      o----------------------- Mapping A ------------------------o
      |                            |                             |
      |                       o---------o                        |
      |                       | Virtual |                        |
      |                       |  File   |                        |
      |                       o---------o                        |
      |    o------------------------------------------------o    |
      |    |                                                |    |
      |    |                  ODETTE-FTP                    |    |
      |    |                                                |    |
      |    o------------------------------------------------o    |
      |      o---------o                        o---------o      |
      |      | Virtual |                        | Virtual |      |
      |      |  File   |                        |  File   |      |
      |      o---------o                        o----+----o      |
      |           |                                  |           |
      o------ Mapping B ------------------------ Mapping C ------o
                  |                                  |
             o---------o                        o----+----o
             | Local   | Site              Site | Local   |
             | File B  |  B                 C   | File C  |
             o---------o                        o---------o
      

          o-------------------o             o-------------------o
          |                   |             |                   |
          |   USER  MONITOR   |             |   USER  MONITOR   |
          |                   |             |                   |
          o-------------------o             o-------------------o
                  |   A                             |   A
                  |   |                             |   |
      F_XXX_RQ/RS |   | F_XXX_IND/CF    F_XXX_RQ/RS |   | F_XXX_IND/CF
                  V   |                             V   |
          o-------------------o             o-------------------o
          |                   |- - - - - - >|                   |
          | ODETTE-FTP Entity |   E-Buffer  | ODETTE-FTP Entity |
          |                   |< - - - - - -|                   |
          o-------------------o             o-------------------o
                  |   A                             |   A
      N_XXX_RQ/RS |   | N_XXX_IND/CF    N_XXX_RQ/RS |   | N_XXX_IND/CF
                  |   |                             |   |
                  V   |                             V   |
        o---------------------------------------------------------o
        |                                                         |
        |                      N E T W O R K                      |
        |                                                         |
        o---------------------------------------------------------o
      

                             |            |
           F_CONNECT_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_CONNECT_IND
                             |            |
           F_CONNECT_CF <----|------------|<---- F_CONNECT_RS
                             |            |
      

   Request           Indication        Response          Confirm
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   called-address -> same              ---               ----
   calling-address-> same              ---               ----
   ID1 ------------> same              ID2 ------------> same
   PSW1------------> same              PSW2 -----------> same
   mode1 ----------> mode2 ----------> mode3 ----------> same
   restart1 -------> same -----------> restart2 -------> same
   authentication1-> same -----------> authentication2-> same
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

   Request           Indication        Response          Confirm
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   Sender-only ----> Receiver-only --> Receiver-only --> Sender-only
      

   Both -----+-----> Both ----+------> Both -----------> Both
             |             or +------> Receiver-only --> Sender-only
             |             or +------> Sender-only ----> Receiver-only
             |
          or +-----> Receiver-only --> Receiver-only --> Sender-only
          or +-----> Sender-only ----> Sender-only ----> Receiver-only
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

   Request           Indication        Response          Confirm
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   restart = Y ----> restart = Y --+-> restart = Y ----> restart = Y
                                or +-> restart = N ----> restart = N

   restart = N ----> restart = N ----> restart = N ----> restart = N
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

   Request           Indication        Response          Confirm
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   auth = Y    ----> auth = Y    ----> auth = Y    ----> auth = Y

   auth = N    ----> auth = N    ----> auth = N    ----> auth = N
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                             |            |
        F_START_FILE_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_START_FILE_IND
                             |            |
   F_START_FILE_CF(+|-) <----|------------|<---- F_START_FILE_RS(+|-)
                             |            |
      

   Request          Ind.   RS(+)          CF(+)   RS(-)         CF(-)
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
   filename-------> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   date-time------> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   destination----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   originator-----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   rec-format-----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   rec-size ------> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   file-size------> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   org-file-size--> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   signed-eerp----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   cipher---------> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   sec-services---> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   compression----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   envelope-format> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   description----> same   ----           ----    ----          ----
   restart-pos1---> same-> restart-pos2-> same    ----          ----
   ----             ----   ----           ----    cause ------> same
   ----             ----   ----           ----    retry-later-> same
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                             |            |
              F_DATA_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_DATA_IND
                             |            |
              F_DATA_CF <----|(---CDT----)|
                             |            |
      

                             |            |
         F_CLOSE_FILE_RQ --->|------------|----> F_CLOSE_FILE_IND
                             |            |
    F_CLOSE_FILE_CF(+|-) <---|------------|<---- F_CLOSE_FILE_RS(+|-)
                             |            |
      

   Request         Ind    RS(+)          CF(+)     RS(-)         CF(-)
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   rec-count --->  same   ----           ----      ----          ----
   unit-count -->  same   ----           ----      ----          ----
   ----            ----   Speaker=Y ---> Speaker=N ----          ----
   ----            ----   Speaker=N ---> Speaker=Y ----          ----
   ----            ----   ----           ----      cause --->    same
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                             |            |
              F_EERP_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_EERP_IND
                             |            |
              F_RTR_CF  <----|------------|<---- F_RTR_RS
                             |            |
      

   Request               Indication
   ------------------------------------
   filename -----------> same
   date ---------------> same
   time ---------------> same
   destination --------> same
   originator ---------> same
   hash ---------------> same
   signature ----------> same
   ------------------------------------
      

                             |            |
              F_NERP_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_NERP_IND
                             |            |
              F_RTR_CF  <----|------------|----- F_RTR_RS
                             |            |
      

   Request                          Indication
   ---------------------------------------------------
   filename ----------------------> same
   date --------------------------> same
   time --------------------------> same
   destination -------------------> same
   originator --------------------> same
   creator of negative response --> same
   reason ------------------------> same
   reason text -------------------> same
   hash --------------------------> same
   signature ---------------------> same
   ---------------------------------------------------
      

   Request                  Indication
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   reason = normal -------> ----
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                             |            |
             F_ABORT_RQ ---->|------------|----> F_ABORT_IND
                             |            |
             User-Initiated Abort

                             |            |
            F_ABORT_IND <----|------------|----> F_ABORT_IND
                             |            |
            Provider-Initiated Abort
      

            User  | OFTP |        Network       | OFTP |  User
   ---------------|------|----------------------|------|---------------
                  |      |                      |      |
      

     F_RELEASE_RQ |      | ESID(R=normal)       |      | F_RELEASE_IND
   *--------------|->  ==|======================|=>  --|-------------->
     (R=normal)   |      |                      |      |
      

     F_RELEASE_RQ |      | ESID(R=error)        |      | F_ABORT_IND
   *--------------|->  ==|======================|=>   -|-------------->
   (R=error value)|      |                      |      | (R=error,AO=D)
      

     F_ABORT_IND  |      | ESID(R=error)        |      | F_ABORT_IND
   <--------------|-*  *=|======================|=>  --|-------------->
                  |      |                      |      |
      

    F_ABORT_RQ    |      | N_DISC_RQ            |      | F_ABORT_IND
   *--------------|->  --|--------->..----------|->  --|-------------->
                  |      |           N_DISC_IND |      | (R=unsp.,AO=D)
      

     F_ABORT_IND  |      | N_DISC_RQ            |      | F_ABORT_IND
   <--------------|-*  *-|--------->..----------|->  --|-------------->
   (R=error,AO=L) |      |           N_DISC_IND |      | (R=unsp.,AO=D)
      

                              o------------o
                  decision    |            |  f_connect_ind
            +-----------------|    IDLE    |-----------------+
            |   F_CONNECT_RQ  |    (0)     |  F_CONNECT_RS   |
            |                 o------------o                 |
            V                                                |
   o-----------------o                                       |
   |                 |                                       |
   | I_WF_FCONNECTCF |                                       |
   |                 |                                       |
   o--------+--------o                                       |
            |                                                |
            | F_CONNECT_CF                                   |
            V                                                V
   o-----------------o                            o-----------------o
   |                 |                            |                 |
   |  IDLE  SPEAKER  |                            | IDLE  LISTENER  |
   |       (1)       |                            |       (2)       |
   |   See Speaker   |                            |  See Listener   |
   |  State Diagram  |                            |  State Diagram  |
   |                 |                            |                 |
   o-----------------o                            o-----------------o
      

   o-----------------o                              o-----------------o
   |  IDLE LISTENER  |                              |      IDLE       |
   | CD_RQ just sent |                              |     see (0)     |
   | see (3), Listen |                              |      Idle       |
   |  State Diagram  |                              |  State Diagram  |
   o-----------------o                              o-----------------o
            A                                                A
            |                                                |
        decision                                          decision
        F_CD_RQ                                         F_RELEASE_RQ
            |                                                |
   o================o decision  o----------o decision  o---------------o
   |                |---------->| WAIT FOR |<----------|               |
   |                | F_EERP_RQ |          | F_EERP_RQ |               |
   |     IDLE       |           | EERP/    |           |    IDLE       |
   |   SPEAKER      | decision  | NERP     | decision  |   SPEAKER     |
   |     (1)        |---------->| CONFIRM. |<----------|     (4)       |
   |                | F_NERP_RQ |          | F_NERP_RQ |               |
   |                |           |          |           |               |
   |                |           |          |           |    CD_IND     |
   |                | f_rtr_cf  |          |           | just received |
   |                |<----------|          |           |               |
   |                |           o----------o           |               |
   |                |                                  |               |
   |                |                                  |               |
   o================o                                  o---------------o
     A  A        |                                               |
     |  |        | decision and P2              decision and P2  |
     |  |        +-----------------+       +---------------------+
     |  |         F_START_FILE_RQ  |       |    F_START_FILE_RQ
     |  |                          V       V
     |  |                      o---------------o
     |  |  f_file_start_cf(-)  |               |
     |  +----------------------|    OPENING    |
     |                         |               |
     |                         o---------------o
     |                                 |
   f_file_close_cf(-) or          f_start_file_cf(+)
   f_file_close_cf(+) and not P1       |
     |                                 V

   o---------------o     o---------------o  record to send   o---------o
   |               |     |               |------------------>|         |
   |    CLOSING    |     | DATA TRANSFER |     F_DATA_RQ     | NEXT    |
   |               |     |               |                   | RECORD  |
   |               |     |               |     f_data_cf     |         |
   |               |     |               |<------------------|         |
   o---------------o     o---------------o                   o---------o
     |         A                   |
     |         |    end of file    |
     |         +-------------------+
     |            F_CLOSE_FILE_RQ
     |                                              o-----------------o
     |                f_file_close_cf(+) and P1     |  IDLE LISTENER  |
     +--------------------------------------------->| see (2), Listen |
                                                    |  State Diagram  |
   Predicates:                                      o-----------------o
   P1: Positive confirmation and Speaker = YES
   P2: Mode = Both or (Mode = Sender-only)
      

   o-----------------o                              o-----------------o
   |  IDLE SPEAKER   |                              |      IDLE       |
   |   CD_IND just   |                              |                 |
   | received see(4) |                              |     see (0)     |
   |  Speaker State  |                              |      Idle       |
   |     Diagram     |                              |  State Diagram  |
   o-----------------o                              o-----------------o
            A                                                A
            |                                                |
         decision      f_eerp_ind                         decision
         F_CD_IND  +--------------+                    F_RELEASE_IND
            |      |   F_RTR_RS   |                          |
   o=================o            |                 o-----------------o
   |                 |<-----------+                 |                 |
   |                 |                              |                 |
   |                 | f_nerp_ind                   |                 |
   |                 |------------+                 |                 |
   |                 | F_RTR_RS   |                 |                 |
   |                 |            |                 |                 |
   |                 |<-----------+                 |                 |
   |  IDLE LISTENER  |                 f_eerp_ind   |  IDLE LISTENER  |
   |       (2)       |<-----------------------------|       (3)       |
   |                 |                 F_RTR_RS     |      CD_RQ      |
   |                 |                              |    just sent    |
   |                 |                 f_nerp_ind   |                 |
   |                 |<-----------------------------|                 |

   |                 |                 F_RTR_RS     |                 |
   |                 |                              |                 |
   |                 | f_start_file_ind             |                 |
   |                 |    and not P1                |                 |
   |                 |---------------------+        |                 |
   o=================o F_START_FILE_RS(-)  |        o-----------------o
     A A    |   A  A                       |           |          |
     | |    |   |  +-----------------------+           |          |
     | |    |   |                                      |          |
     | |    |   | f_start_file_ind and not P1          |          |
     | |    |   +--------------------------------------+          |
     | |    |            F_START_FILE_RS(-)                       |
     | |    |                                                     |
     | |    |        f_start_file_ind           f_start_file_ind  |
     | |    |           and P1                        and P1      |
     | |    +----------------------------+     +------------------+
     | |             F_START_FILE_RS(+)  |     | F_START_FILE_RS(+)
     | |                                 V     V
     | |                            o---------------o
     | |f_close_file_ind and not P3 |               |
     | +----------------------------|               |
     |    F_CLOSE_FILE_RS(+,N)      |               |
     |                              |     DATA      |
     |                              |   TRANSFER    |
     |  f_close_file_ind and not P2 |               |-------------+
     +------------------------------|               |             |
          F_CLOSE_FILE_RS(-)        |               |<------------+
                                    o---------------o  F_DATA_IND
   o---------------o                           |
   | IDLESPEAKER  |  f_close_file_ind and P3  |
   | see (1), Spkr |<--------------------------+
   | State Diagram |    F_CLOSE_FILE_RS(+,Y)
   o---------------o
      

   1. Initiator <-------------SSRM -- Responder   Ready Message
                -- SSID ------------>             Identification
                <------------ SSID --             Identification
      

   1. Initiator -- SECD ------------> Responder   Change Direction
                <------------ AUCH --             Challenge
                -- AURP ------------>             Response
                <------------ SECD --             Change Direction
                -- AUCH ------------>             Challenge
                <------------ AURP --             Response
      

   1. Speaker  -- SFID ------------> Listener   Start File
               <------------ SFPA --            Answer YES

   2. Speaker  -- SFID ------------> Listener   Start File
               <------------ SFNA --            Answer NO
                     Go To 1
      

   2. Speaker  -- CD --------------> Listener   Change Direction
      Listener <------------ EERP -- Speaker    End to End Response
               -- RTR ------------->            Ready to Receive
               <------------ NERP --            Negative End Response
               -- RTR ------------->            Ready to Receive
               <------------ SFID --            Start File
      

         o----------o                          o-----------o
         | Loc. A   |----------- S1 ---------->| Loc. B    |
         |          |                          |           |
         | [Ba]     |<---------- R2 -----------| [Ba]      |
         +----------o                          o-----------o
      

   o---------o        o---------o        o---------o        o---------o
   | Loc. A  |-- S1 ->| Loc. E1 |-- S2 ->| Loc. E2 |-- S5 ->| Loc. B  |
   |         |        |         |        |         |        |         |
   | [Ba,Ca] |<- R8 --| [Ba,Ca] |<- R7 --| [Ba]    |<- R6 --| [Ba]    |
   o---------o        o---------o        o---------o        o---------o
                         A   |
                         |   |           o---------o
                         |   +----- S3 ->| Loc. C  |
                         |               |         |
                         +--------- R4 --| [Ca]    |
                                         o---------o
      

         o---------o        o---------o        o---------o
         | Loc. A  |-- S1 ->| Loc. E1 |-- S3 ->| Loc. C  |
         |         |        |         |        |         |
         | [Ca]    |<- R5 --| [Ca,Cb] |<- R4 --| [Ca,Cb] |
         o---------o        o---------o        o---------o
                               A   |
         o---------o           |   |
         | Loc. B  |-- S2 -----+   |
         |         |               |
         | [Cb]    |<- R6 ---------+
         o---------o
      

      Speaker  -- EERP ------------> Listener   End to End Response
               <------------- RTR --            Ready to Receive
               -- EERP ------------>            End to End Response
               <------------- RTR --            Ready to Receive
               -- NERP ------------>            Negative End Response
               <------------- RTR --            Ready to Receive
               -- SFID ------------>            Start File
                         or
               -- CD -------------->            Exchange the turn
      

   1. Speaker  -- SFID ------------> Listener   Start File
               <------------ SFPA --            Answer YES
      

      Speaker  -- Data ------------> Listener   Start File
               -- Data ------------>
               <------------- CDT --            Set Credit
               -- Data ------------>
               -- EFID ------------>            End File
      

   1. Speaker  -- EFID ------------> Listener   End File
               <------------ EFPA --            Answer YES

   2. Speaker  -- EFID ------------> Listener   End File
               <------------ EFPA --            Answer YES + CD
               -- CD -------------->            Change Direction
      Listener <------------ EERP -- Speaker    End to End Response
               -------------- RTR ->            Ready to Receive
      Listener <------------ NERP -- Speaker    Negative End Response
               -------------- RTR ->            Ready to Receive
               Go to Start File Phase

   3. Speaker  -- EFID ------------> Listener   End File
               <------------ EFNA --            Answer NO
      

   1. Speaker  -- EFID ------------> Listener   End File
               <------------ EFPA --            Answer YES
               -- CD -------------->            Change Direction
      Listener <------------ ESID -- Speaker    End Session
      

      o--------------------------------------------------------
      | C | H |           | H |           | H |           |   /
      | M | D | SUBRECORD | D | SUBRECORD | D | SUBRECORD |  /_
      | D | R |           | R |           | R |           |   /
      o-------------------------------------------------------
      

          0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
        o-------------------------------o
        | E | C |                       |
        | o | F | C O U N T             |
        | R |   |                       |
        o-------------------------------o
      

   o-----+-----------------+-----+--------------------+-----+------
   | STH | OEB             | STH |  OEB               | STH | OEB/
   o-----+-----------------+-----+--------------------+-----+----
      

   o----------------------------------------------------------o
   |   | Other States                                         |
   |   |--------------------------------------------------o   |
   |   | WF_SECD                                          |   |
   |   |----------------------------------------------o   |   |
   |   | WF_AURP                                      |   |   |
   |   |------------------------------------------o   |   |   |
   |   | WF_AUCH                                  |   |   |   |
   |   |--------------------------------------o   |   |   |   |
   | S | A_WF_CONRS                           |   |   |   |   |
   |   |----------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |
   | T | A_NC_ONLY                        |   |   |   |   |   |
   |   |------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |
   | A | I_WF_SSID                    |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   |   |--------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   | T | I_WF_RM                  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   |   |----------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   | E | I_WF_NC              |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   |   |------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   |   | IDLE             |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
   |==================o---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   |   | F_CONNECT_RQ | A | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   | E | N_CON_CF     | X | C | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   | V | SSRM         | X | X | H | X | X | X | L | L | L | X |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   | E | SSID         | X | X | X | D | E | F | L | L | L | F |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   | N | N_CON_IND    | B | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   | T | F_CONNECT_RS | X | U | U | U | U | G | X | X | X | U |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   |   | ESID         | X | X | X | F | X | X | F | F | F | X |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   |   | AUCH         | X | X | U | U | X | X | I | L | L | U |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   |   | AURP         | X | X | U | U | X | X | L | K | L | U |
   |   |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
   |   | SECD         | X | X | U | U | X | X | L | L | J | U |
   o----------------------------------------------------------o
      

    I | Predicate    Actions     Output Events            Next State
   ===o=============================================================
    A | P1:                      F_ABORT_IND              IDLE
      | !P1:            1,2      N_CON_RQ                 I_WF_NC
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    B | P3:                      N_DISC_RQ                IDLE
      | !P3:            2        N_CON_RS
      |                          SSRM                     A_NC_ONLY
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    C |                 4,2                               I_WF_RM
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    D | P2 & P8 & P11:  4,2,5    SECD                     WF_AUCH
      | P2 & P8 & !P11: 4,2,5    F_CONNECT_CF             IDLESP
      | P2 & !P8:       4,2      ESID(R=12)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
      | else:           4,2      ESID(R=10)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    E | P4:             4        N_DISC_RQ                IDLE
      | !P4:            4,2      F_CONNECT_IND            A_WF_CONRS
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    F |                 4        F_ABORT_IND
      |                          N_DISC_RQ                IDLE
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    G | P2 &  P9 & P10: 4,2,5    SSID                     WF_SECD
      | P2 & !P9 & P10: 4,2,5    SSID                     IDLELI
      | !P10:           4,2      ESID(R=12)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
      | else:           4,2      ESID(R=10)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    H |                 4,2,3    SSID                     I_WF_SSID
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    I | P5:             4,2      AURP                     WF_SECD
      | !P5:            4,2      AURP                     IDLELI
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    J |                 4,2      AUCH                     WF_AURP
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    K | P6:             4,2      F_CONNECT_CF             IDLESP
      | P7:             4,2      SECD                     WF_AUCH
      | else:           4,2      ESID(R=11)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
    L |                 4,2      ESID(R=02)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)      WF_NDISC
   ---+-------------------------------------------------------------
      

   o--------------------------------------o
   |   | Other States                     |
   | S |------------------------------o   |
   | T | WF_NDISC                     |   |
   | A |--------------------------o   |   |
   | T | I_WF_NC                  |   |   |
   | E |----------------------o   |   |   |
   |   | IDLE                 |   |   |   |
   |======================o---+---+---+---|
   |   | TIME-OUT         | X | X | A | B |
   |   |------------------+---+---+---+---|
   | E | F_ABORT_RQ       | X | A | X | C |
   | V |------------------+---+---+---+---|
   | E | N_RST_IND        | X | X | A | D |
   | N |------------------+---+---+---+---|
   | T | N_DISC_IND       | X | E | F | G |
   |   |------------------+---+---+---+---|
   |   | Invalid Buffer   | X | X | H | I |
   o--------------------------------------o
      

    I | Predicate    Actions     Output Events             Next State
   ===o=================================================================
    A |                          N_DISC_RQ                 IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    B |                          F_ABORT_IND
      |                          N_DISC_RQ                 IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    C |              1           N_DISC_RQ                 IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    D |              1           N_DISC_RQ
      |                          F_ABORT_IND               IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    E |                          F_ABORT_IND               IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    F |              1                                     IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    G |              1           F_ABORT_IND               IDLE
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    H |                                                    WF_NDISC
   ---+-----------------------------------------------------------------
    I |              1,2         ESID(R=01)
      |                          F_ABORT_IND(R,AO=L)       WF_NDISC
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

  o--------------------------------------------------------------------o
  | | Other States                                                     |
  | |--------------------------------------------------------------o   |
  | | WF_NDISC                                                     |   |
  | |----------------------------------------------------------o   |   |
  | | OPOWFC                                                   |   |   |

  | |------------------------------------------------------o   |   |   |
  | | OPO                                                  |   |   |   |
  |S|--------------------------------------------------o   |   |   |   |
  | | OPOP                                             |   |   |   |   |
  |T|----------------------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |
  | | CDSTWFCD                                     |   |   |   |   |   |
  |A|------------------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | SFSTWFCD                                 |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  |T|--------------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | NRSTWFCD                             |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  |E|----------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | ERSTWFCD                         |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | |------------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | WF_CD                        |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | |--------------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | WF_RTR                   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | |----------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | IDLESPCD             |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | |------------------o   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | | IDLESP           |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  |=+==============o---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | F_EERP_RQ    | A | A | W | F | W | W | U | U | U | U | U | U | U |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | F_NERP_RQ    | Y | Y | W | Z | W | W | U | U | U | U | U | U | U |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | F_START_     | B | B | W | G | W | W | U | U | U | U | U | X | U |
  | |   FILE_RQ    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | SFPA         | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | K | C | C | S | C |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  |E| SFNA         | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | L | C | C | S | C |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  |V| CD           | C | C | C | H | R | Z1| I | J | C | C | C | S | C |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  |E| F_DATA_RQ    | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | M | U | S | U |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  |N| CDT          | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | P | O | S | C |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  |T| F_CD_RQ      | D | U | W | T | W | W | U | U | U | U | U | X | U |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | F_REL_RQ(Ok) | U | E | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | X | U |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | F_REL_RQ(Err)| Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | Q | S | Q |
  | |--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---|
  | | RTR          | C | C | N | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | S | C |
  o--------------------------------------------------------------------o
      

   o---------------------------------o
   | S | CLOP                        |
   | T |-------------------------o   |
   | A | OPOWFC                  |   |
   | T |---------------------o   |   |
   | E | OPO                 |   |   |
   |=====================o---+---+---|
   | E | F_CLOSE_FILE_RQ | A | E | U |
   | V |-----------------+---+---+---|
   | E | EFPA            | B | B | C |
   | N |-----------------+---+---+---|
   | T | EFNA            | B | B | D |
   o---------------------------------o
      

   o---------------------------------------------o
   |   | RTRP                                    |
   |   |-------------------------------------o   |
   |   | CLIP                                |   |
   |   |---------------------------------o   |   |
   |   | OPI                             |   |   |
   | S |-----------------------------o   |   |   |
   | T | OPIP                        |   |   |   |
   | A |-------------------------o   |   |   |   |
   | T | IDLELICD                |   |   |   |   |
   | E |---------------------o   |   |   |   |   |
   |   | IDLELI              |   |   |   |   |   |
   |=====================o---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | SFID            | A | A | B | B | B | B |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   | E | DATA            | B | B | B | I | B | B |
   | V |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   | E | EFID            | B | B | B | J | B | B |
   | N |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   | T | F_START_FILE_RS | U | U | H | U | U | U |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | F_CLOSE_FILE_RS | U | U | U | U | K | U |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | CD              | C | B | B | B | B | B |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | ESID R=Normal   | D | F | D | D | D | D |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | ESID R=Error    | D | D | D | D | D | D |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | EERP            | E | E | B | B | B | B |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | NERP            | L | L | B | B | B | B |
   |   |-----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   | F_RTR_RS        | U | U | U | U | U | M |
   o---------------------------------------------o
      

          +------------------------------+  <====  File Service
          | Level-7  FTP    application  |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-6  FTP    presentation |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-5  FTP    session      |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-4  FTP    transport    |
          |------------------------------|  <====  Network Service
          | Level-3         X.25         |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-2         X.25         |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-1         X.25         |
          +------------------------------+
      

              <------------------------------------   special-logic=yes
                                                  or
              <------------------------------------   special-logic=no
      

          +------------------------------+  <====  File Service
          | Level-7  FTP    application  |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-6  FTP    presentation |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-5  FTP    session      |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-4  FTP    transport    |
          |  SPECIAL LOGIC PROCESSING    |
          |------------------------------|  <====  Network Service
          | Level-3         X.25         |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-2         X.25         |
          |------------------------------|
          | Level-1         X.25         |
          +------------------------------+
      

   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | S | B |                                                  | B | C |
   | T | S |         COMPLETE EXCHANGE BUFFER (CEB)           | C | / |
   | X | N |                                                  | S | R |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
     A   A                                                      A   A
     |   |                                                      |   |
     |   +-------------  Block sequence number                  |   |
     |                                                          |   |
     +-----------------  Synchronization character              |   |
                                                                |   |
                         Block checksum  -----------------------+   |
                                                                    |
                         Delineation character  --------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          |   | B |         | B | C |
     -----|   | S |  CEB    | C | / |----->  Not sync
          |   | N |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S | B |         | B | C |
     -----| T | S |  CEB    | C | / |----->  Sync
          | X | N |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S | B |         | B |   |
     -----| T | S |  CEB    | C |   |----->  No activity
          | X | N |         | S |   |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S | B |         | B | C |
     -----| T | S |  CEB    | C | / |----->  Sync
          | X | N |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S | B |         | B | C |        Bad data
     -----| T | S |  "%!    | C | / |----->  detected
          | X | N |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S | B |         | B | C |
     -----| T | S |  CEB    | C | / |----->  Data OK
          | X | N |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |        Expecting
     -----| T | 0 |  EERP   | C | / |----->  BSN=0
          | X |   |         | S | R |        Transmission
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |        Response to
     <----| T | 0 |  RTR    | C | / |-----   Previous
          | X |   |         | S | R |        Block
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+        Expecting
          | S |   |         | B | C |        BSN=1 (Block
     -----| T | 1 |  SFID   | C | / |- // -> lost in
          | X |   |         | S | R |        Transmission)
          +-------------------------+        T1 Timed Out
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |        Send last
     <----| T | 0 |  RTR    | C | / |-----   Block
          | X |   |         | S | R |        again
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |        Expecting
     -----| T | 1 |  SFID   | C | / |----->  BSN=1
          | X |   |         | S | R |        Block OK
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |        Response
     <----| T | 1 |  SFPA   | C | / |-----   BSN=1
          | X |   |         | S | R |        Block OK
          +-------------------------+
      

          +-------------------------+
          | S |   |         | B | C |
     -----| T | 2 |  DATA   | C | / |----->  Data OK
          | X |   |         | S | R |
          +-------------------------+
      

                                           Mobility Service
                                    Provider and Authorizer
               +-------------------------------------------+
               |                                           |
               |  +-------------+                   +--+   |
               |  | MSA/MSP AAA |  <------------->  |HA|   |
               |  |   server    |    AAA protocol   +--+   |
               |  +-------------+                          |
               |                                           |
               +-------------------------------------------+
      

                 Mobility Service
                       Authorizer
                  +-------------+
                  |  MSA AAA    |
                  |   server    |
                  +-------------+
                        ^
                        |
           AAA protocol |
                        |                  Mobility Service
                        |                          Provider
               +--------|----------------------------------+
               |        V                                  |
               |  +-------------+                   +--+   |
               |  |  MSP AAA    |  <------------->  |HA|   |
               |  |   server    |    AAA protocol   +--+   |
               |  +-------------+                          |
               |                                           |
               +-------------------------------------------+
      

                          Certification
                            Authority
                         +-------------+
                         |    CA       |
                         |   server    |
                         +-------------+
                               ^
                               |
                  CRL Check    |
                               |       Mobility Service
                               |    Provider and Authorizer
                      +--------|----------+
                      |        V          |
                      |  +-------------+  |
                      |  |     HA      |  |
                      |  |             |  |
                      |  +-------------+  |
                      |                   |
                      +-------------------+
      

             BU (DNS update option)
             ----------------------->
                                           DNS update
                                     <------------------->
              BA (DNS update option)
             <-----------------------
      

        +----+                +----+         +---+         +---+
        | MN |                | HA |         |AAA|         |DNS|
        +----+                +----+         +---+         +---+
      

                                                  DNS update
                                                 <----------->
                                   AAA answer
                                   (FQDN, HoA)
                                 <-------------->
            BA (DNS update option)
          <-----------------------
      

              |                                            |
              |-------------(1) INVITE SDP1--------------->|
              |                                            |
              |<------(2) 183 Session Progress SDP2--------|
              |                                            |
              |----------------(3) PRACK SDP3------------->|
              |                                            |
              |<-----------(4) 200 OK (PRACK) SDP4---------|
              |                                            |
              |<-------------(5) 180 Ringing---------------|
              |                                            |
              |                                            |
              |                                            |
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    yes
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    yes
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
      

              |                                            |
              |-------------(1) INVITE SDP1--------------->|
              |                                            |
              |<------(2) 183 Session Progress SDP2--------|
              |                                            |
              |----------------(3) PRACK SDP3------------->|
              |                                            |
              |<-----------(4) 200 OK (PRACK) SDP4---------|
              |                                            |
              |<-------------(5) 180 Ringing---------------|
              |                                            |
              |                                            |
              |                                            |
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    yes
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    yes
      

          Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
         -----------+----------+------------------+----------
            send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
            recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
      

                              +------------+
                              |            |
                +------------>|NON EXISTENT|<--------------------+
                |             |            |                     |
                |             +------------+                     |
                | Session        |    ^                          |
                |   connection   |    |                          |
                |   established  |    | Rx any LDP msg except    |
                |                V    |   Init msg or Timeout    |
                |            +-----------+                       |
   Rx Any other |            |           |                       |
      msg or    |            |INITIALIZED|                       |
      Timeout / |        +---|           |-+                     |
   Tx NAK msg   |        |   +-----------+ |                     |
                |        | (Passive Role)  | (Active Role)       |
                |        | Rx Acceptable   | Tx Init msg         |
                |        |    Init msg /   |                     |
                |        | Tx Init msg     |                     |
                |        |    Tx KeepAlive |                     |
                |        V    msg          V                     |
                |   +-------+        +--------+                  |
                |   |       |        |        |                  |
                +---|OPENREC|        |OPENSENT|----------------->|
                +---|       |        |        | Rx Any other msg |
                |   +-------+        +--------+    or Timeout    |
   Rx KeepAlive |        ^                |     Tx NAK msg       |
      msg       |        |                |                      |
                |        |                | Rx Acceptable        |
                |        |                |    Init msg /        |
                |        +----------------+ Tx KeepAlive msg     |
                |                                                |
                |      +-----------+                             |
                +----->|           |                             |
                       |OPERATIONAL|                             |
                       |           |---------------------------->+
                       +-----------+     Rx Shutdown msg
                All other  |   ^            or Timeout /
                  LDP msgs |   |         Tx Shutdown msg
                           |   |
                           +---+
      

------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
                  |                             | Status
                  |                             | (one of t, y, n, -;
                  |                             | if n, optionally
Feature           | RFC 3036 Section(s)         | one of s, u, r)
==================+=============================+=======================
Interface types   | 2.2.1, 2.5.3, 2.8.2, 3.4.2
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Packet          |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Frame Relay     |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  ATM             |                             |
==================+=============================+=======================
Label Spaces      | 2.2.1, 2.2.2
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Per platform    |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Per interface   |                             |
==================+=============================+=======================
LDP Discovery     | 2.4
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Basic           | 2.4.1                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Targeted        | 2.4.2                       |

------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
LDP Sessions      | 2.2.3
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Directly        | --                          |
  Connected       |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Targeted        | 2.3                         |
==================+=============================+=======================
LDP Modes         | 2.6
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DU, Ind cntl,   | 2.6                         |
  Lib retention   |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DU, Ord cntl,   | 2.6                         |
  Lib retention   |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DU, Ind cntl,   | 2.6                         |
  Cons retention  |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DU, Ord cntl,   | 2.6                         |
  Cons retention  |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DoD, Ind cntl,  | 2.6                         |
  Lib retention   |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DoD, Ord cntl,  | 2.6                         |
  Lib retention   |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DoD, Ind cntl,  | 2.6                         |
  Cons retention  |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  DoD, Ord cntl,  | 2.6                         |
  Cons retention  |                             |
==================+=============================+=======================
Loop Detection    | 2.8                         |
==================+=============================+=======================
TCP MD5 Option    | 2.9                         |
==================+=============================+=======================
LDP TLVs          | 3.3, 3.4, throughout
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  U-bit           | 3.3                         |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  F-bit           | 3.3                         |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  FEC             | 1., 2.1, 3.4.1              |

  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Wildcard      | 3.4.1                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Prefix        | 2.1, 3.4.1                  |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Host          | 2.1, 3.4.1                  |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Address List    | 3.4.3                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Hop Count       | 3.4.4                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Path Vector     | 3.4.5                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Generic Label   | 3.4.2.1                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  ATM Label       | 3.4.2.2                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Frame Relay     | 3.4.2.3                     |
  Label           |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Status          | 3.4.6                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Extended Status | 3.5.1                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Returned PDU    | 3.5.1                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Returned Message| 3.5.1                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Common Hello    | 3.5.2                       |
  Parameters      |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    T-bit         | 3.5.2                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    R-bit         | 3.5.2                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Hold Time     | 3.5.2                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  IPv4 Transport  | 3.5.2                       |
  Address         |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Configuration   | 3.5.2                       |
  Sequence Number |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  IPv6 Transport  | 3.5.2                       |
  Address         |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Common Session  | 3.5.3                       |
  Parameters      |                             |

  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    KeepAlive Time| 3.5.3                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    PVLim         | 3.5.3                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Max PDU Length| 3.5.3                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  ATM Session     | 3.5.3                       |
  Parameters      |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    M values      |                             |
      0 No Merge  | 3.5.3                       |
      ------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
      1 VP Merge  | 3.5.3                       |
      ------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
      2 VC Merge  | 3.5.3                       |
      ------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
      3 VP &      | 3.5.3                       |
        VC Merge  |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    D-bit         | 3.5.3                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    ATM Label     | 3.5.3                       |
    Range         |                             |
    Component     |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Frame Relay     | 3.5.3                       |
  Session         |                             |
  Parameters      |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    M values      |                             |
      0 No Merge  | 3.5.3                       |
      ------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
      1 Merge     | 3.5.3                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    D-bit         | 3.5.3                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Frame Relay   | 3.5.3                       |
    Label Range   |                             |
    Component     |                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Request   | 3.5.7                       |
  Message Id      |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Vendor-Private  | 3.6.1.1                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Experimental    | 3.6.2                       |

==================+=============================+=======================
LDP Messages      | 3.5, throughout
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Notification    | 3.5.1                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Hello           | 3.5.2                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Initialization  | 3.5.3                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  KeepAlive       | 3.5.4                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Address         | 3.5.5                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Address Withdraw| 3.5.6                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Mapping   | 3.5.7                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Label Request | 3.5.7                       |
    Message Id TLV|                             |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Hop Count TLV | 3.5.7                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Path Vect TLV | 3.5.7                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Request   | 3.5.8                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Hop Count TLV | 3.5.8                       |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Path Vect TLV | 3.5.8                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Withdraw  | 3.5.10                      |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Label TLV     | 3.5.10                      |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Release   | 3.5.11                      |
  ----------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
    Label TLV     | 3.5.11                      |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Abort Req | 3.5.9                       |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Vendor-Private  | 3.6.1.2                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Experimental    | 3.6.2                       |

==================+=============================+=======================
LDP Status Codes  | 3.4.6
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Success         | 3.4.6, 3.9                  |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Bad LDP Id      | 3.5.1.2.1                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Bad Ptcl Version| 3.5.1.2.1                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Bad PDU Length  | 3.5.1.2.1                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Unknown Message | 3.5.1.2.1                   |
  Type            |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Bad Message     | 3.5.1.2.1                   |
  Length          |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Unknown TLV     | 3.5.1.2.2                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Bad TLV length  | 3.5.1.2.2                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Malformed TLV   | 3.5.1.2.2                   |
  Value           |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Hold Timer      | 3.5.1.2.3                   |
  Expired         |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Shutdown        | 3.5.1.2.4                   |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Loop Detected   | 3.4.5.1.2, 3.5.8.1          |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Unknown FEC     | 3.4.1.1                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  No Route        | 3.5.8.1                     |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  No Label        | 3.5.8.1                     |
  Resources       |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Resources | 3.5.8.1                     |
  Available       |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Session Rejected| 2.5.3, 3.5.3                |
  No Hello        |                             |

------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Session Rejected| 2.5.3, 3.5.3                |
  Parameters      |                             |
  Advert Mode     |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Session Rejected| 2.5.3, 3.5.3                |
  Parameters      |                             |
  Max PDU Length  |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Session Rejected| 2.5.3, 3.5.3                |
  Parameters      |                             |
  Label Range     |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  KeepAlive Timer | 2.5.6, 3.5.1.2.3            |
  Expired         |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Label Request   | 3.5.9.1                     |
  Aborted         |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Missing Message | 3.5.1.2.1                   |
  Parameters      |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Unsupported     | 3.4.1.1, 3.5.5.1            |
  Address Family  |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Session Rejected| 3.5.1.2.5, 3.5.3            |
  Bad KeepAlive   |                             |
  Time            |                             |
------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------
  Internal Error  | 3.5.1.2.7                   |
==================+=============================+=======================
      

   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   RDMA   | Message   | Tagged| STag | Queue | Invalidate| Message
   Message| Type      | Flag  | and  | Number| STag      | Length
   OpCode |           |       | TO   |       |           | Communicated
          |           |       |      |       |           | between DDP
          |           |       |      |       |           | and RDMAP
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0000b  | RDMA Write| 1     | Valid| N/A   | N/A       | Yes
          |           |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0001b  | RDMA Read | 0     | N/A  | 1     | N/A       | Yes
          | Request   |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0010b  | RDMA Read | 1     | Valid| N/A   | N/A       | Yes
          | Response  |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0011b  | Send      | 0     | N/A  | 0     | N/A       | Yes
          |           |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0100b  | Send with | 0     | N/A  | 0     | Valid     | Yes
          | Invalidate|       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0101b  | Send with | 0     | N/A  | 0     | N/A       | Yes
          | SE        |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0110b  | Send with | 0     | N/A  | 0     | Valid     | Yes
          | SE and    |       |      |       |           |
          | Invalidate|       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   0111b  | Terminate | 0     | N/A  | 2     | N/A       | Yes
          |           |       |      |       |           |
   -------+-----------+-------+------+-------+-----------+--------------
   1000b  |           |
   to     | Reserved  |               Not Specified
   1111b  |           |
   -------+-----------+-------------------------------------------------
      

   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   RDMA   | Message   | RDMA Header Used  | ULP Message allowed in
   Message| Type      |                   | the RDMA Message
   OpCode |           |                   |
          |           |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0000b  | RDMA Write| None              | Yes
          |           |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0001b  | RDMA Read | RDMA Read Request | No
          | Request   | Header            |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0010b  | RDMA Read | None              | Yes
          | Response  |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0011b  | Send      | None              | Yes
          |           |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0100b  | Send with | None              | Yes
          | Invalidate|                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0101b  | Send with | None              | Yes
          | SE        |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0110b  | Send with | None              | Yes
          | SE and    |                   |
          | Invalidate|                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   0111b  | Terminate | Terminate Header  | No
          |           |                   |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
   1000b  |           |
   to     | Reserved  |            Not Specified
   1111b  |           |
   -------+-----------+-------------------+-------------------------
      

   -------+-----------+-------+-------------+------+--------------------
   Layer  | Layer     | Error | Error Type  | Error| Error Code Name
          | Name      | Type  | Name        | Code |
   -------+-----------+-------+-------------+------+--------------------
          |           | 0000b | Local       | None | None - This error
          |           |       | Catastrophic|      | type does not have
          |           |       | Error       |      | an error code. Any
          |           |       |             |      | value in this field
          |           |       |             |      | is acceptable.
          |           +-------+-------------+------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 00X  | Invalid STag
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 01X  | Base or bounds
          |           |       |             |      | violation
          |           |       | Remote      +------+--------------------
          |           | 0001b | Protection  | 02X  | Access rights
          |           |       | Error       |      | violation
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
   0000b  | RDMA      |       |             | 03X  | STag not associated
          |           |       |             |      | with RDMAP Stream
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 04X  | TO wrap
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 09X  | STag cannot be
          |           |       |             |      | Invalidated
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | FFX  | Unspecified Error
          |           +-------+-------------+------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 05X  | Invalid RDMAP
          |           |       |             |      | version
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 06X  | Unexpected OpCode
          |           |       | Remote      +------+--------------------
          |           | 0010b | Operation   | 07X  | Catastrophic error,
          |           |       | Error       |      | localized to RDMAP
          |           |       |             |      | Stream
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 08X  | Catastrophic error,
          |           |       |             |      | global
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | 09X  | STag cannot be
          |           |       |             |      | Invalidated
          |           |       |             +------+--------------------
          |           |       |             | FFX  | Unspecified Error

   -------+-----------+-------+-------------+------+--------------------
   0001b  | DDP       | See DDP Specification [DDP] for a description of
          |           | the values and names.
   -------+-----------+-------+-----------------------------------------
   0010b  | LLP       | For MPA, see MPA Specification [MPA] for a
          |(e.g., MPA)| description of the values and names.
   -------+-----------+-------+-----------------------------------------
      

   ---------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
   Layer    | Error Type  | Terminate  | Terminate  | What type of
   Name     | Name        | Includes   | Includes   | RDMA Message can
            |             | DDP Header | RDMA Header| cause the error
            |             | and DDP    |            |
            |             | Segment    |            |
            |             | Length     |            |
   ---------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
            | Local       | No         | No         | Any
            | Catastrophic|            |            |
            | Error       |            |            |
            +-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
            | Remote      | Yes, if    | Yes        | Only RDMA Read
   RDMA     | Protection  | possible   |            | Request, Send
            | Error       |            |            | with Invalidate,
            |             |            |            | and Send with SE
            |             |            |            | and Invalidate
            +-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
            | Remote      | Yes, if    | No         | Any
            | Operation   | possible   |            |
            | Error       |            |            |
   ---------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
   DDP      | See DDP Spec| Yes        | No         | Any
            | [DDP]       |            |            |
   ---------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------------
   LLP      | See LLP Spec| No         | No         | Any
            | (e.g., MPA) |            |            |
      

   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   First | Later | Placement      | Placement      | Ordering
    Op   | Op    | guarantee at   | guarantee at   | guarantee at
         |       | Remote Peer    | Local Peer     | Remote Peer
         |       |                |                |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   Send  | Send  | No placement   | Not applicable | Completed in
         |       | guarantee. If  |                | order.
         |       | guarantee is   |                |
         |       | necessary, see |                |
         |       | footnote 1.    |                |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   Send  | RDMA  | No placement   | Not applicable | Not applicable
         | Write | guarantee. If  |                |
         |       | guarantee is   |                |
         |       | necessary, see |                |
         |       | footnote 1.    |                |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   Send  | RDMA  | No placement   | RDMA Read      | RDMA Read
         | Read  | guarantee      | Response       | Response
         |       | between Send   | Payload will   | Message will
         |       | Payload and    | not be placed  | not be
         |       | RDMA Read      | at the local   | generated until
         |       | Request Header | peer until the | Send has been
         |       |                | Send Payload is| Completed
         |       |                | placed at the  |
         |       |                | Remote Peer    |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | Send  | No placement   | Not applicable | Not applicable
   Write |       | guarantee. If  |                |
         |       | guarantee is   |                |
         |       | necessary, see |                |
         |       | footnote 1.    |                |

   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | RDMA  | No placement   | Not applicable | Not applicable
   Write | Write | guarantee. If  |                |
         |       | guarantee is   |                |
         |       | necessary, see |                |
         |       | footnote 1.    |                |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | RDMA  | No placement   | RDMA Read      | Not applicable
   Write | Read  | guarantee      | Response       |
         |       | between RDMA   | Payload will   |
         |       | Write Payload  | not be placed  |
         |       | and RDMA Read  | at the local   |
         |       | Request Header | peer until the |
         |       |                | RDMA Write     |
         |       |                | Payload is     |
         |       |                | placed at the  |
         |       |                | Remote Peer    |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | Send  | No placement   | Send Payload   | Not applicable
   Read  |       | guarantee      | may be placed  |
         |       | between RDMA   | at the remote  |
         |       | Read Request   | peer before the|
         |       | Header and Send| RDMA Read      |
         |       | payload        | Response is    |
         |       |                | generated.     |
         |       |                | If guarantee is|
         |       |                | necessary, see |
         |       |                | footnote 2.    |
   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | RDMA  | No placement   | RDMA Write     | Not applicable
   Read  | Write | guarantee      | Payload may be |
         |       | between RDMA   | placed at the  |
         |       | Read Request   | Remote Peer    |
         |       | Header and RDMA| before the RDMA|
         |       | Write payload  | Read Response  |
         |       |                | is generated.  |
         |       |                | If guarantee is|
         |       |                | necessary, see |
         |       |                | footnote 2.    |

   ------+-------+----------------+----------------+----------------
   RDMA  | RDMA  | No placement   | No placement   | Second RDMA
   Read  | Read  | guarantee of   | guarantee of   | Read Response
         |       | the two RDMA   | the two RDMA   | will not be
         |       | Read Request   | Read Response  | generated until
         |       | Headers        | Payloads.      | first RDMA Read
         |       | Additionally,  |                | Response is
         |       | there is no    |                | generated.
         |       | guarantee that |                |
         |       | the Tagged     |                |
         |       | Buffers        |                |
         |       | referenced in  |                |
         |       | the RDMA Read  |                |
         |       | will be read in|                |
         |       | order          |                |
      

             +-------------+
             |  Privileged |
             |  Resource   |
    Admin<-+>|  Manager    |     ULP Control Interface
           | |             |<------+-------------------+
           | +-------------+       |                   |
           |       ^               v                   v
           |       |         +-------------+   +-----------------+
           +---------------->| Privileged  |   |  Non-Privileged |
                   |         | ULP         |   |  ULP            |
                   |         +-------------+   +-----------------+
                   |               ^                   ^
                   |Privileged     |Privileged         |Non-Privileged
                   |Control        |Data               |Data
                   |Interface      |Interface          |Interface
   RNIC            |               |                   |
   Interface       v               v                   v
   =================================================================

                 +--------------------------------------+
                 |                                      |
                 |               RNIC Engine            |
                 |                                      |
                 +--------------------------------------+
                                   ^
                                   |
                                   v
                                Internet
      

                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | +-----+       +-----------------+ |
                   | | MPA |       | Other Protocols | |
                   | +-----+       +-----------------+ |
                   |    ||                  ||         |
                   |  ----- socket API --------------  |
                   |            ||                     |
                   |         +-----+                   |
                   |         | TCP |                   |
                   |         +-----+                   |
                   |            ||                     |
                   |         +-----+                   |
                   |         | IP  |                   |
                   |         +-----+                   |
                   +-----------------------------------+
      

                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | +-----------+ +-----------------+ |
                   | | Optimized | | Other Protocols | |
                   | |  MPA/TCP  | +-----------------+ |
                   | +-----------+        ||           |
                   |         \\     --- socket API --- |
                   |          \\          ||           |
                   |           \\      +-----+         |
                   |            \\     | TCP |         |
                   |             \\    +-----+         |
                   |              \\    //             |
                   |             +-------+             |
                   |             |  IP   |             |
                   |             +-------+             |
                   +-----------------------------------+
      

   ----++-----------------------------++-----------------------++-----
   +---||---------------+    +--------||--------+   +----------||----+
   |   TCP Seg X-1      |    |     TCP Seg X    |   |  TCP Seg X+1   |
   +---||---------------+    +--------||--------+   +----------||----+
   ----++-----------------------------++-----------------------++-----
                   FPDU #N-1                  FPDU #N
      

      +--------------------------+      +--------------------------+
   +--|--------------------------+   +--|--------------------------+
   |  |       TCP Seg X          |   |  |         TCP Seg X+1      |
   +--|--------------------------+   +--|--------------------------+
      +--------------------------+      +--------------------------+
                FPDU #N                          FPDU #N+1
      

   +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +--- -----+
   |  Host   | |  Host   | |   Host  | |   Host  | |   Host  |
   |         | |         | |         | |         | |         |
   +---+-+---+ +---+-+---+ +---+-+---+ +---+-+---+ +---+-+---+
   |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA| |HCA|
   +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+ +-v-+
     |----+------|-----+-----|-----+-----|-----+-----|-----+---> To IB
   IB|        IB |        IB |        IB |        IB |    SubNet2 SWTCH
   +-v-----------v-----------v-----------v-----------v---------+
   |                  InfiniBand Switch for Subnet1            |
   +---+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------------v------+
       | TCA |        | TCA |        | TCA |            |
       +-----+        +-----+        +-----+            | IB
      /  IB   \      /  IB   \      /       \     +--+--v--+--+
     |  iSER   |    |  iSER   |    |  IPoIB  |    |  | TCA |  |
     | Gateway |    | Gateway |    | Gateway |    |  +-----+  |
     |   to    |    |   to    |    |   to    |    | Storage   |
     |  iSCSI  |    |  iSER   |    |   IP    |    | Controller|
     |   TCP   |    |  iWARP  |    |Ethernet |    +-----+-----+
     +---v-----|    +---v-----|    +----v----+
         | EN           | EN            | EN
         +--------------+---------------+----> to IP based storage
           Ethernet links that carry iSCSI or iWARP
      

                  |                |                |
                  |                |                |
            +--+--v--+----------+--v--+----------+--v--+--+
            |  | IB  |          |iWARP|          | EN  |  |
            |  |     |          | TCP |          | NIC |  |
            |  |(TCA)|          | RNIC|          |     |  |
            |  +-----|          +-----+          +-----+  |
            |   TPG-1            TPG-2            TPG-4   |
            |  9.1.3.3          9.1.2.4          9.1.2.6  |
            |                                             |
            |                  Storage Controller         |
            |                                             |
            +---------------------------------------------+
      

         |   | Allocate_Connection_Resources  | D |    ^
         |   |------------------------------->| a |    |
         |   |    Connection resources are    | t |    |
         | i |     successfully allocated     | a |    |   iSCSI
         | S |                                | m |    |   Login
         | C |                                | o |    |   Phase
         | S |                                | v |    |
         | I |                                | e |    |
         |   |                                | r |    | Login Phase
         | L | Final Login Response (success)          v succeeds
         | a |<----------------------------------------^
         | y |                                | L |    |   iSCSI
         | e |       Enable_Datamover         | a |    |   Full
         | r |------------------------------->| y |    |   Feature
         |   |     Datamover is enabled       | e |    |   Phase
         |   |                                | r |    |
         |   |   Full Feature Phase           |   |    |
         |   |   control and data Transfer    |   |    v
      

         |   | Notice_Key_Values              |   |      |
         |   |------------------------------->|   |      |
         |   |  Datamover layer is notified   |   |      |
         |   |  of the negotiated key values  |   |      |
         |   |                                |   |      |
         |   | Allocate_Connection_Resources  |   |      |
         |   |------------------------------->| D |      |
         |   |    Connection resources are    | a |      |
         | i |     successfully allocated     | t |      |   iSCSI
         | S |                                | a |      |   Login
         | C |                                | m |Final |   Phase
         | S |                                | o |Login |
         | I |Enable_Datamover(Login Response)| v |Resp  |
         |   |------------------------------->| e |---->vLogin Phase
         | L |     Datamover is enabled       | r |      ^ succeeds
         | a |                                |   |      |
         | y |                                | L |      |   iSCSI
         | e |                                | a |      |   Full
         | r |                                | y |      |   Feature
         |   |                                | e |      |   Phase
         |   |      Full Feature Phase        | r |      |
         |   |   control and data Transfer    |   |      |
         |   |                                |   |      v
      

         |   | Allocate_Connection_Resources  | D |      ^
         |   |------------------------------->| a |      |
         |   |    Connection resources are    | t |      |
         | i |     successfully allocated     | a |      |   iSCSI
         | S |                                | m |      |   Login
         | C |                                | o |      |   Phase
         | S |                                | v |      |
         | I |                                | e |      |
         |   |                                | r |      | Login
         |   |                                |   |      | Phase
         | L | Final Login Response (failure)            v fails
         | a |<------------------------------------------
         | y |                                | L |
         | e | Deallocate_Connection_Resources| a |
         | r |------------------------------->| y |
         |   |     Datamover-specific         | e |
         |   |     connection resources freed | r |
         |   |                                |   |
         |   |
         |   | Connection terminated by standard means
         |   |--------------------------------------------->
      

         |   | Allocate_Connection_Resources  | D |      ^
         |   |------------------------------->| a |      |
         |   |    Connection resources are    | t |      |
         | i |     successfully allocated     | a |      |   iSCSI
         | S |                                | m |      |   Login
         | C |                                | o |      |   Phase
         | S |                                | v |      |
         | I |                                | e |      |
         |   |                                | r |      | Login
         |   |                                |   |      | Phase
         | L | Final Login Response (failure)            v fails
         | a |---------------------------------------------->
         | y |                                | L |
         | e | Deallocate_Connection_Resources| a |
         | r |------------------------------->| y |
         |   |     Datamover-specific         | e |
         |   |     connection resources freed | r |
         |   |                                |   |
         |   |
         |   | Connection terminated by standard means
         |   |-------------------------------------------->
      

         |   | Allocate_Connection_Resources  | D |     ^
         |   |------------------------------->| a |     |
         |   |    Connection resources are    | t |     |
         | i |     successfully allocated     | a |     |   iSCSI
         | S |                                | m |     |   Login
         | C |                                | o |     |   Phase
         | S |                                | v |     |
         | I |                                | e |     |
         |   |                                | r |     |
         | L | Login non-Final Request/Response         |
         | a |<-----------------------------------------|
         | y |    iSCSI layer decides not to  | L |     |
         | e |    enable Datamover for this   | a |     |
         | r |    connection                  | y |     |
         |   |                                | e |     |
         |   | Deallocate_Connection_Resources| r |     |
         |   |------------------------------->|   |     |
         |   |     All Datamover-specific     |   |     |
         |   |     resources deallocated      |   |     |
         |   |                                |   |     | Login
         |   |                                |   |     | Phase
         |   |                                          | continues
         |   | Regular Login negotiation continues      |
         |   |<---------------------------------------->|
         |   |                                          .
         |   |                                          .
         |   |                                          .
      

         |   |                                |   |   ^
         |   |  Full Feature Phase Control &  |   |   |
         |   |    Data Transfer Using DM      | D |   | iSCSI
         |   |                                | a |   | Full Feature
         | i |                                | t |   | Phase
         | S |                                | a |   | (DM Enabled)
         | C |                                | m |   |
         | S |    Successful iSCSI Logout     | o |   |
         | I |                                | v |   v
         |   |     Connection_Terminate       | e |
         | L |------------------------------->| r |
         | a |   Connection is terminated     |   |
         | y |   Datamover-specific resources | L | Transport
         | e |   deallocated, both connection | a | Connection
         | r |   level & task level           | y | is terminated
         |   |                                | e |
         |   |                                | r |
         |   |                                |   |
         |   |                                |   |
      

         |   |                                |   |   ^
         |   |  Full Feature Phase Control &  | D |   | iSCSI
         |   |    Data Transfer Using DM      | a |   | Full Feature
         | i |                                | t |   | Phase
         | S |                                | a |   | (DM Enabled)
         | C |                                | m |   v
         | S |                                | o |<--Transport
         | I |   Datamover-specific resources | v | Connection
         |   |   deallocated, both connection | e | Terminated (e.g.
         | L |   level & task level           | r | unexpected
         | a |                                |   | FIN/RESET)
         | y |                                | L |
         | e |   Connection_Terminate_Notify  | a |
         | r |<-------------------------------| y |
         |   |                                | e |
         |   |                                | r |
         |   |                                |   |
      

        |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  | SCSI Cmd PDU & |  |            |  |SCSI
   Cmd  |  | Snd_Ctrl |  |Unsol Imm Data  |  |Ctrl_Notify |  |Cmd
   ---->|  |--------->|  |--------------->|  |----------->|  |--->
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
        |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |
        |  | Snd_Ctrl |  |SCSI Dataout PDU|  |Ctrl_Notify |  |
        |  |--------->|  |--------------->|  |----------->|  |
        |  |    .     |  |        .       |  |     .      |  |Unsol
        |  |    .     | D|        .       | D|     .      |  |Data
        |  |    .     | a| DM Msg holding | a|     .      |  |Trans
        | i| Snd_Ctrl | t|SCSI Dataout PDU| t|Ctrl_Notify | i|
        | S|--------->| a|--------------->| a|----------->| S|
        | C|          | m|                | m|            | C|Buf
        | S|          | o|                | o|            | S|Avail
        | I|          | v|                | v|  Get_Data  | I|(R2T)
        |  |          | e|----------------| e|<-----------|  |<----
        | L|          | r||Solicited Data | r|            | L|  .
        | a|          |  ||  Transfer     |  |            | a|  .
        | y|          | L|--------------->| L|      .     | y|Buf
        | e|          | a|        .       | a|      .     | e|Avail
        | r|          | y|        .       | y|  Get_Data  | r|(R2T)
        |  |          | e|----------------| e|<-----------|  |<----
        |  |          | r||Solicited Data | r|            |  |
        |  |          |  ||   Transfer    |  |            |  |
        |  |          |  |--------------->|  |Data_Cmp_Nfy|  |Data
        |  |          |  |                |  |----------->|  |Trans
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |Compl
        |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  |SCSI Resp PDU & |  |            |  |SCSI
   Resp |  |Ctrl_Ntfy |  |  Sense Data    |  |  Snd_Ctrl  |  |Resp
   <----|  |<---------|  |<---------------|  |<-----------|  |<----
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
      

        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |SCSI
   Cmd  |  | Snd_Ctrl |  |  SCSI Cmd PDU  |  |Ctrl_Notify |  |Cmd
   ---->|  |--------->|  |--------------->|  |----------->|  |--->
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
        |  |          | D|    SCSI Read   | D|            |  |Buf
        |  |          | a|  Data Transfer | a|  Put_Data  |  |Avail
        | i|          | t|<---------------| t|<-----------| i|<----
        | S|          | a|        .       | a|     .      | S|  .
        | C|          | m|        .       | m|     .      | C|  .
        | S|          | o|        .       | o|     .      | S|  .
        | I|          | v|    SCSI Read   | v|     .      | I|Buf
        |  |          | e|  Data Transfer | e|  Put_Data  |  |Avail
        | L|          | r|<---------------| r|<-----------| L|<----
        | a|          |  |                |  |            | a|
        | y|          | L|                | L|            | y|
        | e|          | a|                | a|Data_Cmp_Nfy| e|Data
        | r|          | y|                | y|----------->| r|Trans
        |  |          | e|                | e|            |  |Compl
        |  |          | r| DM Msg holding | r|            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  |SCSI Resp PDU & |  |            |  |SCSI
   Resp |  |Ctrl_Ntfy |  |  Sense Data    |  |  Snd_Ctrl  |  |Resp
   <----|  |<---------|  |<---------------|  |<-----------|  |<----
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
      

        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |SCSI
   Cmd  |  | Snd_Ctrl |  |  SCSI Cmd PDU  |  |Ctrl_Notify |  |Cmd
   ---->|  |--------->|  |--------------->|  |----------->|  |---->
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
        |  |          | D|    SCSI Read   | D|  Put_Data  |  |Buf
        |  |          | a|  Data Transfer | a|Data_in.A=1 |  |Avail
        | i|          | t|<---------------| t|<-----------| i|<----
        | S|          | a|        .       | a|     .      | S|  .
        | C|          | m|        .       | m|Data_ACK_Nfy| C|  .
        | S|          | o|                | o|----------->| S|  .
        | I|          | v|                | v|     .      | I|
        |  |          | e|                | e|     .      |  |
        | L|          | r|                | r|            | L|
        | a|          |  |                |  |            | a|
        | y|          | L|                | L|            | y|
        | e|          | a|                | a|            | e|Data
        | r|          | y|                | y|            | r|Trans
        |  |          | e|                | e|            |  |Compl
        |  |          | r| DM Msg holding | r|            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  |SCSI Resp PDU & |  |            |  |SCSI
   Resp |  |Ctrl_Ntfy |  |  Sense Data    |  |  Snd_Ctrl  |  |Resp
   <----|  |<---------|  |<---------------|  |<-----------|  |<----
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
      

        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
   SCSI |  |          |  | DM Msg holding |  |            |  |SCSI
   Cmd  |  | Snd_Ctrl |  |  SCSI Cmd PDU  |  |Ctrl_Notify |  |Cmd
   ---->|  |--------->|  |--------------->|  |----------->|  |---->
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
        |  |          | D|    SCSI Read   | D|            |  |Buf
        |  |          | a|  Data Transfer | a|  Put_Data  |  |Avail
        | i|          | t|<---------------| t|<-----------| i|<----
        | S|          | a|        .       | a|     .      | S|  .
   Abort| C|          | m| DM Msg holding | m|     .      | C|Abort
   Task | S| Snd_Ctrl | o|  Abort TMF Req | o|Ctrl_Notify | S|Task
   ---->| I|--------->| v|--------------->| v|----------->| I|---->
        |  |          | e|       .        | e|     .      |  |
   Abort| L|          | r|  DM Msg holding| r|            | L| .
   Done | a|Ctrl_Ntfy |  |   Abort TMF Res|  | Snd_Ctrl   |  |Abted
   <----| y|<---------| L|<---------------| L|<-----------| y|<----
        | e|          | a|                | a|            | e|
        | r|          | y|                | y|            | r|
        |  |          | e|                | e|            |  |
        |  |          | r|                | r|            |  |
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
        |  |Dal_Tk_Res|  |                |  |Dal_Tk_Res  |  |
        |  |--------->|  |                |  |<-----------|  |
        |  |          |  |                |  |            |  |
      

                |(1) REGISTER (c) |                 |
                |---------------->|                 |
                |                 |(2) REGISTER     |
                |                 |---------------->|
                |                 |(3) 200 OK       |
                |                 |<----------------|
                |(4) 200 OK (c)   |                 |
                |<----------------|                 |
                |(5) INVITE (c)   |                 |
                |---------------->|                 |
                |                 |(6) INVITE       |
                |                 |------------------------------>
                |                 |(7) 200 OK       |
                |                 |<------------------------------
                |(8) 200 OK (c)   |                 |
                |<----------------|                 |
                |(9) ACK (c)      |                 |
                |---------------->|                 |
                |                 |(10) ACK         |
                |                 |------------------------------>
                |(11) BYE (c)     |                 |
                |---------------->|                 |
                |                 |(12) BYE         |
                |                 |------------------------------>
                |                 |(13) 200 OK      |
                |                 |<------------------------------
                |(14) 200 OK (c)  |                 |
                |<----------------|                 |
      

   +-----------+                                         +-----------+
   |   BP app  |                                         |   BP app  |
   +---------v-|   +->>>>>>>>>>v-+     +->>>>>>>>>>v-+   +-^---------+
   |    BP   v |   | ^    BP   v |     | ^    BP   v |   | ^   BP    |
   +---------v-+   +-^---------v-+     +-^---------v-+   +-^---------+
   | Trans1  v |   + ^  T1/T2  v |     + ^  T2/T3  v |   | ^  Trans3 |
   +---------v-+   +-^---------v-+     +-^---------v +   +-^---------+
   | Net1    v |   | ^  N1/N2  v |     | ^  N2/N3  v |   | ^  Net3   |
   +---------v-+   +-^---------v +     +-^---------v-+   +-^---------+
   |         >>>>>>>>^         >>>>>>>>>>^         >>>>>>>>^         |
   +-----------+   +-------------+     +-------------+   +-----------+
   |                      |                   |                      |
   |<--- An internet  --->|                   |<--- An internet  --->|
   |                      |                   |                      |
      

   Bundle Payload Block
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   |  Block type    | Proc. Flags (*)|        Block length(*)          |
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
   /                     Bundle Payload (variable)                     /
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

                 K               S       H
     +-----------------------+-------+-------+
     |                       |       |       |
   S |        G_LDPC         |  I_S  | 0_SxH |
     |                       |       |       |
     +-----------------------+-------+-------+
     |                               |       |
   H |        G_Half                 |  I_H  |
     |                               |       |
     +-------------------------------+-------+
     |                                       |
     |                                       |
   K |                 G_LT                  |
     |                                       |
     |                                       |
     +---------------------------------------+
      

   +-----------+-----------------+---------+
   |           |                 |         |
   |     I     |    All Zeros    |         |
   |           |                 |         |
   +-----------+-----------------+    U    |
   |           |                 |         |
   |           |                 |         |
   | All Zeros |       V         |         |
   |           |                 |         |
   |           |                 |         |
   +-----------+-----------------+---------+
      

   Client Hello (I)        -------->
                                               Server Hello
                                               Certificate*
                                        Server Key Exchange (N, g, s, B)
                           <--------      Server Hello Done
   Client Key Exchange (A) -------->
   [Change cipher spec]
   Finished                -------->
                                       [Change cipher spec]
                           <--------               Finished
      

                                Alice              Bob         Carol
                                  |    INVITE       |            |
                                  |<----------------|            |
    Dialog 1  Usage 1             |    200 OK (F1)  |            |
    -start-   -start- ----------->|---------------->|            |
       |         |                |    ACK          |            |
       |         |                |<----------------|            |
       |         |                | reINVITE/200/ACK|            |
       |         |                |   (hold)        |            |
       |         |                |---------------->|            |
       |         |                |   REFER         |            |
       |         |     Dialog 1   |---------------->|            |
       |         |     Usage 2    |   NOTIFY (F2)   |            |
       |         |     -start- -->|<----------------| INVITE     |
       |         |        |       |   200 NOTIFY    |----------->|
       |         |        |       |---------------->| 200 OK     |
       |         |        |       |   200 REFER     |<-----------|
       |         |        |       |<----------------| ACK        |
       |         |        |       |   NOTIFY (F3)   |----------->|
       |         |        |       |<----------------|            |
       |         |        |       |   200           |     .      |
       |         |      -end-  -->|---------------->|     .      |
       |         |                |   BYE (F4)      |  Dialog 2  |
       |         |                |<----------------|  proceeds  |
       |         |                |   200           |     .      |
     -end-     -end- ------------>|---------------->|     .      |
      

                               Alice                 Bob
                                 |                    |
                                 | SUBSCRIBE          |
                                 |------------------->|
    Dialog    Usage 1            | NOTIFY (F1)        |
    -start-   -start-  --------->|<-------------------|
       |         |               | 200 SUBSCRIBE      |
       |         |               |<-------------------|
       |         |               | 200 NOTIFY         |
       |         |               |------------------->|
       |         |               | SUBSCRIBE          |
       |         |               |<-------------------|
       |         |    Usage 2    | NOTIFY (F2)        |
       |         |    -start- -->|------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200 SUBSCRIBE
       |         |       |       |------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200 NOTIFY         |
       |         |       |       |<-------------------|
       |         |       |       |         :          |
       |         |       |       |         :          |
       |         |       |       | (un)SUBSCRIBE (F3) |
       |         |       |       |------------------->|
       |         |       |       | 200                |
       |         |       |       |<-------------------|
       |         |       |       | NOTIFY             |
       |         |       |       |<-------------------|
       |         |       |       | 200                |
       |       -end- ----------->|------------------->|
       |                 |       |         :          |
       |                 |       |         :          |
       |                 |       | NOTIFY        (F4) |
       |                 |       | (Terminated)       |
       |                 |       |------------------->|
       |                 |       | 200                |
     -end-             -end-  -->|<-------------------|
                                 |                    |
      

    +---------+---------------------------------+-------------+-------+
    |   Code  | Reason                          |    Impact   | Notes |
    +---------+---------------------------------+-------------+-------+
    | 400/4xx | Bad Request                     | Transaction |       |
    |   401   | Unauthorized                    | Transaction |       |
    |   402   | Payment Required                | Transaction |  (1)  |
    |   403   | Forbidden                       | Transaction |       |
    |   404   | Not Found                       |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   405   | Method Not Allowed              |    Usage    |  (3)  |
    |   406   | Not Acceptable                  | Transaction |       |
    |   407   | Proxy Authentication Required   | Transaction |       |
    |   408   | Request Timeout                 | Transaction |  (4)  |
    |   410   | Gone                            |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   412   | Conditional Request Failed      | Transaction |       |
    |   413   | Request Entity Too Large        | Transaction |       |
    |   414   | Request-URI Too Long            | Transaction |       |
    |   415   | Unsupported Media Type          | Transaction |       |
    |   416   | Unsupported URI Scheme          |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   417   | Unknown Resource-Priority       | Transaction |       |
    |   420   | Bad Extension                   | Transaction |       |
    |   421   | Extension Required              | Transaction |       |
    |   422   | Session Interval Too Small      | Transaction |  (5)  |
    |   423   | Interval Too Brief              | Transaction |       |
    |   428   | Use Identity Header             | Transaction |       |
    |   429   | Provide Referrer Identity       | Transaction |  (6)  |
    |   436   | Bad Identity-Info               | Transaction |       |
    |   437   | Unsupported Certificate         | Transaction |       |
    |   438   | Invalid Identity Header         | Transaction |       |
    |   480   | Temporarily Unavailable         |    Usage    |  (7)  |
    |   481   | Call/Transaction Does Not Exist |    Usage    |  (8)  |
    |   482   | Loop Detected                   |    Dialog   |  (9)  |
    |   483   | Too Many Hops                   |    Dialog   |  (10) |
    |   484   | Address Incomplete              |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   485   | Ambiguous                       |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   486   | Busy Here                       | Transaction |  (11) |
    |   487   | Request Terminated              | Transaction |       |
    |   488   | Not Acceptable Here             | Transaction |       |
    |   489   | Bad Event                       |    Usage    |  (12) |
    |   491   | Request Pending                 | Transaction |       |
    |   493   | Undecipherable                  | Transaction |       |
    |   494   | Security Agreement Required     | Transaction |       |
    | 500/5xx | Server Internal Error           | Transaction |  (13) |
    |   501   | Not Implemented                 |    Usage    |  (3)  |
    |   502   | Bad Gateway                     |    Dialog   |  (14) |
    |   503   | Service Unavailable             | Transaction |  (15) |
    |   504   | Server Time-Out                 | Transaction |  (16) |
    |   505   | Version Not Supported           | Transaction |       |
    |   513   | Message Too Large               | Transaction |       |

    |   580   | Precondition Failure            | Transaction |       |
    | 600/6xx | Busy Everywhere                 | Transaction |  (17) |
    |   603   | Decline                         | Transaction |       |
    |   604   | Does Not Exist Anywhere         |    Dialog   |  (2)  |
    |   606   | Not Acceptable                  | Transaction |       |
    +---------+---------------------------------+-------------+-------+
      

   Alice                             Bob                           Carol
     |                                |                              |
     | F1 INVITE (Bob's AOR)          |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id one)      |                              |
     |    Contact: (Alice's-GRUU)     |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     | F2 200 OK                      |                              |
     |    To: <>;tag=totag1           |                              |
     |    From: <>;tag=fromtag1       |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id one)      |                              |
     |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)       |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    ACK                         |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |             :                  |                              |
     |  (Bob places Alice on hold)    |                              |
     |             :                  | F3 INVITE (Carol's AOR)      |
     |                                |    Call-ID: (call-id two)    |
     |                                |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)     |
     |                                |----------------------------->|
     |                                | F4 200 OK                    |
     |                                |    To: <>;tag=totag2         |
     |                                |    From: <>;tag=fromtag2     |
     |                                |    Call-ID: (call-id two)    |
     |                                |    Contact: (Carol's-GRUU)   |
     |                                |<-----------------------------|
     |                                |    ACK                       |
     |                                |----------------------------->|
     |                                |            :                 |
     |                                |  (Bob places Carol on hold)  |
     | F5 REFER (Alice's-GRUU)        |            :                 |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |    Refer-To: (Carol's-GRUU)    |                              |
     |    Target-Dialog: (call-id one,totag1,fromtag1)               |
     |    Contact: (Bob's-GRUU)       |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    202 Accepted                |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |

     |    NOTIFY (Bob's-GRUU)         |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |    200 OK                      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |                                |                              |
     |                  F6 INVITE (Carol's-GRUU)                     |
     |                     Call-ID: (call-id four)                   |
     |                     Contact: (Alice's-GRUU)                   |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                     200 OK                                    |
     |                     Contact: (Carol's-GRUU)                   |
     |<--------------------------------------------------------------|
     |                     ACK                                       |
     |-------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                |                              |
     | F7 NOTIFY (Bob's-GRUU)         |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id three)    |                              |
     |------------------------------->|                              |
     |    200 OK                      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|                              |
     |    BYE (Alice's-GRUU)          |                              |
     |    Call-ID: (call-id one)      |                              |
     |<-------------------------------|   BYE (Carol's-GRUU)         |
     |                                |   Call-ID: (call-id two)     |
     |    200 OK                      |----------------------------->|
     |------------------------------->|   200 OK                     |
     |                                |<-----------------------------|
     |                                |                              |
      

         cost of the traditional
           IP multicast model
               per member
                    ^
                    | costly|  OK
                    | <-----|----->
                    |  .    |
                    |   ..  |
                    |     ..|..
                    |       |  .........
                    |       |           ........
                    +--------------------------->
                        |                 number of members
                        v
                 alternative=Xcast
      

           state&signaling
             per session
              in router
                  ^
                  |
                  |
                 ....
                B |  ....
                . |      ....
               .  |          ....
              .   |              ....
             .    +------------------..---> processing
            .    /               .... C     per packet
           .   /            .....           in router
          .  /         .....
         . /      .....
        ./   .....
       /A....
     /
   /
  link bandwidth
      

      X1 routing table:     X3 routing table:     X7 routing table:
       Dest |  NextHop       Dest | NextHop        Dest | NextHop
      ------+----------     ------+---------      ------+---------
        B   |   X3             A  |   X1            A   |  X3
        C   |   X3             C  |   X7            B   |  X3
        D   |   X3             D  |   X7
      

       Endpoint-A                                     Endpoint-Z
       ----------                                     ----------
       ASCONF[Add-IP:X]------------------------------>
                                               /--ASCONF-ACK
                                              /
                                    /--------/---New DATA:
                                   /        /    Destination
              <-------------------/        /     IP:X
                                          /
              <--------------------------/
      

       Endpoint-A                                     Endpoint-Z
       ----------                                     ----------
                                    /------------New DATA:
                                   /             Destination
                                  /              IP:X
       ASCONF [DEL-IP:X]---------/---------------->
              <-----------------/------------------ASCONF-ACK
                               /
                              /
               <-------------/
      

       New DATA:------------\
       Source IP:X           \
                              \
       ASCONF-REQ[DEL-IP:X]----\------------------>
                                \        /---------ASCONF-ACK
                                 \      /
                                  \----/-----------> OOTB
       (Ignored <---------------------/-------------ABORT
        by rule F4)                  /
              <---------------------/
      

      +----------+            +----------+           +----------+
      | Evil     |            |  Server  |           | Client   |
      |     IP-A=+------------+          +-----------+=IP-C & D |
      | Attacker |            |          |           | Victim   |
      +----------+            +----------+           +----------+
      

        IP-A                 DHCP-Server's       Peer-Server
          |
          |
       1  |-DHCP-Rel(IP-A)---->|
       2  |------ASCONF(ADD-IP(IP-B), DEL-IP(IP-A)---->XXlost
         time
          |
          |-DHCP-new-net------>|
       3  |<---Assign (IP-A)
          |
       4  |<------------Tag:X-DATA()------------------
          |
          |-------------INIT()------------------------>
       5  |<------------INIT-ACK()---------------------
          |
       6  |----ASCONF(ADD-IP(IP-Z),DEL-IP(IP-A))------>
      

      .-------.           .--.           .---.           .-------.
      |testset|--10BaseT--|CO|--2BaseTL--|CPE|--10BaseT--|testset|
      '-------'           '--'           '---'           '-------'
        ifSpeed= 10 Mbps        10 Mbps         10 Mbps

      .-------.            .--.            .---.            .-------.
      |testset|--100BaseT--|CO|--10PassTS--|CPE|--100BaseT--|testset|
      '-------'            '--'            '---'            '-------'
        ifSpeed= 100 Mbps        100 Mbps         100 Mbps
      

      efmCuPme2BProfileTable OBJECT-TYPE
        SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF EfmCuPme2BProfileEntry
        MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
        STATUS      current
        DESCRIPTION
          "This table supports definitions of administrative and
          operating profiles for 2BASE-TL PMEs.
          The first 14 entries in this table SHALL always be defined as
          follows (see 802.3ah Annex 63A):
          -------+-------+-------+-----+------+-------------+-----------
          Profile MinRate MaxRate Power Region Constellation Comment
           index  (Kbps)  (Kbps)  (dBm)
          -------+-------+-------+-----+------+-------------+-----------
             1     5696    5696    13.5    1   32-TCPAM      default
             2     3072    3072    13.5    1   32-TCPAM
             3     2048    2048    13.5    1   16-TCPAM
             4     1024    1024    13.5    1   16-TCPAM
             5      704     704    13.5    1   16-TCPAM
             6      512     512    13.5    1   16-TCPAM
             7     5696    5696    14.5    2   32-TCPAM
             8     3072    3072    14.5    2   32-TCPAM
             9     2048    2048    14.5    2   16-TCPAM
            10     1024    1024    13.5    2   16-TCPAM
            11      704     704    13.5    2   16-TCPAM
            12      512     512    13.5    2   16-TCPAM
            13      192    5696       0    1   0             best effort
            14      192    5696       0    2   0             best effort
          -------+-------+-------+-----+------+-------------+-----------
      

          Below is an example of this table for [ANFP]:
          ----------+-------+-------
          Equivalent MaxRate MaxRate
            Length    PAM16   PAM32
              (m)     (Kbps)  (Kbps)
          ----------+-------+-------
              975      2304    5696
             1125      2304    5504
             1275      2304    5120
             1350      2304    4864
             1425      2304    4544
             1500      2304    4288
             1575      2304    3968
             1650      2304    3776
             1725      2304    3520
             1800      2304    3264
             1875      2304    3072
             1950      2048    2688
             2100      1792    2368
             2250      1536       0
             2400      1408       0
             2550      1280       0
             2775      1152       0
             2925      1152       0
             3150      1088       0
             3375      1024       0
          ----------+-------+-------
      

      efmCuPme10PProfileTable OBJECT-TYPE
        SYNTAX      SEQUENCE OF EfmCuPme10PProfileEntry
        MAX-ACCESS  not-accessible
        STATUS      current
        DESCRIPTION
          "This table supports definitions of configuration profiles for
          10PASS-TS PMEs.
          The first 22 entries in this table SHALL always be defined as
          follows (see 802.3ah Annex 62B.3, table 62B-1):
          -------+--------+----+---------+-----+-----+---------------
          Profile Bandplan UPBO BandNotch DRate URate Comment
           Index  PSDMask#  p#    p#        p#    p#
          -------+--------+----+---------+-----+-----+---------------
             1      1      3    2,6,10,11    20    20 default profile
             2     13      5    0            20    20
             3      1      1    0            20    20
             4     16      0    0           100   100
             5     16      0    0            70    50
             6      6      0    0            50    10
             7     17      0    0            30    30
             8      8      0    0            30     5
             9      4      0    0            25    25
            10      4      0    0            15    15
            11     23      0    0            10    10
            12     23      0    0             5     5
            13     16      0    2,5,9,11    100   100
            14     16      0    2,5,9,11     70    50
            15      6      0    2,6,10,11    50    10
            16     17      0    2,5,9,11     30    30
            17      8      0    2,6,10,11    30     5
            18      4      0    2,6,10,11    25    25
            19      4      0    2,6,10,11    15    15
            20     23      0    2,5,9,11     10    10
            21     23      0    2,5,9,11      5     5
            22     30      0    0           200    50
          -------+--------+----+---------+-----+-----+---------------
      

        STATUS      current
        DESCRIPTION
          "The 10PASS-TS PME Egress Control Band Notch Profile bitmap,
          as specified in 802.3 Annex 62A, table 62A-4.  Possible values
          are:
          --------------+--------+------+------------+------+------
          Profile Name   G.991.3  T1.424 TS 101 270-1 StartF EndF
                         table    table  table        (MHz)  (MHz)
          --------------+--------+------+------------+------+------
          profile0(0)    no profile
          profile1(1)    F-5 #01  -      -            1.810  1.825
          profile2(2)    6-2      15-1   17           1.810  2.000
          profile3(3)    F-5 #02  -      -            1.907  1.912
          profile4(4)    F-5 #03  -      -            3.500  3.575
          profile5(5)    6-2      -      17           3.500  3.800
          profile6(6)    -        15-1   -            3.500  4.000
          profile7(7)    F-5 #04  -      -            3.747  3.754
          profile8(8)    F-5 #05  -      -            3.791  3.805
          profile9(9)    6-2      -      17           7.000  7.100
          profile10(10)  F-5 #06  15-1   -            7.000  7.300
          profile11(11)  6-2      15-1   1            10.100 10.150
          --------------+--------+------+------------+------+------
      

                 HOME  NETWORK                       DESTINATION
      +-------+
      | MUA.l |
      +---+---+
   port   |  port     port                          port
   587/25 V   25       25          --------          25
       +-----+  +-----+  ******   /        \   ******  +-----+  +-----+
       | MSA |->| MTA |->* AP *->|          |->* AP *->| MTA |->| MDA |
       +--^--+  +-----+  ******  | INTERNET |  ******  +-----+  +-----+
          |                      |          |
          +-------<--------------|----+     |
                                  \   |    /
                                   ---^----
                                      |
                                    ******
        AP = Access Provider        * AP *
                                    ******
                                      | port 587
                                  +---+----+
                                  |  MUA.r |
                                  +--------+
                                  HOTSPOT
      

              Code    Length     m1       m2       m3       m4
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |   208  |    4   |  0xF1  |  0x00  |  0x74  |  0x7E  |
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      

              Code    Length    Config-file...
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |   209  |    n   |   c1   |   c2   |   ...  |   c(n) |
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      

              Code    Length   Path-Prefix...
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |   210  |    n   |   p1   |   p2   |   ...  |   p(n) |
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      

              Code    Length
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |   211  |    4   |            Reboot Time            |
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
      

   most-significant                                    least-significant
   bit                                                               bit
   |0              1|1              3|3              4|4              6|
   |0              5|6              1|2              7|8              3|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

   |cccccc0gcccccccc|cccccccceeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
      

   most-significant                                    least-significant
   bit                                                               bit
   |0              1|1              3|3              4|4              6|
   |0              5|6              1|2              7|8              3|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

   |cccccc1gcccccccc|cccccccceeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
      

      most-significant                   least-significant
      bit                                              bit
      |0              1|1              3|3              4|
      |0              5|6              1|2              7|
      +----------------+----------------+----------------+
      |cccccc0gcccccccc|cccccccceeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|
      +----------------+----------------+----------------+
      

   most-significant                                    least-significant
   bit                                                               bit
   |0              1|1              3|3              4|4              6|
   |0              5|6              1|2              7|8              3|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+

   |cccccc1gcccccccc|cccccccc11111111|11111110eeeeeeee|eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee|
   +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
      

    +---+   +-----+   +------+   +-----+   +------+   +-----+   +---+
    |TDM|->-|     |->-|TDMoIP|->-|     |->-|TDMoIP|->-|     |->-|TDM|
    |   |   |TDM 1|   |      |   | PSN |   |      |   |TDM 2|   |   |
    |ES1|-<-|     |-<-| IWF1 |-<-|     |-<-| IWF2 |-<-|     |-<-|ES2|
    +---+   +-----+   +------+   +-----+   +------+   +-----+   +---+
      

                              HTTP/SIP..
               +------------+  (1)     +------------+
               |            |--------->|            |
               | HTTP-style |  (2)     | HTTP-style |
               | client     |<---------| server     |
               |            |  (3)     |            |
               |            |--------->|            |
               |            |  (4)     |            |
               |            |<---------|            |
               +------------+          +------------+
      

               +-----+    (1)    +-----+           +-----+
               |     |==========>|     |    (2)    |     |
               |     |           |     |---------->|     |
               |     |           |     |    (3)    |     |
               |     |    (4)    |     |<----------|     |
               |     |<==========|     |           |     |
               |     |    (5)    |     |           |     |
               |     |==========>|     |           |     |
               |  A  |           |  B  |    (6)    |  C  |
               |     |           |     |---------->|     |
               |     |           |     |    (7)    |     |
               |     |           |     |<----------|     |
               |     |    (8)    |     |           |     |
               |     |<==========|     |           |     |
               +-----+           +-----+           +-----+
      

                  IBE Public Parameter Request
                 ----------------------------->
          Sender                                PPS
                 <-----------------------------
                      IBE Public Parameters
      

                 IBE Public Parameter Request
                ----------------------------->
      Recipient                                PPS
                <-----------------------------
                     IBE Public Parameters
      

                   IBE Private Key Request
                ---------------------------->
      Recipient                                PKG
                <----------------------------
                       IBE Private Key
      

   Received UDP-Lite Datagrams
     |
     |                +- Full Coverage ---------------------+-> Deliver
     |                |                                     |
     +- Valid Header--+               +- >= Rec. Coverage --+
     | (InDatagrams)  |               |
     |                +- Partial -----+
     |                (InPartialCov)  |
     |                                +-  < Rec. Coverage --+
     |                               (EndpointViolCoverage) |
     |                                                      |
     |                                                      |
     +- Header Error ---+                                   |
     |                  |                                   |
     +- Checksum Error -+-----------------------------------+-> Discard
     |  (InBadChecksum)                                       (InErrors)
     |
     +- Port Error -------------------------------------------> Discard
        (NoPorts)
      

          Transport Layer Interface
   -------------------------------------------------------------
                     /\
                     ||
                  ----------------------------- InDatagrams
                     ||                             ^
                     ||                             |
                     ||                             |
                     ||----------------------> InPartialCov
                     ||                             |
                     ||                             |
                     ||                             v
                     ||                     EndpointViolCoverage
                     ||                             |
    NoPorts <--------||                             |
                     ||                             |
                     ||------> InBadChecksum ------>|
                     ||                             |
                     ||                             |
                     ||                             v
                     ||------------------------> InErrors
                     ||
                     ||
   -------------------------------------------------------------
           Network Layer Interface
      

   +--------+--------------------------------------------------------+
   |        | +----------+ +---------+     +-----------+ +---------+ |
   |Message | | Template | | Data    |     | Options   | | Data    | |
   | Header | | Set      | | Set     | ... | Template  | | Set     | |
   |        | |          | |         |     | Set       | |         | |
   |        | +----------+ +---------+     +-----------+ +---------+ |
   +--------+--------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +--------+----------------------------------------------+
   |        | +---------+     +---------+      +---------+ |
   |Message | | Data    |     | Data    |      | Data    | |
   | Header | | Set     | ... | Set     | ...  | Set     | |
   |        | +---------+     +---------+      +---------+ |
   +--------+----------------------------------------------+
      

   +--------+-------------------------------------------------+
   |        | +----------+     +----------+      +----------+ |
   |Message | | Template |     | Template |      | Options  | |
   | Header | | Set      | ... | Set      | ...  | Template | |
   |        | |          |     |          |      | Set      | |
   |        | +----------+     +----------+      +----------+ |
   +--------+-------------------------------------------------+
      

   +--------+------------------------------------------. . .
   |        | +--------------+ +------------------+
   |Message | | Template     | | Data             |
   | Header | | Set          | | Set              |   . . .
   |        | | (1 Template) | | (3 Data Records) |
   |        | +--------------+ +------------------+
   +--------+------------------------------------------. . .

        . . .-------------------------------------------+
              +------------------+ +------------------+ |
              | Options          | | Data             | |
       . . .  | Template Set     | | Set              | |
              | (1 Template)     | | (2 Data Records) | |
              +------------------+ +------------------+ |
        . . .-------------------------------------------+
      

   Src IP addr. | Dst IP addr.  | Next Hop addr. | Packet | Octets
                |               |                | Number | Number
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
   192.0.2.12   | 192.0.2.254   | 192.0.2.1      | 5009   | 5344385
   192.0.2.27   | 192.0.2.23    | 192.0.2.2      | 748    | 388934
   192.0.2.56   | 192.0.2.65    | 192.0.2.3      | 5      | 6534
      

            0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7
         +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
         | MCv4 | RES. | RES. |  T   |   IPv6 multicast scope    |
         +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
      

           0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         | R | D | M | D | D | D | D | D |
         | S | F | F | C | C | C | C | C |
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

          0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
        +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
        |     don't care    |    Exp    |
        +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

           0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
       | EOOL | NOP  | SEC  | LSR  |  TS  |E-SEC |CIPSO |  RR  | ...
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

           8      9     10     11     12     13     14     15
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... | SID  | SSR  | ZSU  | MTUP | MTUR | FINN | VISA |ENCODE| ...
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
      

       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... |IMITD | EIP  |  TR  |ADDEXT|RTRALT| SDB  |NSAPA | DPS  | ...
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

          24     25     26     27     28     29     30     31
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... | UMP  |  QS  |   to be assigned by IANA  |  EXP |      |
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
      

              0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
          | Res | FRA1| RH  | FRA0| UNK | Res | HOP | DST |  ...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

              8     9    10    11    12    13    14    15
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... | PAY | AH  | ESP |         Reserved            | ...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

             16    17    18    19    20    21    22    23
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |                  Reserved                     | ...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

             24    25    26    27    28    29    30    31
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |                  Reserved                     |
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

          0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7
      +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      |  Reserved | URG | ACK | PSH | RST | SYN | FIN |
      +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

              0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
          |   0 |   1 |   2 |   3 |   4 |   5 |   6 |   7 |  ...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

              8     9    10    11    12    13    14    15
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |   8 |   9 |  10 |  11 |  12 |  13 |  14 |  15 |...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

             16    17    18    19    20    21    22    23
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |  16 |  17 |  18 |  19 |  20 |  21 |  22 |  23 |...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

             56    57    58    59    60    61    62    63
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |  56 |  57 |  58 |  59 |  60 |  61 |  62 |  63 |
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

             0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
           +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
           | R | D | M | D | D | D | D | D |
           | S | F | F | C | C | C | C | C |
           +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         </artwork>
       </description>
      

             0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
           +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
           |     don't care    |    Exp    |
           +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         </artwork>
       </description>
       <reference>
         <paragraph>
         See RFC 3032 for the specification of the Exp field.
         See RFC 3270 for usage of the Exp field.
         </paragraph>
       </reference>
      

           8      9     10     11     12     13     14     15
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... | SID  | SSR  | ZSU  | MTUP | MTUR | FINN | VISA |ENCODE| ...
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

          16     17     18     19     20     21     22     23
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... |IMITD | EIP  |  TR  |ADDEXT|RTRALT| SDB  |NSAPA | DPS  | ...
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

          24     25     26     27     28     29     30     31
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
   ... | UMP  |  QS  |   to be assigned by IANA  | EXP  |      |
       +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

           Type   Option
       Bit Value  Name    Reference
       ---+-----+-------+------------------------------------
        0     0   EOOL    End of Options List, RFC 791
        1     1   NOP     No Operation, RFC 791
      

              8     9    10    11    12    13    14    15
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... | PAY | AH  | ESP |         Reserved            | ...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

              8     9    10    11    12    13    14    15
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |   8 |   9 |  10 |  11 |  12 |  13 |  14 |  15 |...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

             16    17    18    19    20    21    22    23
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |  16 |  17 |  18 |  19 |  20 |  21 |  22 |  23 |...
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

             56    57    58    59    60    61    62    63
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      ... |  56 |  57 |  58 |  59 |  60 |  61 |  62 |  63 |
          +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
         </artwork>
       </description>
       <reference>
         <paragraph>
         See RFC 793 for the definition of TCP options.
         See the list of TCP option numbers assigned by IANA at http://www.iana.org/assignments/tcp-parameters.
         </paragraph>
       </reference>
     </field>
      

              Uniflow                             Uniflow
 +-------+-------+-----------------+ +-------+-------+-----------------+
 | src A | dst B | counters/values | | src B | dst A | counters/values |
 +-------+-------+-----------------+ +-------+-------+-----------------+
        |       |          |                                   |
        V       V          V                                   V
       +-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
       | src A | dst B | fwd counters/values | rev counters/values |
       +-------+-------+---------------------+---------------------+
                                 Biflow
      

   +-------+   +-------+
   | node  |   | node  |
   +---+---+   +---+---+
       |           |       +---------+
   <===+===========+======>+         +<===> Internet
                           | router  |
                           |    +----+--+
                           +----+  MP   |
                                +-------+
      

                 +---------+               +---------+
            ====>+ access  +====>     ====>+ access  +====>
   Internet      | router  |   Local Net   | router  |      Internet
   (link A) <====+    A    +<====     <====+    B    +<==== (link B)
                 +----+----+               +---------+
                      |
                  +---+---+
                  |  MP   |
                  +-------+
      

            |
            V
       +----+----+          +---------+
   <===+ core    |          | core    +===>
       | router  +<========>+ router  |
   ===>+         |          |         +<===
       +----+----+          +----+----+
            |                    |
        +---+---+                V
        |  MP   |
        +-------+
      

   Net  ^
   Media|a   c   b             s
   Bit  |  a   c  b            s
   Rate |    a   c b           s
        |      a   cb          s
        |        a   c         s
        |          a  bc       s
        |            a b c     s
        |              ab  c   s
        |  Feasible      b   c s
        |   region        ba   s
        |                  b a s c
        |                   b  s   c
        |                    b s a
        |                     bs
        +------------------------------>
      

   Code   Len    Overriding Server Identifier Address
   +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
   | 11  |  n  | a1  | a2  | a3  | a4  |
   +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

         Payload packet #  |  ULP FEC packet that protects at level
                           |          L0             L1
      ---------------------+---------------------------------------
                A          |          #1             #2
                B          |          #1             #2
                C          |          #2             #2
                D          |          #2             #2
      

              +------:--------:---+
   Packet A   |      :        :   |
              +------:------+-:---+
   Packet B   |      :      | :
              +------:--+---+ :
                     :        :
              +------+        :
   ULP #1     |      |        :
              +------+        :
                     :        :
              +------:--+     :
   Packet C   |      :  |     :
              +------:--+-----:-----------------+
   Packet D   |      :        :                 |
              +------:--------:-----------------+
                     :        :
              +------:--------+
   ULP #2     |      :        |
              +------:--------+
              :      :        :
              :<-L0->:<--L1-->:
      

                +--------------+--------------+----------------+
                | Inter-domain | Intra-domain | Status         |
   +------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+
   | PIM-SM     |     Yes      |     Yes      | Active         |
   | PIM-DM     | Not anymore  | Not anymore  | Little use     |
   | BIDIR-PIM  |      No      |     Yes      | Some uptake    |
   | DVMRP      | Not anymore  |  Stub only   | Going out      |
   | MOSPF      |      No      | Not anymore  | Inactive       |
   | CBT        |      No      |     No       | Never deployed |
   | BGMP       |      No      |     No       | Never deployed |
   +------------+--------------+--------------+----------------+
      

                          +----------------+--------------+
                          | Inter-domain   | Intra-domain |
   +--------------------- +----------------+--------------+
   | MP-BGP SAFI=2        |      Yes       |     Yes      |
   | MP-BGP SAFI=3        |  Doesn't work  | Doesn't work |
   | IS-IS multi-topology | Not applicable |     Yes      |
   | OSPF multi-topology  | Not applicable | Few implem.  |
   +----------------------+----------------+--------------+
      

                          +------+------+------------------------------+
                          | IPv4 | IPv6 | Status                       |
   +----------------------+------+------+------------------------------+
   | Bidir single domain  | Yes  | Yes  | OK but for intra-domain only |
   | PIM-SM single domain | Yes  | Yes  | OK                           |
   | PIM-SM with MSDP     | Yes  | No   | De-facto v4 inter-domain ASM |
   | PIM-SM w/ Embedded-RP| No   | Yes  | Best inter-domain ASM option |
   | SSM                  | Yes  | Yes  | No major uptake yet          |
   +----------------------+------+------+------------------------------+
      

                        +------+------+-----------------------+
                        | IPv4 | IPv6 | Deployment            |
   +--------------------+------+------+-----------------------+
   | Static RP          | Yes  | Yes  | Especially in ISPs    |
   | Auto-RP            | Yes  | No   | Legacy deployment     |
   | BSR                | Yes  | Yes  | Some, anycast simpler |
   | Embedded-RP        | No   | Yes  | Growing               |
   +--------------------+------+------+-----------------------+
      

                        +------+------+-----------------------+
                        | IPv4 | IPv6 | Deployment            |
   +--------------------+------+------+-----------------------+
   | Anycast RP w/ MSDP | Yes  | No   | De-facto approach     |
   | Anycast RP w/ PIM  | Yes  | Yes  | Newer approach        |
   | Stateless RP fail. | Yes  | Yes  | Causes disturbance    |
   | BIDIR-PIM          | Yes  | Yes  | Deployed at some sites|
   +--------------------+------+------------------------------+
      

                        +-------+------+----------------------------+
                        | IPv4  | IPv6 | Notes                      |
   +--------------------+-------+------+----------------------------+
   | Host sending       | Yes   | Yes  | No support needed          |
   | Host receiving ASM | IGMP  | MLD  | Any IGMP/MLD version       |
   | Host receiving SSM | IGMPv3| MLDv2| Any version w/ SSM-mapping |
   +--------------------+-------+------+----------------------------+
      

                           +--------+-----+----------------------------+
                           | R-to-R | LAN | Notes                      |
   +-----------------------+--------+-----+----------------------------+
   | Cisco's RGMP          |  Yes   | No  | Replaced by PIM snooping   |
   | PIM snooping          |  Yes   | No  | Security issues in LANs    |
   | IGMP/MLD snooping     |  No    | Yes | Common, IGMPv3 or MLD rare |
   | Multicast Router Disc |  No    | Yes | Few if any implem. yet     |
   | IEEE GMRP and MMRP    |  No    | No  | No host/router deployment  |
   | Cisco's CGMP          |  No    | Yes | Replaced by other snooping |
   +-----------------------+--------+-----+----------------------------+
      

          ?  ?                 +---------+       +------------------+
           ?                   | Access  |       |                  |
           O_/             _-->| Network |------>|"isp1.example.com"|
          /|              /    |    1    |    _->|                  |
           |              |    +---------+   /   +------------------+
         _/ \_            |                 /
                          |    +---------+ /
   User "subscriber@isp1. |    | Access  |/
     example.com"      -- ? -->| Network |
   also known as          |    |    2    |\
     "employee123@corp2.  |    +---------+ \
     example.com"         |                 \
                          |    +---------+   \_  +-------------------+
                          \_   | Access  |     ->|                   |
                            -->| Network |------>|"corp2.example.com"|
                               |   3     |       |                   |
                               +---------+       +-------------------+
      

   NAME                                                    | NUMBER
   --------------------------------------------------------+---------
   1024-bit MODP Group with 160-bit Prime Order Subgroup   |   22
   2048-bit MODP Group with 224-bit Prime Order Subgroup   |   23
   2048-bit MODP Group with 256-bit Prime Order Subgroup   |   24
   192-bit Random ECP Group                                |   25
   224-bit Random ECP Group                                |   26
   256-bit Random ECP Group                                |   19
   384-bit Random ECP Group                                |   20
   521-bit Random ECP Group                                |   21
      

   NAME (NIST)                      |    NUMBER    |    NAME (SECG)
   ---------------------------------+--------------+---------------
   192-bit Random ECP Group         |      19      |    secp192r1
   224-bit Random ECP Group         |      21      |    secp224r1
   256-bit Random ECP Group         |      23      |    secp256r1
   384-bit Random ECP Group         |      24      |    secp384r1
   521-bit Random ECP Group         |      25      |    secp521r1
      

   GROUP                                      |  SYMMETRIC |   RSA
   -------------------------------------------+------------+-------
   1024-bit MODP with 160-bit Prime Subgroup  |        80  |   1024
   2048-bit MODP with 224-bit Prime Subgroup  |       112  |   2048
   2048-bit MODP with 256-bit Prime Subgroup  |       112  |   2048
   192-bit Random ECP Group                   |        80  |   1024
   224-bit Random ECP Group                   |       112  |   2048
   256-bit Random ECP Group                   |       128  |   3072
   384-bit Random ECP Group                   |       192  |   7680
   521-bit Random ECP Group                   |       256  |  15360
      

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------+---------------+--------------+----------------+
   |        NameSpace Length       |   NameSpace Value (variable)  |
   +---------------+---------------+--------------+----------------+
      

       <----- variable ----> <----------- variable ----------->
      +---------------------+----------------------------------+
      |        Fixed        |              Counter             |
      +---------------------+----------------------------------+
      

      +-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
      |    Fixed-Common   |   Fixed-Distinct   |    Counter    |
      +-------------------+--------------------+---------------+
       <---- implicit ---> <------------ explicit ------------>
      

      x  CODE - 229
      x  LENGTH - total length of the value field, it SHOULD be 2
                  times the number of MT components.
      x  VALUE - one or more 2-byte MT components, structured
                 as follows:
                                                          No. of Octets
                      +--------------------------------+
                      |O |A |R |R |        MT ID       |      2
                      +--------------------------------+
      

             ---------/ /-----------
             |    MAC SDU          |
             --------/ /------------
                     ||
                     ||
      MSB            \/                                    LSB
      ---------------------------------------------------------
      | Generic MAC header|  IPv6 Payload              | CRC  |
      ---------------------------------------------------------
      

     -----------                               ----------
     | IPv6 Pkt|                               |IPv6 Pkt|
     -----------                               ----------
        | |                                      /|\
        | |                                       |
     --[SAP]---------------------       ---------[SAP]--------
     ||-| |----------|          |       |        /|\         |
     || \ /        0---->[CID1] |       |     --- |--------  |
     || Downlink   0\/-->[CID2] |       |     |Reconstruct|  |
     || classifiers0/\-->[....] |       |     | (undo PHS)|  |
     ||            0---->[CIDn] |       |     ---   -------  |
     ||--------------|          |       |        /|\         |
     |                          |       |         |          |
     |  {SDU, CID,..}           |       |    {SDU, CID,..}   |
     |       |                  |       |        /|\         |
     |       v                  |       |         |          |
     ------[SAP]-----------------       |-------[SAP]---------
     |     802.16 MAC CPS       |------>|   802.16 MAC CPS   |
     ----------------------------       ----------------------
              BS                                  MS
      

                        -------------------
                        | ----      ASN   |                    |----|
         ----           | |BS|\ R6 -------|    |---------|     | CSN|
         |MS|-----R1----| ---- \---|ASN-GW| R3 |  CSN    | R5  |    |
         ----           |  |R8  /--|------|----|         |-----|Home|
                        | ---- /          |    |  visited|     | NSP|
                        | |BS|/           |    |   NSP   |     |    |
                        | ----            |    |---------|     |    |
                        |       NAP       |         \          |----|
                        -------------------          \---|        /
                                |                        |       /
                                |                     (--|------/----)
                                |R4                  (                )
                                |                   (      ASP network )
                            ---------                ( or Internet    )
                            |  ASN  |                 (              )
                            ---------                   (----------)
      

   |-------|
   | App   |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(to app peer)
   |       |
   |-------|                                   /------      -------
   |       |                                  / IPv6 |      |     |
   | IPv6  |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  /       |      |     |-->
   |       |      ---------------    -------/        |      | IPv6|
   |-------|      |    \Relay/  |    |      |        |- - - |     |
   |       |      |     \   /   |    | GRE  |        |      |     |
   |       |      |      \ /GRE | -  |      |        |      |     |
   |       |- - - |       |-----|    |------|        |      |     |
   | IPv6CS|      |IPv6CS | IP  | -  | IP   |        |      |     |
   | ..... |      |...... |-----|    |------|--------|      |-----|
   |  MAC  |      | MAC   | L2  | -  | L2   |  L2    |- - - | L2  |
   |-------|      |------ |-----|    |----- |--------|      |-----|
   |  PHY  |- - - | PHY   | L1  | -  | L1   |  L1    |- - - | L1  |
    --------      ---------------    -----------------      -------
      

                   +---(AS65002)---+
   (AS65000)--(AS65001)          (AS65004)--10.1.1.0/24
                   +---(AS65003)---+
      

    +-----F(9)---------------G(3)--------+
    |                         |          |
    |                  +------+          |
    |                  |                 |
    |        +---C(2)--+                 |
    |        |         |                 |
   A(1)-----B(2)       +----------------E(5)--10.1.1.0/24
    |        |         |                 |
    |        +---D(2)--+                 |
    |                                    |
    +------------------H(6)--J(7)--K(8)--+
      

      v=0
      o=alice 3203093520 3203093520 IN IP4 movies.example.com
      s=Media with feedback
      t=0 0
      c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0
     +-Alternative one-----------------+
     |m=video 49170 RTP/SAVPF 96       |
     |a=rtpmap:96 H263-2000/90000      |
     |a=rtcp-fb:96 nack                |
     +---------------------------------+
     +-Alternative two-----------------+
     |m=video 49172 RTP/AVPF 96        |
     |a=rtpmap:96 H263-2000/90000      |
     |a=rtcp-fb:96 nack                |
     +---------------------------------+
      

                +------Elect.Signature (CAdES-BES)------+
                |+----------------------------------- + |
                ||+---------+ +----------+            | |
                |||Signer's | |  Signed  |  Digital   | |
                |||Document | |Attributes| Signature  | |
                |||         | |          |            | |
                ||+---------+ +----------+            | |
                |+------------------------------------+ |
                +---------------------------------------+
      

          +------------- Elect.Signature (CAdES-EPES) ---------------+
          |                                                          |
          |+-------------------------------------------------------+ |
          || +-----------+                                         | |
          || |           |   +---------------------------+         | |
          || |           |   |   +----------+            |         | |
          || | Signer's  |   |   |Signature | Signed     | Digital | |
          || | Document  |   |   |Policy ID | Attributes |Signature| |
          || |           |   |   +----------+            |         | |
          || |           |   +---------------------------+         | |
          || +-----------+                                         | |
          |+-------------------------------------------------------+ |
          |                                                          |
          +----------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +-------------------------------------------------CAdES-T ---------+
   |+------ CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES -------+                          |
   ||+-----------------------------------+ | +----------------------+ |
   |||+---------+ +----------+           | | |                      | |
   ||||Signer's | |  Signed  |  Digital  | | | Signature-time-stamp | |
   ||||Document | |Attributes| Signature | | | attribute required   | |
   ||||         | |          |           | | | when using time      | |
   |||+---------+ +----------+           | | | stamps.              | |
   ||+-----------------------------------+ | |                      | |
   |+--------------------------------------+ | or the BES/EPES      | |
   |                                         | shall be time-marked | |
   |                                         |                      | |
   |                                         | Management and       | |
   |                                         | provision of time    | |
   |                                         | mark is the          | |
   |                                         | responsibility of    | |
   |                                         | the TSP.             | |
   |                                         +----------------------+ |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +------------------------- CAdES-C --------------------------------+
   |+----------------------------- CAdES-T ---------+                 |
   ||                                  +----------+ | +-------------+ |
   ||                                  |Timestamp | | |             | |
   ||                                  |attribute | | |             | |
   ||+- CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES ------+|over      | | |             | |
   |||                                ||digital   | | | Complete    | |
   |||+---------++----------+         ||signature | | | certificate | |
   ||||Signer's ||  Signed  | Digital ||is        | | |     and     | |
   ||||Document ||Attributes|Signature||mandatory | | | revocation  | |
   ||||         ||          |         ||if is not | | | references  | |
   |||+---------++----------+         ||timemarked| | |             | |
   ||+--------------------------------++----------+ | |             | |
   |+-----------------------------------------------+ +-------------+ |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

               +<--------------Grace Period --------->+
   ----+-------+-------+--------+---------------------+----------+
       ^       ^       ^        ^                     ^          ^
       |       |       |        |                     |          |
       |       |       |        |                     |          |
   Signature   |     First      |                   Second       |
    creation   |   revocation   |                  revocation    |
     time      |     status     |                    status      |
               |    checking    |                  checking      |
               |                |                                |
           Time-stamp      Certification                       Build
              or              path                            CAdES-C
           time-mark      construction
             over          & verification
           signature
      

   +----------------------- CAdES-X-Long -----------------------------+
   |+------------------------------------ CadES-C --+                 |
   ||                                  +----------+ | +-------------+ |
   ||+------ CAdES -------------------+|Timestamp | | |             | |
   |||                                ||  over    | | | Complete    | |
   |||+---------++----------+         ||digital   | | | certificate | |
   ||||Signer's ||  Signed  | Digital ||signature | | |     and     | |
   ||||Document ||Attributes|Signature||          | | | revocation  | |
   ||||         ||          |         ||Optional  | | |    data     | |
   |||+---------++----------+         ||when      | | |             | |
   ||+--------------------------------+|timemarked| | |             | |
   ||                                  +----------+ | |             | |
   ||                               +-------------+ | +-------------+ |
   ||                               | Complete    | |                 |
   ||                               | certificate | |                 |
   ||                               | and         | |                 |
   ||                               | revocation  | |                 |
   ||                               | references  | |                 |
   ||                               +-------------+ |                 |
   |+-----------------------------------------------+                 |
   |                                                                  |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

  +----------------------- CAdES-X-Type 1 ------------------------------+
  |+-------------------------------------- CAdES-C -----+               |
  ||                                    +-------------+ | +-----------+ |
  ||+--------- CAdES ------------------+| Timestamp   | | |           | |
  |||                                  || over        | | |           | |
  |||+---------++----------+           || digital     | | |           | |
  ||||Signer's ||  Signed  |  Digital  || signature   | | | Timestamp | |
  ||||Document ||Attributes| Signature ||             | | |   over    | |
  ||||         ||          |           || Optional    | | | CAdES-C   | |
  |||+---------++----------+           || when        | | |           | |
  ||+----------------------------------+| time-marked | | |           | |
  ||                                    +-------------+ | |           | |
  ||                                    +-------------+ | +-----------+ |
  ||                                    | Complete    | |               |
  ||                                    | certificate | |               |
  ||                                    | and         | |               |
  ||                                    | revocation  | |               |
  ||                                    | references  | |               |
  ||                                    +-------------+ |               |
  |+----------------------------------------------------+               |
  +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+------------------------- CAdES-X-Type 2 ----------------------------+
|+----------------------------------------CAdES-C ---+                |
||                                     +------------+|                |
||+----- CAdES -----------------------+| Timestamp  ||                |
|||                                   || over       ||                |
|||+---------+ +----------+           || digital    || +-------------+|
||||Signer's | |  Signed  |  Digital  || signature  || | Time-stamp  ||
||||Document | |Attributes| signature ||            || | only over   ||
||||         | |          |           || optional   || | complete    ||
|||+---------+ +----------+           || when       || | certificate ||
||+-----------------------------------+| timemarked || |    and      ||
||                                     +------------+| | revocation  ||
||                                   +-------------+ | | references  ||
||                                   | Complete    | | +-------------+|
||                                   | certificate | |                |
||                                   | and         | |                |
||                                   | revocation  | |                |
||                                   | references  | |                |
||                                   +-------------+ |                |
|+---------------------------------------------------+                |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +------------------ CAdES-X Long Type 1 or 2 -----------------------+
   |                                                   +--------------+|
   |+-------------------------------------- CAdES-C --+|+------------+||
   ||                                                 ||| Timestamp  |||
   ||+------- CAdES --------------------++----------+ |||   over     |||
   |||                                  ||Timestamp | |||  CAdES-C   |||
   |||                                  ||over      | ||+------------+||
   |||+---------++----------+           ||digital   | ||      OR      ||
   ||||Signer's ||  Signed  | Digital   ||signature | ||+------------+||
   ||||Document ||Attributes| signature ||          | ||| Timestamp  |||
   ||||         ||          |           ||Optional  | ||| only over  |||
   |||+---------++----------+           ||when      | ||| complete   |||
   ||+----------------------------------+|timemarked| ||| certificate|||
   ||                                    +----------+ |||    and     |||
   ||                                                 ||| Revocation |||
   ||                                 +-------------+ ||| References |||
   ||                                 | Complete    | ||+------------+||
   ||                                 | certificate | |+--------------+|
   ||                                 | and         | | +------------+ |
   ||                                 | revocation  | | | Complete   | |
   ||                                 | references  | | |certificate | |
   ||                                 +-------------+ | |   and      | |
   |+-------------------------------------------------+ |revocation  | |
   |                                                    |  value     | |
   |                                                    +------------+ |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

  +---------------------------CAdES-A ---------------------------------+
  |+----------------------------------------------------+              |
  ||                                    +--------------+| +----------+ |
  ||+----------------------CAdES-C ----+|+------------+|| |          | |
  |||                     +----------+ ||| Timestamp  ||| |          | |
  |||+---- CAdES-BES ----+|Timestamp | |||    over    ||| |          | |
  ||||    or CAdeS-EPES  ||  over    | |||   CAdES-C  ||| |  Archive | |
  ||||                   ||digital   | ||+------------+|| |          | |
  ||||                   ||signature | ||      or      || |Timestamp | |
  ||||                   ||          | ||+------------+|| |          | |
  ||||                   ||Optional  | ||| Timestamp  ||| |          | |
  ||||                   ||when      | ||| only over  ||| |          | |
  ||||                   ||Timemarked| ||| complete   ||| |          | |
  |||+-------------------+|          | ||| certificate||| +----------+ |
  |||                     +----------+ |||    and     |||              |
  |||                  +-------------+ ||| revocation |||              |
  |||                  | Complete    | ||| references |||              |
  |||                  | certificate | ||+------------+||              |
  |||                  | and         | |+--------------+|              |
  |||                  | revocation  | | +------------+ |              |
  |||                  | references  | | |  Complete  | |              |
  |||                  +-------------+ | |certificate | |              |
  |||                                  | |    and     | |              |
  ||+----------------------------------+ |revocation  | |              |
  ||                                     |  values    | |              |
  ||                                     +------------+ |              |
  |+----------------------------------------------------+              |
  +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+---------------------- CAdES-X-Long --------------------------------+
|+-------------------------------------- CAdES-C ---+                |
||                                     +----------+ | +-------------+|
||+----- CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES ----+ |Timestamp | | |             ||
|||                                  | |over      | | | Complete    ||
|||+---------++----------++---------+| |digital   | | | certificate ||
||||         ||          ||         || |signature | | |    and      ||
||||Signer's ||  Signed  ||Digital  || |          | | | revocation  ||
||||Document ||Attributes||signature|| |Optional  | | |    data     ||
||||         ||          ||         || |when      | | |             ||
|||+---------++----------++---------+| |timemarked| | |             ||
||+----------------------------------+ +----------+ | |             ||
||                                     +-----------+| +-------------+|
||                                     |Complete   ||                |
||                                     |certificate||                |
||                                     |and        ||                |
||                                     |revocation ||                |
||                                     |references ||                |
||                                     +-----------+|                |
|+--------------------------------------------------+                |
|                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+------------------------ CAdES-X-Type 1 ----------------------------+
|+---------------------------------- CAdES-C ------+                 |
||                                    +----------+ | +-------------+ |
||+--- CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES ------+|Timestamp | | |             | |
|||                                  ||over      | | |             | |
|||+---------++----------++---------+||digital   | | |             | |
||||Signer's ||  Signed  || Digital |||signature | | | Timestamp   | |
||||Document ||Attributes||signature|||          | | |    over     | |
||||         ||          ||         |||Optional  | | |   CAdES-C   | |
|||+---------++----------++---------+||when      | | |             | |
||+----------------------------------+|timemarked| | |             | |
||                                    +----------+ | |             | |
||                                    +-----------+| +-------------+ |
||                                    |Complete   ||                 |
||                                    |certificate||                 |
||                                    |   and     ||                 |
||                                    |revocation ||                 |
||                                    |references ||                 |
||                                    +-----------+|                 |
|+-------------------------------------------------+                 |
|                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+----------------------- CAdES-X-Type 2 -----------------------------+
|+-------------------------------------- CAdES-C --+                 |
||                                    +----------+ |                 |
||+-- CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES -------+|Timestamp | |                 |
|||                                  ||over      | |                 |
|||+---------++----------++---------+||digital   | | +-------------+ |
||||         ||          ||         |||Signature | | | Timestamp   | |
||||Signer's ||  Signed  || Digital |||          | | | only over   | |
||||Document ||Attributes||signature|||Optional  | | | Complete    | |
||||         ||          ||         |||when      | | | certificate | |
|||+---------++----------++---------+||Timemarked| | |    and      | |
||+----------------------------------++----------+ | | revocation  | |
||                                    +-----------+| | references  | |
||                                    |Complete   || +-------------+ |
||                                    |certificate||                 |
||                                    |and        ||                 |
||                                    |revocation ||                 |
||                                    |references ||                 |
||                                    +-----------+|                 |
|+-------------------------------------------------+                 |
|                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +---------------------- CAdES-X-Type 1 or 2 ------------------------+
   |                                                   +--------------+|
   |+-------------------------------------- CAdES-C --+|+------------+||
   ||                                    +----------+ ||| Timestamp  |||
   ||+-- CAdES-BES or CAdES-EPES -------+|Timestamp | |||    over    |||
   |||                                  ||over      | |||  CAdES-C   |||
   |||+---------++----------++---------+||digital   | | +------------+ |
   ||||         ||          ||         |||signature | ||      or      ||
   ||||Signer's ||  Signed  || Digital |||          | ||+------------+||
   ||||Document ||Attributes||Signature|||Optional  | ||| Timestamp  |||
   ||||         ||          ||         |||when      | ||| only over  |||
   |||+---------++----------++---------+||timemarked| ||| complete   |||
   ||+----------------------------------++----------+ ||| certificate|||
   ||                                                 |||    and     |||
   ||                                    +-----------+||| revocation |||
   ||                                    |Complete   |||| references |||
   ||                                    |certificate|||+------------+||
   ||                                    |and        ||+--------------+|
   ||                                    |revocation || +------------+ |
   ||                                    |references || |Complete    | |
   ||                                    +-----------+| |certificate | |
   |+-------------------------------------------------+ |   and      | |
   |                                                    |revocation  | |
   |                                                    |  values    | |
   |                                                    +------------+ |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+--------------------------- CAdES-A---------------------------------+
|+----------------------------------------------------+              |
||                                    +--------------+| +----------+ |
||+--------------------- CAdES-C ----+|+------------+|| |          | |
|||                     +----------+ ||| Timestamp  ||| |          | |
|||+-- CAdES-BES ------+|Timestamp | |||   over     ||| |          | |
||||   or CAdES-EPES   ||over      | |||  CAdES-C   ||| |  Archive | |
||||                   ||digital   | ||+------------+|| |          | |
||||                   ||signature | ||     or       || |Timestamp | |
||||                   ||          | ||+------------+|| |          | |
||||                   ||optional  | ||| Timestamp  ||| |          | |
||||                   ||when      | ||| only over  ||| |          | |
||||                   ||timemarked| ||| complete   ||| |          | |
|||+-------------------++----------+ ||| certificate||| +----------+ |
|||                                  |||    and     |||              |
|||                   +-------------+||| revocation |||              |
|||                   | Complete    |||| references |||              |
|||                   | certificate |||+------------+||              |
|||                   | and         ||+--------------+|              |
|||                   | revocation  || +------------+ |              |
|||                   | references  || |Complete    | |              |
|||                   +-------------+| |certificate | |              |
||+----------------------------------+ |   and      | |              |
||                                     |revocation  | |              |
||                                     |  values    | |              |
||                                     +------------+ |              |
|+----------------------------------------------------+              |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

+------------------------------------------ CAdES-C -------------+
|+------------------------------- CAdES-T ------+                |
||+-------------- CAdES ------------+           |                |
|||+--------------------++---------+|+---------+|  +-----------+ |
|||| ________           ||         |||Timestamp||  |Complete   | |
|||||Sign.Pol|          ||Digital  |||over     ||  |certificate| |
|||||  Id.   | Signed   ||signature|||digital  ||  |   and     | |
||||| option.|attributes||         |||signature||  |revocation | |
|||||________|          |+---------+|+---------+|  |references | |
|||+--------------------+           |    ^      |  +-----------+ |
||+---------------------------------+    |      |        ^       |
||                     1 |              /       |        |       |
|+---------------------- | ------------/--------+        |       |
+----------------------- | ---------- / --------------- / -------+
                         |           /2    ----3--------
      +----------+       |          /     /
      |          |       v         /     |
      | Signer's |      +---------------------+     +-------------+
      | document |----->| Validation Process  |---->|- Valid      |
      |          |      +---------------------+ 4   |- Invalid    |
      +----------+           |  ^       |  ^        |- Validation |
                             v  |       v  |        |  Incomplete |
                         +---------+ +--------+     +-------------+
                         |Signature| |Trusted |
                         | Policy  | |Service |
                         | Issuer  | |Provider|
                         +---------+ +--------+
      

+----------------------------------------------------- CAdES-X Long -+
|+------------------------------- CAdES-C -------------+             |
||+-------------- CAdES ------------+                  |             |
|||+--------------------++---------+|+---------+       |+-----------+|
|||| ________           ||         |||Timestamp|       ||Complete   ||
|||||Sign.Pol|          ||Digital  |||over     |       ||certificate||
|||||  Id.   | Signed   ||signature|||digital  |       ||   and     ||
||||| option.|attributes||         |||signature|       ||revocation ||
|||||________|          ||         ||+---------+       ||  values   ||
|||+--------------------++---------+|  ^  +-----------+|+-----------+|
||+---------------------------------+  |  |Complete   ||      ^      |
||                         |           |  |certificate||      |      |
||                         |         2 |  |   and     ||      |      |
||                         |           |  |revocation ||      |      |
||                         |           |  |references ||      |      |
||                       1 |          /   +-----------+|      |      |
|+------------------------ | ------- / --------- ^-----+     /       |
+------------------------- | ------ / ---------- |--------- / -------+
                           |       /      ----- /  ------- /
      +----------+         |      /      /  3     /   5
      |          |         v     |      |        |
      | Signer's |      +--------------------+      +-----------+
      | document |----->| Validation Process |----->| - Valid   |
      |          |      +--------------------+  4   | - Invalid |
      +----------+          |  ^       |  ^         +-----------+
                            v  |       v  |
                        +---------+ +--------+
                        |Signature| |Trusted |
                        | Policy  | |Service |
                        | Issuer  | |Provider|
                        +---------+ +--------+
      

+------------------------------------------------ CAdES-X Type 1 -----+
|+------------------------------- CAdES-C ------------------+         |
||+-------------- CAdES ------------+                       |         |
|||+--------------------++---------+|+---------++----------+|+-------+|
|||| ________           ||         |||Timestamp|| Complete |||       ||
|||||Sign.Pol|          ||Digital  |||over     ||  cert.   |||Time-  ||
|||||  Id.   | Signed   ||signature|||digital  ||   and    |||stamp  ||
||||| option.|attributes||         |||signature||  revoc.  ||| over  ||
|||||________|          |+---------+|+---------+|references|||CAdES-C||
|||+--------------------+           |    ^      |          |||       ||
||+---------------------------------+    |      +----------+|+-------+|
||                         |             |            ^     |    ^    |
||                       1 |            /             |     |    |    |
|+------------------------ | --------- / ----------- / -----+    |    |
+------------------------- | -------- / ----------- / --------- / ----+
                           |       2 /     ---3----            /
      +----------+         |        /    /   -----------5------
      |          |         v       |    |  /
      | Signer's |      +--------------------+       +-----------+
      | document |----->| Validation Process |-----> | - Valid   |
      |          |      +--------------------+  4    | - Invalid |
      +----------+          |  ^       |  ^          +-----------+
                            v  |       v  |
                        +---------+ +--------+
                        |Signature| |Trusted |
                        | Policy  | |Service |
                        | Issuer  | |Provider|
                        +---------+ +--------+
      

+-------------------------------------------- CAdES-X Type 2 --------+
|+------------------------------- CAdES-C -------------+             |
||+-------------- CAdES ------------+                  |             |
|||+--------------------++---------+|+---------+       |+-----------+|
|||| ________           ||         |||Timestamp|       ||Timestamp  ||
|||||Sign.Pol|          ||         |||over     |       ||   over    ||
|||||  Id.   | Signed   ||Digital  |||digital  |       ||complete   ||
||||| option.|attributes||signature|||signature|       ||certificate||
|||||________|          ||         |||         |       ||           ||
|||+--------------------++---------+|+---------+       ||   and     ||
||+---------------------------------+  ^  +-----------+||revocation ||
||                         |           |  |Complete   |||references ||
||                         |           |  |certificate||+-----------+|
||                         |           |  |   and     ||     ^       |
||                       1 |         2 |  |revocation ||     |       |
||                         |           |  |references ||     |       |
||                         |           |  +-----------+|     |       |
|+------------------------ | --------- | --- ^ --------+     |       |
|                          |           |   3 |              /        |
|                          |           |    /    ----------          |
|                          |          /    /    /   6                |
|                          |         /    /    /                     |
|                          |        /    /    /                      |
+------------------------- | ----- | -- | -- / ----------------------+
                           |       |    |   |
                           v       |    |   |
                        +--------------------+      +-----------+
                        | Validation Process |----->| - Valid   |
                        +--------------------+  4   | - Invalid |
                            |  ^       |  ^         +-----------+
                            v  |       v  |
                        +---------+ +--------+
                        |Signature| |Trusted |
                        | Policy  | |Service |
                        | Issuer  | |Provider|
                        +---------+ +--------+
      

+----------------------------- CAdES-A ---------------------------+
|                                                                 |
|  +-- CAdES-X Long Type 1 or 2  ----------+                      |
|  |                                       |   +------------+     |
|  |                                       |   |            |     |
|  |                                       |   |  Archive   |     |
|  |                                       |   | Time-stamp |     |
|  |                                       |   |            |     |
|  |                                       |   +------------+     |
|  +---------------------------------------+         ^            |
|  +----------+          ^   ^   ^   ^               |            |
|  |          |          |   |   |   |              /             |
|  | Signers' |          |   |   |   |             /              |
|  | Document |\         |   |   |   |            /               |
|  |          | \ 1    2 | 3 | 5 | 6 |         7 /                |
|  +----------+  \       |   |   |   |          /                 |
|                 \      |   |   |   |         /                  |
+----------------- \ --- | - | - | - | ------ / ------------------+
                    \    |   |   |   |       |
                     |   |   |   |   |       |
                     |   |   |   |   |       |
                     v   v   |   |   |       |
                 +-----------------------------+      +-----------+
                 |      Validation Process     |----->| - Valid   |
                 +-----------------------------+  4   | - Invalid |
                     |  ^       |  ^                  +-----------+
                     v  |       v  |
                 +---------+ +--------+
                 |Signature| |Trusted |
                 | Policy  | |Service |
                 | Issuer  | |Provider|
                 +---------+ +--------+
      

        +-------------++----------++-------------++------------+
        |             ||          ||             ||            |
        |   S/MIME    ||  CAdES   ||    MIME     ||  pdf file  |
        |             ||          ||             ||            |
        |Content-Type=||SignedData||Content-Type=||Dear MrSmith|
        |application/ || eContent ||application/ ||Received    |
        |pkcs7-mime   ||          ||pdf          ||  100 tins  |
        |             ||          ||             ||            |
        |smime-type=  ||     /|   ||       /|    ||  Mr.Jones  |
        |signed-data  ||    / -----+      / ------+            |
        |             ||    \ -----+      \ ------+            |
        |             ||     \|   ||       \|    |+------------+
        |             ||          |+-------------+
        |             |+----------+
        +-------------+
      

   +---------------++----------++-------------++------------+
   |               ||          ||             ||            |
   |     MIME      ||  CAdES   ||    MIME     ||  pdf file  |
   |               ||          ||             ||            |
   |Content-Type=  ||SignedData||Content-Type=||Dear MrSmith|
   |multipart/     ||          ||application/ ||Received    |
   |signed         ||          ||pdf          ||  100 tins  |
   |        /|     ||          ||             ||            |
   |       / -------------------+        /|   ||  Mr.Jones  |
   |       \ -------------------+       / -----+            |
   |        \|     ||          ||       \ -----+            |
   |Content-Type=  ||          ||        \|   |+------------+
   |application/   ||          |+-------------+
   |pdf            ||          |
   |               ||          |
   |Content-Type=  ||          |
   |application/   ||          |
   |pkcs7-signature||          |
   |               ||          |
   |        /|     ||          |
   |       / -------+          |
   |       \ -------+          |
   |        \|     ||----------+
   |               |
   +---------------+
      

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 |Treatment |    Tolerance to    ||Service Class  |    Tolerance to    |
 |Aggregate | Loss |Delay |Jitter||               | Loss |Delay |Jitter|
 |==========+======+======+======++===============+======+======+======|
 | Network  | Low  | Low  | Yes  || Network       |  Low |  Low | Yes  |
 | Control  |      |      |      || Control       |      |      |      |
 |==========+======+======+======++===============+======+======+======|
 | Real-    | Very | Very | Very ||  Telephony    | VLow | VLow | VLow |
 | Time     | Low  | Low  | Low  ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||   Signaling   | Low  | Low  | Yes  |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||  Multimedia   |Low - | Very | Low  |
 |          |      |      |      || Conferencing  |Medium| Low  |      |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||   Real-time   | Low  | Very | Low  |
 |          |      |      |      ||  Interactive  |      | Low  |      |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||   Broadcast   | Very |Medium| Low  |
 |          |      |      |      ||     Video     | Low  |      |      |
 |==========+======+======+======++===============+======+======+======|
 | Assured  | Low  |Low - | Yes  ||  Multimedia   |Low - |Medium| Yes  |
 | Elastic  |      |Medium|      ||   Streaming   |Medium|      |      |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||  Low-Latency  | Low  |Low - | Yes  |
 |          |      |      |      ||      Data     |      |Medium|      |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||      OAM      | Low  |Medium| Yes  |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      ||High-Throughput| Low  |Medium| Yes  |
 |          |      |      |      ||      Data     |      |- High|      |
 |==========+======+======+======++===============+======+======+======|
 | Elastic  |  Not Specified     ||   Standard    |  Not Specified     |
 |          |      |      |      ||---------------+------+------+------|
 |          |      |      |      || Low-Priority  | High | High | Yes  |
 |          |      |      |      ||      Data     |      |      |      |
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

    ------------------------------------------------------------
   |Treatment |Treatment || DSCP                                |
   |Aggregate |Aggregate ||                                     |
   |          |Behavior  ||                                     |
   |==========+==========++=====================================|
   | Network  | CS       || CS6                                 |
   | Control  |(RFC 2474)||                                     |
   |==========+==========++=====================================|
   | Real-    | EF       || EF, CS5, AF41, AF42, AF43, CS4, CS3 |
   | Time     |(RFC 3246)||                                     |
   |==========+==========++=====================================|
   | Assured  | AF       || CS2, AF31, AF21, AF11               |
   | Elastic  |(RFC 2597)||-------------------------------------|
   |          |          || AF32, AF22, AF12                    |
   |          |          ||-------------------------------------|
   |          |          || AF33, AF23, AF13                    |
   |==========+==========++=====================================|
   | Elastic  | Default  || Default, (CS0)                      |
   |          |(RFC 2474)||-------------------------------------|
   |          |          || CS1                                 |
    ------------------------------------------------------------
      

    -------------------------------------------
   |Treatment || MPLS ||  DSCP   |   DSCP      |
   |Aggregate || EXP  ||  name   |   value     |
   |==========++======++=========|=============|
   | Network  || 110  ||  CS6    |   110000    |
   | Control  ||      ||         |             |
   |==========++======++=========|=============|
   | Real-    || 100  ||  EF     |   101110    |
   | Time     ||      ||---------|-------------|
   |          ||      ||  CS5    |   101000    |
   |          ||      ||---------|-------------|
   |          ||      ||AF41,AF42|100010,100100|
   |          ||      ||  AF43   |   100110    |
   |          ||      ||---------|-------------|
   |          ||      ||  CS4    |   100000    |
   |          ||      ||---------|-------------|
   |          ||      ||  CS3    |   011000    |
   |==========++======++=========|=============|
   | Assured  || 010* ||  CS2    |   010000    |
   | Elastic  ||      ||  AF31   |   011010    |
   |          ||      ||  AF21   |   010010    |
   |          ||      ||  AF11   |   001010    |
   |          ||------||---------|-------------|
   |          || 011* ||  AF32   |   011100    |
   |          ||      ||  AF22   |   010100    |
   |          ||      ||  AF12   |   001100    |
   |          ||      ||  AF33   |   011110    |
   |          ||      ||  AF23   |   010110    |
   |          ||      ||  AF13   |   001110    |
   |==========++======++=========|=============|
   | Elastic  || 000* || Default |   000000    |
   |          ||      || (CS0)   |             |
   |          ||------||---------|-------------|
   |          || 001* ||  CS1    |   001000    |
    -------------------------------------------
      

                           Registry, Discovery
                           Combined with Relay
                                 Server S
                            192.0.2.128:20001
                                     |
        +----------------------------+----------------------------+
        | ^ Registry/              ^   ^ Registry/              ^ |
        | | Relay-Req Session(A-S) |   | Relay-Req Session(B-S) | |
        | | 192.0.2.128:20001      |   |  192.0.2.128:20001     | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000        |   |  192.0.2.254:31000     | |
        |                                                         |
      +--------------+                                 +--------------+
      | 192.0.2.1    |                                 | 192.0.2.254  |
      |              |                                 |              |
      |    NAT A     |                                 |    NAT B     |
      +--------------+                                 +--------------+
        |                                                         |
        | ^ Registry/              ^   ^ Registry/              ^ |
        | | Relay-Req Session(A-S) |   | Relay-Req Session(B-S) | |
        | |  192.0.2.128:20001     |   |  192.0.2.128:20001     | |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234      |   |     10.1.1.3:1234      | |
        |                                                         |
     Client A                                                 Client B
     10.0.0.1:1234                                        10.1.1.3:1234
      

                          Registry and Discovery
                                 Server S
                            192.0.2.128:20001
                                     |
        +----------------------------+----------------------------+
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^     ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
        | | 192.0.2.128:20001     |     |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000       |     |  192.0.2.254:1234     | |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^     |  P2P Session (B-A)    | |
        | | 192.0.2.254:1234      |     |  192.0.2.1:62000      | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000       |     v  192.0.2.254:1234     v |
        |                                                         |
      +--------------+                                            |
      | 192.0.2.1    |                                            |
      |              |                                            |
      |    NAT A     |                                            |
      +--------------+                                            |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^                               |
        | |  192.0.2.128:20001    |                               |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |                               |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^                               |
        | |  192.0.2.254:1234     |                               |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |                               |
        |                                                         |
     Private Client A                                 Public Client B
     10.0.0.1:1234                                    192.0.2.254:1234
      

                      Registry and Discovery Combined
                            with Limited Relay
                                 Server S
                             192.0.2.128:20001
                                     |
        +----------------------------+----------------------------+
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^     ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
        | | 192.0.2.128:20001     |     |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000       |     |  192.0.2.254:31000    | |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^     ^  P2P Session (B-A)    ^ |
        | | 192.0.2.254:31000     |     |  192.0.2.1:62000      | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000       |     |  192.0.2.254:31000    | |
        |                                                         |
      +--------------+                                 +--------------+
      | 192.0.2.1    |                                 | 192.0.2.254  |
      |              |                                 |              |
      | EIM-NAT A    |                                 | EIM-NAT B    |
      +--------------+                                 +--------------+
        |                                                         |
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^     ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
        | |  192.0.2.128:20001    |     |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |     |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^     ^  P2P Session (B-A)    ^ |
        | |  192.0.2.254:31000    |     |  192.0.2.1:62000      | |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |     |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
        |                                                         |
     Client A                                                 Client B
     10.0.0.1:1234                                        10.1.1.3:1234
      

                     Registry and Discovery Combined
                           with Limited Relay
                                Server S
                            192.0.2.128:20001
                                    |
         ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^  | ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^
         | 192.0.2.128:20001     |  | |  192.0.2.128:20001    |
         | 192.0.2.1:62000       |  | |  192.0.2.1:62001      |
                                    |
                             +--------------+
                             | 192.0.2.1    |
                             |              |
                             |   EIM-NAT    |
                             +--------------+
                                    |
      +-----------------------------+----------------------------+
      | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^      ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
      | |  192.0.2.128:20001    |      |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
      | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |      |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
      |                                                          |
      | ^ P2P Session-try1(A-B) ^      ^ P2P Session-try1(B-A) ^ |
      | | 192.0.2.1:62001       |      |  192.0.2.1:62000      | |
      | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |      |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
      |                                                          |
      | ^ P2P Session-try2(A-B) ^      ^ P2P Session-try2(B-A) ^ |
      | |     10.1.1.3:1234     |      |     10.0.0.1:1234     | |
      | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |      |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
      |                                                          |
   Client A                                                   Client B
   10.0.0.1:1234                                         10.1.1.3:1234
      

                          Registry and Discovery
                                 Server S
                             192.0.2.128:20001
                                     |
                                     |
        +----------------------------+----------------------------+
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^     ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
        | | 192.0.2.128:20001     |     |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62000       |     |  192.0.2.254:31000    | |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^     ^  P2P Session (B-A)    ^ |
        | | 192.0.2.254:31001     |     |  192.0.2.1:62001      | |
        | | 192.0.2.1:62001       |     |  192.0.2.254:31001    | |
        |                                                         |
   +---------------------+                       +--------------------+
   | 192.0.2.1           |                       |        192.0.2.254 |
   |                     |                       |                    |
   |    NAT A            |                       |        NAT B       |
   | (Endpoint-Dependent |                       | (Endpoint-Dependent|
   |  Mapping)           |                       |  Mapping)          |
   +---------------------+                       +--------------------+
        |                                                         |
        | ^ Registry Session(A-S) ^     ^ Registry Session(B-S) ^ |
        | |  192.0.2.128:20001    |     |  192.0.2.128:20001    | |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |     |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
        |                                                         |
        | ^ P2P Session (A-B)     ^     ^ P2P Session (B-A)     ^ |
        | |  192.0.2.254:31001    |     |  192.0.2.1:62001      | |
        | |     10.0.0.1:1234     |     |     10.1.1.3:1234     | |
        |                                                         |
     Client A                                                 Client B
     10.0.0.1:1234                                        10.1.1.3:1234
      

                        R2--------R3--------R4
                 L2     /                    \
                 - - - /- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                 L1   /                        \
                    R1----1.1.1.0/24 (A)       R5
                                                |
                                                |
                                          1.1.2.0/24 (B)
      

                            +-------------+
                 +------+   |  DSL modem  |    +------------+
                 | host +---+     or      +-//-+ WAN Router |
                 +------+   | cable modem |    +------------+
                            +-------------+
      

         |                                                 ||
         |                                  ---------------||
         | Carol La.                           Carol La.   || Bob
         |                                                 || St.
         |              West Alice Pde.                    ||
    ==========/=================/===============/==========||===========
       Sec.1       Sec.2           Sec.3   |       Sec.4   ||   Sec.5
                                           |               ||
                                 ----------| Carol         ||
                                  Alley 2  |  La.          ||
                                           |               ||
      

                                                 +---------+
                                                 |         |
                                                 |   GW    |
                                              >  +---------+
                                            //
                                          //
    SIP                                 //       +---------+
   <---->                             //         |         |
      +-------------------------+   //           |   GW    |
      |                         | //             +---------+
      |    +-------------+      |/
      |    |             |      |
      |    |  Routing    |      |                +---------+   TO PSTN
      |    |   Proxy     |      |                |         |
   --->    |             |      |----------->    |   GW    | ----->
      |+---+-----+ +-----+----+ |                +---------+
      ||         | |          | |
      ||        <+-+          | |--
      ||Egress LS| |Ingress LS| |  ---           +---------+
      ||         | |          | |     --         |         |
      |+---------+ +----------+ |       --       |   GW    |
      |                         |         --     +---------+
      |                         |           -->
      +-------------------------+
    TRIP                                         +---------+
   <---->                                        |         |
                                                 |   GW    |
                                                 +---------+
      

   +------------+--------------//--+------------+--------------//--+-
   |   Length1  |    Prefix1       |   Length2  |   Prefix2        | ...
   +------------+--------------//--+------------+--------------//--+-
      

   +-----------+--------------//--+-----------+--------------//--+-
   |  Length1  |  TrunkGroup 1    |  Length2  |  TrunkGroup 2    | ...
   +-----------+--------------//--+-----------+--------------//--+-
      

   +-----------+--------------//--+-----------+--------------//--+-
   |  Length1  |  Carrier 1       |  Length2  |  Carrier 2       | ...
   +-----------+--------------//--+-----------+--------------//--+-
      

    +-------------------------------------------------------+
    |                    +-------------------------------+  |
    |                    |     +-+  +-+                  |  | TGREP
    |                    |     |A|  |C|                  |  |    +-----+
    |                    |     |g|  |o|                  |  |    |     |
    |   +-------------+  |     |g|  |n|  +-------------+ |  |  --| GW  |
    |   |             |  |     |r|  |s|  |             | |  |    +-----+
    |   |    TRIP     |  |     |e|  |o|  |             | |  +---
    |   |     LS    <----------|g<--|l<---    TGREP    |-++-|    +-----+
    |   |             |  |     |a|  |i|  |   Session   | |  |    |     |
    |   |  (I-TRIP/   |  |     |t|  |d|  |  Management |-++-+----| GW  |
    |   |   E-TRIP)   |  |     |i|  |a|  |             | |  |    +-----+
    |   | (Egress LS) |  |     |o|  |t|  |             |-+  +---
    |   +-----------/-+  |     |n|  |i|  +-------------+ |  |    +-----+
    |              /     |     | |  |o|                  |  |  --|     |
    |             /      |     | |  |n|    (Ingress LS)  |  |    | GW  |
    |            /       |     +-+  +-+                  |  |    +-----+
    |           /        |              TGREP Receiver   |  |
    |          /         +-------------------------------+  |
    |         /                                             |
    |        /                                              |
    +-------/-----------------------------------------------+
           /                            LS/Proxy
          /
         /
        /
       /
      /
    +/----------------+
    |                 |
    |                 |
    |                 |
    |       LS        |
    |                 |
    |                 |
    |                 |
    |                 |
    |                 |
    +-----------------+
      

   +---+---+---+----------------------------------------------+
   | D | N | P |         Interpretation                       |
   +---+---+---+-------------+--------------------------------+
   | 0 | 0 | 0 | Normal Mode | No Ptr Adjustment              |
   | 0 | 0 | 1 | Normal Mode | Positive Ptr Adjustment        |
   | 0 | 1 | 0 | Normal Mode | Negative Ptr Adjustment        |
   | 0 | 1 | 1 | Normal Mode | AIS-P                          |
   |   |   |   |             |                                |
   | 1 | 0 | 0 | DBA Mode    | STS SPE Unequipped             |
   | 1 | 0 | 1 | DBA Mode    | STS SPE Unequipped Pos Ptr Adj |
   | 1 | 1 | 0 | DBA Mode    | STS SPE Unequipped Neg Ptr Adj |
   | 1 | 1 | 1 | DBA Mode    | AIS-P                          |
   +---+---+---+-------------+--------------------------------+
      

             +------------+              +---------------+
             |            |              |               |
   SONET --> |    CEM     | --> PSN  --> |      CEM      | --> SONET
    SDH      | Packetizer |              | De-Packetizer |      SDH
             |            |              |               |
             +------------+              +---------------+
      

   .................  ..........................  ..................
   :      MPLS      :  :          GMPLS         :  :     MPLS       :
   :+---+  +---+   +----+         +---+        +----+   +---+  +---+:
   :|R1 |__|R11|___| G1 |_________|G3 |________| G5 |___|R31|__|R3 |:
   :+---+  +---+   +----+         +-+-+        +----+   +---+  +---+:
   :      ________/ :  :  _______/  |   _____ / :  :  ________/     :
   :     /          :  : /          |  /        :  : /              :
   :+---+  +---+   +----+         +-+-+        +----+   +---+  +---+:
   :|R2 |__|R21|___| G2 |_________|G4 |________| G6 |___|R41|__|R4 |:
   :+---+  +---+   +----+         +---+        +----+   +---+  +---+:
   :................:  :........................:  :................:

      |<-------------------------------------------------------->|
                                  e2e LSP
      

   ............................  .............................
   :            MPLS          :  :       GMPLS (PSC)         :
   :+---+        +---+       +----+        +---+        +---+:
   :|R1 |________|R11|_______| G1 |________|G3 |________|G5 |:
   :+---+        +---+       +----+        +-+-+        +---+:
   :      ______/  |   _____/ :  :  ______/  |   ______/     :
   :     /         |  /       :  : /         |  /            :
   :+---+        +---+       +----+        +-+-+        +---+:
   :|R2 |________|R21|_______| G2 |________|G4 |________|G6 |:
   :+---+        +---+       +----+        +---+        +---+:
   :..........................:  :...........................:

     |<-------------------------------------------------->|
                             e2e LSP
      

       --------------    -------------------------    --------------
      | MPLS Client  |  |   GMPLS Server Network  |  |  MPLS Client |
      |   Network    |  |                         |  |    Network   |
      |              |  |                         |  |              |
      |     ----   --+--+--    -----   -----    --+--+--   ----     |
      |    |    | |        |  |     | |     |  |        | |    |    |
      |    |MPLS|_| Border |__|GMPLS|_|GMPLS|__| Border |_|MPLS|    |
      |    |LSR | | Router |  | LSR | | LSR |  | Router | |LSR |    |
      |    |    | |        |  |     | |     |  |        | |    |    |
      |     ----   --+--+--    -----   -----    --+--+--   ----     |
      |              |  |                         |  |              |
      |              |  |                         |  |              |
       --------------    -------------------------    --------------

             |         |         GMPLS LSP         |         |
             |         |<------------------------->|         |
             |                                               |
             |<--------------------------------------------->|
                           End-to-End MPLS-TE LSP
      

                  LSP segment (S-LSP)
                 ====================> (LSP-AB)
                     C --- E --- G
                    /|\    |   / |\
                   / | \   |  /  | \
         R1 ---- A \ |  \  | /   | / B --- R2
                    \|   \ |/    |/
                     D --- F --- H
      

   Bit | Name                 | Attribute  | Path       | RRO | Reference
   No  |                      | Flags Path | Flags Resv |     |
   ----+----------------------+------------+------------+-----+----------
   5    LSP stitching desired   Yes          No           Yes   [RFC5150]
      

  Bit | Name                 | Attribute  | Path       | RRO | Reference
  No  |                      | Flags Path | Flags Resv |     |
  ----+----------------------+------------+------------+-----+----------
  4     Contiguous LSP         Yes          No           Yes   [RFC5150]
      

                <-area 1-><-- area 0 --><--- area 2 --->
                ------ABR1------------ABR3-------
                |    /   |              |  \     |
               R0--X1    |              |   X2---X3--R1
                |        |              |  /     |
                ------ABR2-----------ABR4--------
               <=========== Inter-area TE LSP =======>
      

                     <---BGP--->            <---BGP-->
      CE1---R0---X1-ASBR1-----ASBR4--R3---ASBR7----ASBR9----R6
            |\     \ |       / |   / |   / |          |      |
            | \     ASBR2---/ ASBR5  | --  |          |      |
            |  \     |         |     |/    |          |      |
            R1-R2---ASBR3-----ASBR6--R4---ASBR8----ASBR10---R7---CE2
      

                     <---BGP--->            <---BGP-->
      CE1---R0---X1-ASBR1-----ASBR4--R3---ASBR7----ASBR9----R6
            |\     \ |       / |   / |   / |          |      |
            | \     ASBR2---/ ASBR5  | --  |          |      |
            |  \     |         |     |/    |          |      |
            R1-R2---ASBR3-----ASBR6--R4---ASBR8----ASBR10---R7---CE2
      

                                           +------> T'
                                           |
                                 +---------+-+
                          T ---->| middlebox |----> T''
                                 +---------+-+
                                           |
                                           +------> T'''
      

                                           +------> T_r1
                                           v
                                 +---------+-+
                        T_l <--->| middlebox |<---> T_r2
                                 +---------+-+
                                           ^
                                           +------> T_r3
      

     0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |Opt|
   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |Out|
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

     0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 0 |
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                           +-------------+
   IPv6-in-IPv4 packets (A)|             |     IPv6 packets
   ------------------------| 6to4router  |--------------------------
                           |             |    |  |   |     |   |
                           +-------------+   local IPv6 clients
      

                       +-------------+
       IPv4 network (A)|             | IPv6 network
    -------------------| 6to4router  |-------------
              192.0.2.1|             |    |  |   | interface identifier
                       +-------------+   1A  |   | local IPv6 address
                                         2002:C000:201::1A
                                             |   |
                                             1B  |
                                             2002:C000:201::1B
                                                 |
                                                 1C
                                                 2002:C000:201::1C
      

   Provider-               /--------------SP chain---------------\
   oriented
   view         /--Agreement--\
              +----+       +----+    +----+    +----+       +----+
              |SP  +-------+SP  +----+SP  +----+SP  +- ... -+SP  |
              |n+1 |       |n   |    |n-1 |    |n-2 |       |1   |
              +----+       +----+    +----+    +----+       +----+
   Domain-            -----> packet flow                      /
   oriented                                              Destination
   view                    <----------- Guarantee Scope --------->
      

     Provider-
     oriented
     view                          /--Agreement--\
                                 +----+       +----+
                                 |SP  +-------+SP  +
                                 |n+1 |       |n   |
                                 +----+       +----+
     Domain-               -----> packet flow
     oriented                                 <---->
     view                                  Guarantee Scope
      

                +----+    +----+               +----+    +----+
                |SP  +----+SP  |               |SP  +----+SP  |
                |1   |    |2   |               |1   |    |2   |
                +-+--+    +--+-+               +-+--+    +----+
                  |   \  /   |                   |      /
                  |    \/    |                   |     /
                  |    /\    |                   |    /
                  |   /  \   |                   |   /
                +-+--+    +--+-+               +-+--+    +----+
                |SP  +----+SP  |               |SP  |    |SP  |
                |4   |    |3   |               |4   |    |3   |
                +----+    +----+               +----+    +----+
                a) physical configuration      b) an MQC plane
      

      +------+                              +------+
      |  MN  |                              |  NN  |
      | (EP) |                              | (EP) |
      +------+                              +------+
                   Information Exchange
          <------------------------------------>
      

      +------+           +------+           +------+
      |  MN  |           |  NN  |           |  NN  |
      |      |           | (EP) |           | (EP) |
      +------+           +------+           +------+
                   Information Exchange
          <------------------------------------>

           (Transport over  /------------------\
          <--------------->< Transport over IP  >
               e.g. L2)     \------------------/
      

      +------+          +------+
      |  NN  |          |  NN  |
      | (EP) |          | (EP) |
      +------+          +------+
         Information Exchange
         ------------------->
         <-------------------
      

      +----------------+----------------------------------------+
      |Mobility Service|           Opaque Payload               |
      |Transport Header|     (Mobility Support Service)         |
      +----------------+----------------------------------------+
      

   +----------+                          +----------+
   |          |   Disconnect-Request     |          |
   |          |   <--------------------  |          |
   |    NAS   |                          |    DAC   |
   |          |   Disconnect-ACK/NAK     |          |
   |          |   ---------------------> |          |
   +----------+                          +----------+
      

   +----------+                          +----------+
   |          |      CoA-Request         |          |
   |          |  <--------------------   |          |
   |   NAS    |                          |    DAC   |
   |          |     CoA-ACK/NAK          |          |
   |          |   ---------------------> |          |
   +----------+                          +----------+
      

                       ----
                      | HA |
                       ----        --------
                        |        /          \          ----
                       -+--------| Internet |---------| CN |
                                 \          /          ----
                                   --------
                                 /          \
                                /            \
                               /              \
                             ----            ----
                            | AR |          | AR |
                             ----            ----
                               |cellular       |cellular

                        /      |cellular
                        |    ----        ----
               Mobile   |   | MR |      |LFN |   ---movement-->
              Network   <    ----        ----
                        |      |           |
                        |     -+-----------+-
                        \       Bluetooth
      

                  LFN        MR                      HA        CN
                   |         |                       |         |
                   |         | Extended Registration |         |
                   |         |---------------------->|         |
                   |         |        Request        |         |
                   |         |                       |         |
                   |         |                       |         |
                   |         | Extended Registration |         |
                   |         |<----------------------|         |
                   |         |        Reply          |         |
                   |         |                       |         |
                   |<--------o=======================o-------->|
                   |         |     Encapsulated      |         |
                   |         |  Application Traffic  |         |
                   |         |                       |         |
      

   +---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
   | 0 | Success                                                       |
   | 1 | Invalid prefix length (MOBNET_INVALID_PREFIX_LEN)             |
   | 2 | Mobile Router is not authorized for prefix                    |
   |   | (MOBNET_UNAUTHORIZED)                                         |
   | 3 | Forwarding setup failed (MOBNET_FWDING_SETUP_FAILED)          |
   +---+---------------------------------------------------------------+
      

      -------------------------   -----------------------------
                Request                       Response
                  ||      /\             /\      ||
      Layer N     ||      ||             ||      ||
      ------------||------||---   -------||------||------------
                  ||      ||             ||      ||
                  \/      ||             ||      \/
      Layer N-m        Confirm       Indication
      -------------------------   -----------------------------
      

      ---------------------------------------------------------
      ----------===========     ----------===========
      |         |[        ]     |         |[        ]
      |   PE    |[   AE   ]     |   PE    |[   AE   ]
      |         |[        ]     |         |[        ]
      ----------===========     ----------===========
      Layer N     ||   /\                   ||   /\
      ------------||---||-------------------||---||------------
           Request||   ||           Response||   ||
                  ||   ||                   ||   ||
                  ||   ||                   ||   ||
                  ||   ||Confirm            ||   ||Indication
      ------------||---||-------------------||---||------------
                  \/   ||                   \/   ||
      ----------===========     ----------===========
      |         |[        ]     |         |[        ]
      |   PE    |[   AE   ]     |   PE    |[   AE   ]
      |         |[        ]     |         |[        ]
      ----------===========     ----------===========
      Layer N-m
      ---------------------------------------------------------
      

          L2                               L3
           |                                |
           |<----------LinkUP.req-----------|
           |-----------LinkUP.cnf---------->|
           |<-----LinkStatusChanged.req-----|
           |------LinkStatusChanged.cnf---->|
           =                                =
           |                                |
          Low                               |
         Signal---LinkStatusChanged.ind---->|
           |                                |
           |<----------PoAList.req----------|
           |-----------PoAList.cnf------>Handover
           |                            Preparation
           |<-------LinkConnect.req---------|
       L2 Handover--LinkConnect.cnf-------->:
           :                                :
           :                                :
           finish---------LinkUp.ind----->L3 Handover
           |                             finish
           |                                |
      

      MN-L2                            MN-L3        PAR-L3
        |                                |             |
       AP<----------PoAList.req----------|             |
      Scan----------PoAList.cnf--------->|             |
        |                                |---RtSolPr-->|
        |                                |<--PrRtAdv---|
        |----------PoAFound.ind--------->|             |
        |                                |---RtSolPr-->|
        |                                |<--PrRtAdv---|
        |                                |             |
        ~                                ~             ~
        |                                |             |
       Low                               |             |
      Signal---LinkStatusChanged.ind---->|             |        NAR-L3
        |                                |-----FBU---->|           |
        |                                |             |----HI---->|
        |                                |             |<--HAck----|
        |                                |<----FBack---|           |
        |<-------LinkConnect.req---L3 Handover         |           |
    L2 Handover--LinkConnect.cnf-------->:                         |
        :                                :                         |
        :                                :                         |
     finish---------LinkUp.ind---------->:                         |
        |                                :-----------FNA---------->|
        |                             finish<======packets=========|
        |                                |                         |
      

      MN-L2                            MN-L3        PAR-L3
        |                                |             |
       AP<----------PoAList.req----------|             |
      Scan----------PoAList.cnf--------->|             |
        |                                |---RtSolPr-->|
        |                                |<--PrRtAdv---|
        |----------PoAFound.ind--------->|             |
        |                                |---RtSolPr-->|
        |                                |<--PrRtAdv---|
        |                                |             |
        ~                                ~             ~
        |                                |             |
       Low                               |             |
      Signal---LinkStatusChanged.ind---->|             |        NAR-L3
        |                                |-----FBU---->|           |
        |<-------LinkConnect.req---L3 Handover         |           |
    L2 Handover--LinkConnect.cnf-------->:             |           |
        |                                |             |----HI---->|
        |                                |             |<--HAck----|
        |                                |     <-FBack-|---FBack-->|
        |                                |<----FBack---------------|
        :                                :                         |
     finish---------LinkUp.ind---------->:                         |
        |                                :-----------FNA---------->|
        |                             finish<======packets=========|
        |                                |                         |
      

                  MN                PAR                NAR
                  |                  |                  |
                  |----- RtSolPr --->|                  |
                  |<---- PrRtAdv ----|                  |
                  |                  |                  |
            +---  |------ FBU ------>|                  |
            |     |                  |------- HI ------>|
        20ms|     |                  |                  |
            |     |                  |<----- HAck ------|
            |     |                  |                  |
            +---  |<-------------- FBack -------------->|
                  |                  |                  |
            +-- disconnect           |                  |
            |  1ms|                  |                  |
            |   connect              |                  |
      8-10ms|     |                  |                  |
            |  7ms|                  |                  |
            |     |                  |                  |
            |     +----- FNA -------------------------->|
            +--   |<------------------------ deliver packets
                  |                  |                  |
      

                          R1-------Backbone------R2
                           |                      |
                         Area 1                 Area 1
                           |                      |
                          R3--------Area 1--------R4
      

             agent                                       middlebox
               | session establishment request               |
               |  (with middlebox challenge mc)              | CLOSED
               |-------------------------------------------->|
               |                                             |
               | successful reply (with middlebox            |
               |  authentication ma and agent challenge ac)  |
               |<--------------------------------------------|
               |                                             | NOAUTH
               | session establishment request               |
               |  (with agent authentication aa)             |
               |-------------------------------------------->|
               |                                             |
               | successful reply                            |
               |<--------------------------------------------|
               |                                             | OPEN
               |                                             |
      

       +----------+                                 +----------+
       | internal | A0    A1 +-----------+ A2    A3 | external |
       | endpoint +----------+ middlebox +----------+ endpoint |
       +----------+          +-----------+          +----------+
      

                         PRR/success   +---------------+
                     +-----------------+  PRID UNUSED  |<-+
           +----+    |                 +---------------+  |
           |    |    |                   ^   |            |
           |    v    v                   |   |            |
           |  +-------------+    ARE     |   | PER/       | ARE
           |  |   RESERVED  +------------+   | success    | RLC(lt=0)/
           |  +-+----+------+  RLC(lt=0)/    |            |  success
           |    |    |          success      |            |
           +----+    |                       v            |
         RLC(lt>0)/  | PER/success     +---------------+  |
          success    +---------------->|    ENABLED    +--+
                                       +-+-------------+
                                         |           ^
             lt = lifetime               +-----------+
                                       RLC(lt>0)/success
      

         agent                                     middlebox
          |                      GL                       |
          |**********************************************>|
          |<**********************************************|
          |   (agent1,GID1) (agent1,GID2) (agent2,GID3)   |
          |                                               |
          |                   GS GID2                     |
          |**********************************************>|
          |<**********************************************|
          |    agent1  lifetime  PID1  PID2  PID3  PID4   |
          |                                               |
      

         agent                                     middlebox
          |                   PRS PID2                    |
          |**********************************************>|
          |<**********************************************|
          |       agent1  GID2  ENABLE  UDP  1  IN        |
          | IPADR_INT   PORT_INT1   IPADR_EXT   ANY       |
          | IPADR_EXT   ANY         IPADR_OUT   PORT_OUT2 |
          |                                               |
      

         agent                                     middlebox
          |                   PRS PID3                    |
          |**********************************************>|
          |<**********************************************|
          |       agent1  GID2  ENABLE  UDP  1  OUT       |
          | IPADR_INT   PORT_INT2   IPADR_EXT   PORT_EXT1 |
          | IPADR_EXT   PORT_EXT1   IPADR_OUT   PORT_OUT3 |
          |                                               |
      

         agent                                     middlebox
          |                   PRS PID4                    |
          |**********************************************>|
          |<**********************************************|
          |       agent1  GID2  ENABLE  TCP  1  BI        |
          |  IPADR_INT   PORT_INT3  IPADR_EXT   PORT_EXT2 |
          |  IPADR_EXT   PORT_EXT2  IPADR_OUT   PORT_OUT4 |
          |                                               |
      

               +-------------+
               | B2BUA       |
               | for domain  ++++
               | example.com |  +
               +-------------+  +
                    ^   ^       +
        Private     |   |       +     Public Network
        Network     |   |       +
      +----------+  |   |  +----+------+         +----------------+
      | SIP User |<-+   +->| Middlebox |<------->| SIP User Agent |
      | Agent A  |<#######>|   NAPT    |<#######>| B@example.org  |
      +----------+         +-----------+         +----------------+
      

   User Agent      B2BUA                       Middlebox   User Agent
    A                                             NAPT             B
    |                |                              |              |
    | INVITE         |                              |              |
    | B@example.org  |                              |              |
    | SDP:m=..P_AI.. |                              |              |
    |     c=IP_AI    |                              |              |
    |--------------->|                              |              |
    |                |                              |              |
    |                |  PER PID1 UDP 1 EVEN IN      |              |
    |                |   IP_AI P_AI ANY ANY 300s    |              |
    |                |*****************************>|              |
    |                |<*****************************|              |
    |                |    PER OK GID1 PID1 ANY ANY  |              |
    |                |       IP_AE P_AE1 300s       |              |
      

   User Agent      B2BUA                       Middlebox   User Agent
    A                                             NAPT             B
    |                |                              |              |
       ...PER in Figure 11 has failed, continuing with PRR ...
    |                |                              |              |
    |                |PRR tw v4 v4 A UDP 1 EVEN 300s|              |
    |                |*****************************>|              |
    |                |<*****************************|              |
    |                | PRR OK PID1 GID1 EMPTY       |              |
    |                |  IP_AE/P_AE 300s             |              |
    |                |                              |              |
    |                | INVITE B@example.org SDP:m=..P_AE.. c=IP_AE |
    |                |-------------------------------------------->|
    |                |<--------------------------------------------|
    |                |       200 OK  SDP:m=..P_B.. c=IP_B          |
      

   User Agent      B2BUA                       Middlebox   User Agent
    A                                             NAPT             B
    |                |                              |              |
    |                |  PER PID1 UDP 1 SAME IN      |              |
    |                |   IP_AI P_AI IP_B ANY 300s   |              |
    |                |*****************************>|              |
    |                |<*****************************|              |
    |                |    PER OK GID1 PID1 IP_B ANY |              |
    |                |       IP_AE P_AE1 300s       |              |
    |                |                              |              |
            ...media stream from user agent B to A enabled...
    |                |                              |              |
    |                |  PER GID1 UDP 1 SAME OUT     |              |
    |                |    IP_AI ANY IP_B P_B 300s   |              |
    |                |*****************************>|              |
    |                |<*****************************|              |
    |                |   PER OK GID1 PID2 IP_B P_B  |              |
    |                |       IP_AE P_AE2 300s       |              |
    |                |                              |              |
             ...media streams from both directions enabled...
    |                |                              |              |
    |    200 OK      |                              |              |
    |<---------------|                              |              |
    | SDP:m=..P_B..  |                              |              |
    |     c=IP_B     |                              |              |
      

   User Agent      B2BUA                       Middlebox   User Agent
    A                                             NAPT             B
    |                |                              |              |
    |     BYE        |                     BYE                     |
    |<---------------|<--------------------------------------------|
    |                |                              |              |
    |    200 OK      |                   200 OK                    |
    |--------------->|-------------------------------------------->|
    |                |                              |              |
    |                |         GLC GID1 0s          |              |
    |                |*****************************>|              |
    |                |<*****************************|              |
    |                |         GLC OK 0s            |              |
    |                |                              |              |
       ...both NAT bindings for the media streams are removed...
      

               +--------------+  notification +------------+
               | MIDCOM client|<--------------| middlebox  |
               +--------------+    message    +------------+
      

               +--------------+      SNMP     +------------+
               | SNMP manager |<--------------| SNMP agent |
               +--------------+  notification +------------+
      

               +--------------+    request    +------------+
               | MIDCOM client|-------------->| middlebox  |
               +--------------+    message    +------------+
      

               +--------------+               +------------+
               |              |    SNMP SET   |            |
               |              |-------------->|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP SET   |            |
               |              |<--------------|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               | SNMP manager |               | SNMP agent |
               |              |    SNMP SET   |            |
               |              |- - - - - - - >|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP SET   |            |
               |              |< - - - - - - -|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |  . . .        |            |
               +--------------+               +------------+
      

               +--------------+     reply     +------------+
               | MIDCOM client|<--------------| middlebox  |
               +--------------+    message    +------------+
      

               +--------------+               +------------+
               |              |     SNMP      |            |
               |              |<--------------|            |
               |              |  notification |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |-------------->|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               | SNMP manager |               | SNMP agent |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |<--------------|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |- - - - - - - >|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |< - - - - - - -|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |  . . .        |            |
               +--------------+               +------------+
      

               +--------------+    request    +------------+
               |              |-------------->|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               | MIDCOM client|               | middlebox  |
               |              |     reply     |            |
               |              |<--------------|            |
               +--------------+    message    +------------+
      

               +--------------+               +------------+
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |-------------->|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |<--------------|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               | SNMP manager |               | SNMP agent |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |- - - - - - - >|            |
               |              |    message    |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |    SNMP GET   |            |
               |              |< - - - - - - -|            |
               |              | reply message |            |
               |              |               |            |
               |              |  . . .        |            |
               +--------------+               +------------+
      

         +----------+                                 +----------+
         | internal | A0    A1 +-----------+ A2    A3 | external |
         | endpoint +----------+ middlebox +----------+ endpoint |
         +----------+          +-----------+          +----------+
      

   PaC      PAA  Message(sequence number)[AVPs]
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      ----->     PANA-Client-Initiation(0)
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(x)[PRF-Algorithm,Integrity-Algorithm]
                                              // The 'S' (Start) bit set
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(x)[PRF-Algorithm, Integrity-Algorithm]
                                              // The 'S' (Start) bit set
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(x+1)[Nonce, EAP-Payload]
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(x+1)[Nonce] // No piggybacking EAP
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Request(y)[EAP-Payload]
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Answer(y)
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(x+2)[EAP-Payload]
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(x+2)[EAP-Payload]
                                            // Piggybacking EAP
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(x+3)[Result-Code, EAP-Payload,
                                        Key-Id, Session-Lifetime, AUTH]
                                           // The 'C' (Complete) bit set
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(x+3)[Key-Id, AUTH]
                                           // The 'C' (Complete) bit set
      

   PaC      PAA  Message(sequence number)[AVPs]
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      ----->     PANA-Notification-Request(q)[AUTH]
                               // The 'A' (re-Authentication) bit set
      <-----     PANA-Notification-Answer(q)[AUTH]
                               // The 'A' (re-Authentication) bit set
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(p)[EAP-Payload, Nonce, AUTH]
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(p)[AUTH, Nonce]
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Request(q+1)[EAP-Payload, AUTH]
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Answer(q+1)[AUTH]
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(p+1)[EAP-Payload, AUTH]
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(p+1)[EAP-Payload, AUTH]
      <-----     PANA-Auth-Request(p+2)[Result-Code, EAP-Payload,
                                        Key-Id, Session-Lifetime, AUTH]
                                        // The 'C' (Complete) bit set
      ----->     PANA-Auth-Answer(p+2)[Key-Id, AUTH]
                                        // The 'C' (Complete) bit set
      

   Message Name              Abbrev. Message  PaC<->PAA  Ref.
                                     Type
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   PANA-Client-Initiation     PCI    1        -------->  7.1
   PANA-Auth-Request          PAR    2        <------->  7.2
   PANA-Auth-Answer           PAN    2        <------->  7.3
   PANA-Termination-Request   PTR    3        <------->  7.4
   PANA-Termination-Answer    PTA    3        <------->  7.5
   PANA-Notification-Request  PNR    4        <------->  7.6
   PANA-Notification-Answer   PNA    4        <------->  7.7
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                         +---------------------------+
                         |        Message Type       |
                         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   Attribute Name        |PCI|PAR|PAN|PTR|PTA|PNR|PNA|
   ----------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   AUTH                  | 0 |0-1|0-1|0-1|0-1|0-1|0-1|
   EAP-Payload           | 0 |0-1|0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Integrity-Algorithm   | 0 |0+ |0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Key-Id                | 0 |0-1|0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Nonce                 | 0 |0-1|0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   PRF-Algorithm         | 0 |0+ |0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Result-Code           | 0 |0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Session-Lifetime      | 0 |0-1| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   Termination-Cause     | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
   ----------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                                                 RADIUS,
                                                 Diameter,
           +-----+       PANA        +-----+     LDAP, API, etc. +-----+
           | PaC |<----------------->| PAA |<------------------->| AS  |
           +-----+                   +-----+                     +-----+
              ^                         ^
              |                         |
              |         +-----+         |
      IKE,    +-------->| EP  |<--------+ ANCP, API, etc.
      4-way handshake,  +-----+
      etc.                 .
                           .
                           .
                           v
                      Data traffic
      

                  PaC             EP               PAA              AS
                   |               |                |                |
      IP address ->|               |                |                |
      config.      |       PANA    |                |      AAA       |
                   |<------------------------------>|<-------------->|
                   |               |  Provisioning  |                |
      (Optional)   |               |<-------------->|                |
      IP address ->|               |                |                |
      reconfig.    |   Sec.Assoc.  |                |                |
                   |<------------->|                |                |
                   |               |                |                |
                   |  Data traffic |                |                |
                   |<----------------->             |                |
                   |               |                |                |
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND, [IDi],[IDr],
       {SP}, KEMAC                --->
                                              R_MESSAGE =
                                 [<---]       HDR, T, [IDr], V
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND, [IDi|CERTi],
     [IDr], {SP}, KEMAC, [CHASH],
     PKE, SIGNi                   --->
                                               R_MESSAGE =
                                 [<---]         HDR, T, [IDr], V
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND, [IDi|CERTi],
        [IDr], {SP}, DHi, SIGNi   --->
                                             R_MESSAGE =
                                  <---        HDR, T, [IDr|CERTr],
                                               IDi, DHr, DHi, SIGNr
      

   I_MESSAGE =
       HDR, T, RAND, [IDi],
       IDr, {SP}, DHi, KEMAC      --->
                                             R_MESSAGE =
                                  <---           HDR, T,[IDr], IDi,
                                                 DHr, DHi, KEMAC
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND1, [CREDi],
   IDr, {SP}                      --->
                                         R_MESSAGE =
                                  <---   HDR, T, [CREDr], IDi, DHr,
                                         RAND2, (SP)
          TGK = HMACx(RAND1|RAND2), where x = g^(xi * xr).
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, SIGN(ENC(RAND3))          --->
                                         R_MESSAGE =
                                  <---   SIGN(ENC(RAND4))
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, [IDi|CERTi], [IDr],
         {SP}, [RAND], SIGNi      --->
                                         R_MESSAGE =
                                  <---   HDR, [GenExt(CSB-ID)], T,
                                           RAND, [IDr|CERTr], [SP],
                                           KEMAC, SIGNr
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND, [IDi|CERTi],
       [IDr], {SP}, KEMAC,
       [CHASH], PKE, SIGNi        --->
                                                   R_MESSAGE =
                                 [<---]            HDR, T, [IDr], V
      

   I_MESSAGE =
   HDR, T, RAND, [IDi|CERTi],
      [IDr], {SP},
      ECCPTi, SIGNi               --->
                                                  R_MESSAGE =
                                 [<---]           HDR, T, [IDr], V
      

                    I1: trigger exchange
                  -------------------------->
                                              select precomputed R1
                    R1: puzzle, D-H, key, sig
                  <-------------------------
    check sig                                 remain stateless
    solve puzzle
                  I2: solution, D-H, {key}, sig
                  -------------------------->
    compute D-H                               check puzzle
                                              check sig
                            R2: sig
                  <--------------------------
    check sig                                 compute D-H
      

                                +-+        +---------------------------+
           I1 received, send R1 | |        |                           |
                                | v        v                           |
            Datagram to send  +--------------+  I2 received, send R2   |
              +---------------| UNASSOCIATED |---------------+         |
      Send I1 |               +--------------+               |         |
              v                                              |         |
         +---------+  I2 received, send R2                   |         |
   +---->| I1-SENT |---------------------------------------+ |         |
   |     +---------+                                       | |         |
   |          |                 +------------------------+ | |         |
   |          | R1 received,    | I2 received, send R2   | | |         |
   |          v send I2         |                        v v v         |
   |     +---------+            |                   +---------+        |
   |  +->| I2-SENT |------------+                   | R2-SENT |<----+  |
   |  |  +---------+                                +---------+     |  |
   |  |          |                                     |            |  |
   |  |          |                                 data|            |  |
   |  |receive   |                                   or|            |  |
   |  |R1, send  |                           EC timeout| receive I2,|  |
   |  |I2        |R2 received +--------------+         |     send R2|  |
   |  |          +----------->| ESTABLISHED  |<-------+|            |  |
   |  |                       +--------------+                      |  |
   |  |                         |    |     |  receive I2, send R2   |  |
   |  |        recv+------------+    |     +------------------------+  |
   |  |      CLOSE,|                 |                              |  |
   |  |        send|   No packet sent|                              |  |
   |  |   CLOSE_ACK|   /received for |                   timeout    |  |
   |  |            |   UAL min, send |    +---------+<-+ (UAL+MSL)  |  |
   |  |            |           CLOSE +--->| CLOSING |--+ retransmit |  |
   |  |            |                      +---------+    CLOSE      |  |
   +--|------------|----------------------+ | |  | |                |  |
      +------------|------------------------+ |  | +----------------+  |
      |            |              +-----------+  +------------------|--+
      |            +------------+ | receive CLOSE,   CLOSE_ACK      |  |
      |                         | | send CLOSE_ACK   received or    |  |
      |                         | |                  timeout        |  |
      |                         | |                  (UAL+MSL)      |  |
      |                         v v                                 |  |
      |                        +--------+  receive I2, send R2      |  |
      +------------------------| CLOSED |---------------------------+  |
                               +--------+       /----------------------+
                                 ^ |   \-------/  timeout (UAL+2MSL),
                                 +-+              move to UNASSOCIATED
                  CLOSE received, send CLOSE_ACK
      

   +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
   | TLV                    | Type  | Length   | Data                  |
   +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
   | R1_COUNTER             | 128   | 12       | System Boot Counter   |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | PUZZLE                 | 257   | 12       | K and Random #I       |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | SOLUTION               | 321   | 20       | K, Random #I and      |
   |                        |       |          | puzzle solution J     |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | SEQ                    | 385   | 4        | Update packet ID      |
   |                        |       |          | number                |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ACK                    | 449   | variable | Update packet ID      |
   |                        |       |          | number                |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | DIFFIE_HELLMAN         | 513   | variable | public key            |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | HIP_TRANSFORM          | 577   | variable | HIP Encryption and    |
   |                        |       |          | Integrity Transform   |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ENCRYPTED              | 641   | variable | Encrypted part of I2  |
   |                        |       |          | packet                |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | HOST_ID                | 705   | variable | Host Identity with    |
   |                        |       |          | Fully-Qualified       |
   |                        |       |          | Domain FQDN (Name) or |
   |                        |       |          | Network Access        |
   |                        |       |          | Identifier (NAI)      |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | CERT                   | 768   | variable | HI Certificate; used  |
   |                        |       |          | to transfer           |
   |                        |       |          | certificates.  Usage  |
   |                        |       |          | is not currently      |
   |                        |       |          | defined, but it will  |
   |                        |       |          | be specified in a     |
   |                        |       |          | separate document     |
   |                        |       |          | once needed.          |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | NOTIFICATION           | 832   | variable | Informational data    |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ECHO_REQUEST_SIGNED    | 897   | variable | Opaque data to be     |
   |                        |       |          | echoed back; under    |
   |                        |       |          | signature             |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ECHO_RESPONSE_SIGNED   | 961   | variable | Opaque data echoed    |
   |                        |       |          | back; under signature |
   |                        |       |          |                       |

   | HMAC                   | 61505 | variable | HMAC-based message    |
   |                        |       |          | authentication code,  |
   |                        |       |          | with key material     |
   |                        |       |          | from HIP_TRANSFORM    |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | HMAC_2                 | 61569 | variable | HMAC based message    |
   |                        |       |          | authentication code,  |
   |                        |       |          | with key material     |
   |                        |       |          | from HIP_TRANSFORM.   |
   |                        |       |          | Compared to HMAC, the |
   |                        |       |          | HOST_ID parameter is  |
   |                        |       |          | included in HMAC_2    |
   |                        |       |          | calculation.          |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | HIP_SIGNATURE_2        | 61633 | variable | Signature of the R1   |
   |                        |       |          | packet                |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | HIP_SIGNATURE          | 61697 | variable | Signature of the      |
   |                        |       |          | packet                |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ECHO_REQUEST_UNSIGNED  | 63661 | variable | Opaque data to be     |
   |                        |       |          | echoed back; after    |
   |                        |       |          | signature             |
   |                        |       |          |                       |
   | ECHO_RESPONSE_UNSIGNED | 63425 | variable | Opaque data echoed    |
   |                        |       |          | back; after signature |
   +------------------------+-------+----------+-----------------------+
      

                       I2: ESP_TRANSFORM, ESP_INFO
                   ---------------------------------->
      

       H1                                                          H2
            UPDATE: SEQ, ESP_INFO [, DIFFIE_HELLMAN]
          ----------------------------------------------------->

            UPDATE: SEQ, ACK, ESP_INFO [, DIFFIE_HELLMAN]
          <-----------------------------------------------------

            UPDATE: ACK
          ----------------------------------------------------->
      

                 UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ_I, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
            ----------------------------------->
                 UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ_R, ACK_I, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
            <-----------------------------------
                 UPDATE(ACK_R)
            ----------------------------------->
      

                 +-----+          I1          +-----+-----+
                 |     |--------------------->|     |  S1 |
                 |     |<---------------------|     |     |
                 |     |  R1(REG_INFO:S1,S2)  |     +-----+
                 | RQ  |                      |  R  |  S2 |
                 |     |    I2(REG_REQ:S1)    |     |     |
                 |     |--------------------->|     +-----+
                 |     |<---------------------|     |  S3 |
                 |     |    R2(REG_RESP:S1)   |     |     |
                 +-----+                      +-----+-----+
      

                 +-----+                      +-----+-----+
                 |     |  UPDATE(REG_INFO:S)  |     |     |
                 |     |<---------------------|     |     |
                 | RQ  |--------------------->|  R  |  S  |
                 |     |  UPDATE(REG_REQ:S)   |     |     |
                 |     |  UPDATE(REG_RESP:S)  |     |     |
                 |     |<---------------------|     |     |
                 +-----+                      +-----+-----+
      

                       +-----+                +-----+
                       |     |-------I1------>|     |
                       |  I  |<------R1-------|  R  |
                       |     |-------I2------>|     |
                       |     |<------R2-------|     |
                       +-----+                +-----+
      

                 +-----+                            +-----+
                 |     |            I1              |     |
                 |     |--------------------------->|     |
                 |     |<---------------------------|     |
                 |  I  |         R1(REG_INFO)       | RVS |
                 |     |         I2(REG_REQ)        |     |
                 |     |--------------------------->|     |
                 |     |<---------------------------|     |
                 |     |         R2(REG_RES)        |     |
                 +-----+                            +-----+
      

                                               I1(RVS, R, HIT-I, HIT-R
         I1(I, RVS, HIT-I, HIT-R) +---------+     FROM:I, RVS_HMAC)
         +----------------------->|         |--------------------+
         |                        |   RVS   |                    |
         |                        |         |                    |
         |                        +---------+                    |
         |                                                       V
        +-----+        R1(R, I, HIT-R, HIT-I, VIA:RVS)       +-----+
        |     |<---------------------------------------------|     |
        |     |                                              |     |
        |  I  |            I2(I, R, HIT-I, HIT-R)            |  R  |
        |     |--------------------------------------------->|     |
        |     |<---------------------------------------------|     |
        +-----+             R2(R, I, HIT-R, HIT-I)           +-----+
      

               [HIP? A?        ]
               [www.example.com]            +-----+
          +-------------------------------->|     |
          |                                 | DNS |
          | +-------------------------------|     |
          | |  [HIP? A?        ]            +-----+
          | |  [www.example.com]
          | |  [HIP HIT-R HI-R ]
          | |  [A IP-R         ]
          | v
        +-----+                              +-----+
        |     |--------------I1------------->|     |
        |  I  |<-------------R1--------------|  R  |
        |     |--------------I2------------->|     |
        |     |<-------------R2--------------|     |
        +-----+                              +-----+
      

              [A?             ]
              [rvs.example.com]                     +-----+
         +----------------------------------------->|     |
         |                                          | DNS |
         | +----------------------------------------|     |
         | |  [HIP?                          ]      +-----+
         | |  [www.example.com               ]
         | |  [HIP HIT-R HI-R rvs.example.com]
         | |
         | |  [A?             ]
         | |  [rvs.example.com]
         | |  [A IP-RVS       ]
         | |
         | |                +-----+
         | | +------I1----->| RVS |-----I1------+
         | | |              +-----+             |
         | | |                                  |
         | | |                                  |
         | v |                                  v
        +-----+                              +-----+
        |     |<---------------R1------------|     |
        |  I  |----------------I2----------->|  R  |
        |     |<---------------R2------------|     |
        +-----+                              +-----+
      

    +--------------------+                       +--------------------+
    |                    |                       |                    |
    |   +------------+   |                       |   +------------+   |
    |   |    Key     |   |         HIP           |   |    Key     |   |
    |   | Management | <-+-----------------------+-> | Management |   |
    |   |  Process   |   |                       |   |  Process   |   |
    |   +------------+   |                       |   +------------+   |
    |         ^          |                       |         ^          |
    |         |          |                       |         |          |
    |         v          |                       |         v          |
    |   +------------+   |                       |   +------------+   |
    |   |   IPsec    |   |        ESP            |   |   IPsec    |   |
    |   |   Stack    | <-+-----------------------+-> |   Stack    |   |
    |   |            |   |                       |   |            |   |
    |   +------------+   |                       |   +------------+   |
    |                    |                       |                    |
    |                    |                       |                    |
    |     Initiator      |                       |     Responder      |
    +--------------------+                       +--------------------+
      

            ---------
            | TCP   |  (sockets bound to HITs)
            ---------
               |
            ---------
      ----> | ESP   |  {HIT_s, HIT_d} <-> SPI
      |     ---------
      |         |
    ----    ---------
   | MH |-> | HIP   |  {HIT_s, HIT_d, SPI} <-> {IP_s, IP_d, SPI}
    ----    ---------
               |
            ---------
            |  IP   |
            ---------
      

             UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR, SEQ)
        ----------------------------------->
             UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, ECHO_REQUEST)
        <-----------------------------------
             UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
        ----------------------------------->
      

             UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
        ----------------------------------->
             UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST)
        <-----------------------------------
             UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
        ----------------------------------->
      

              UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
        ----------------------------------->
              UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST)
        <-----------------------------------
              UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
        ----------------------------------->
      

              -<- SPI1a --                         -- SPI2a ->-
      host1 <              > addr1a <---> addr2a <              > host2
              ->- SPI2a --                         -- SPI1a -<-
      

                              R1 with LOCATOR
                  <-----------------------------------
   record additional addresses
   change responder address
                     I2 sent to newly indicated preferred address
                  ----------------------------------->
                                                     (process normally)
                                  R2
                  <-----------------------------------
   (process normally, later verification of non-preferred locators)
      

                             I2 with LOCATOR
                  ----------------------------------->
                                                     (process normally)
                                             record additional addresses
                       R2 sent to source address of I2
                  <-----------------------------------
   (process normally)
      

           +-------+                        +-------+
           |   A   |                        |   B   |
           +-------+                        +-------+
               |                                |
       address |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
        ACTIVE |                                |
               |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
               |<-------------------------------| do not change credit
               |                                |
               + address change                 |
               + address verification starts    |
       address |<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
    UNVERIFIED |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
               |<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
               |                                |
               |<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
               |                                X credit < size(packet)
               |                                | => do not send packet!
               + address verification concludes |
       address |                                |
        ACTIVE |<-------------------------------| do not change credit
               |                                |
      

              -<- SPI1a --                         -- SPI2a ->-
      host1 <              > addr1a <---> addr2a <              > host2
              ->- SPI2a --                         -- SPI1a -<-
      

                                                   prepare incoming SA
                      NEW SPI in ESP_INFO (UPDATE)
                <-----------------------------------
   switch to new outgoing SA
                           data on new SA
                ----------------------------------->
                                                   mark address ACTIVE
      

       Inbound
       packet
          |
          |       +----------------+               +---------------+
          |       |    Increase    |               |    Deliver    |
          +-----> | credit counter |-------------> |   packet to   |
                  | by packet size |               |  application  |
                  +----------------+               +---------------+
      

    Outbound
     packet
        |          _________________
        |         /                 \                 +---------------+
        |        /  Is the preferred \       No       |  Send packet  |
        +-----> | destination address |-------------> |  to preferred |
                 \    UNVERIFIED?    /                |    address    |
                  \_________________/                 +---------------+
                           |
                           | Yes
                           |
                           v
                   _________________
                  /                 \                 +---------------+
                 /   Does an ACTIVE  \      Yes       |  Send packet  |
                | destination address |-------------> |   to ACTIVE   |
                 \       exist?      /                |    address    |
                  \_________________/                 +---------------+
                           |
                           | No
                           |
                           v
                   _________________
                  /                 \                 +---------------+
                 /   Credit counter  \       No       |               |
                |          >=         |-------------> |  Drop packet  |
                 \    packet size?   /                |               |
                  \_________________/                 +---------------+
                           |
                           | Yes
                           |
                           v
                   +---------------+                  +---------------+
                   | Reduce credit |                  |  Send packet  |
                   |  counter by   |----------------> | to preferred  |
                   |  packet size  |                  |    address    |
                   +---------------+                  +---------------+
      

                     __ ____                          __ ____
                 .-''       `':                   .-''       `':
                 |             |                  |             |
                 |   +-+----+  |   Inter-AS SAV   |   +-+----+  |
                 |   |Router+--+------------------+---|Router+  +
                 |   +--.---+  |                  |   +--.---+  |
      Intra-AS   |      |       \      Intra-AS   |      |      |
         SAV     |   +--+---+    \        SAV     |   +--+---+  |
                 |   |Router|     \               |   |Router|  |
                 |   +--.---+      \               '_  +-----+  _
                 |      |           \               `'-------'''
                /       |            \
               /        |             \
              | +---------------------+\
          ----+---------. Router      | \
              | ++-------\------------+  \
              |  |     |  \    |     |    |

              |  | +------+|+------++----+|Intra-AS
              |  | |Switch|||Switch||Host||SAV
      

                         ----------------
                         | SERVER        |
                         |    -------    |
                         |    | SAMS |   |
                         |    --------   |
                         -----------------
                                 |
                                 |
                         ----------------
                         | SWITCH        |
                         |    -------    |
                         |    | SAVP |   |
                         |    --------   |
                         -----------------
                                 |
                                 |
                         ----------------
                         | END HOST      |
                         |    -------    |
                         |    | SARC |   |
                         |    --------   |
                         -----------------
      

                                        ---------
                                        | AIMS   |
                                         ------|-
                                               |
   --------------                   -----------|-----
   |  AS-4       |--------  --------|    AS-1  |    |-------     Global
   | ------      |ASBR,VE|->|ASBR,VE|    ------|-   |ASBR,VE|--->IPv6
   | |VRGE|      |--------  --------|    | VRGE |   |-------     Network
   | ------      |                  |    --------   |
   ---------------            ----- -----------------
                              |ASBR,VE|    |ASBR,VE|
                              ---------    ---------
                               /             |
                              /              |
                             /               |
                            /                |
                        ----------        --------
                        |ASBR, VE|        |ASBR,VE|
                   ---------------      -------------
                   |   AS-2      |      |  AS-3     |
                   |  -----      |      |   -----   |
                   |  |VRGE|     |      |  |VRGE|   |
                   |  -----      |      |  ------   |
                   ---------------      -------------
      

   The VRGE generates validation rules that are derived according to
   Table 1, and each AS has a VRGE.  The VE loads validation rules
   generated by VRGE to filter packets passed between ASes (in the case
   of Figure 3, from neighboring ASes into AS-1).  In the SAVA testbed,
   the VE is implemented as a simulated layer-2 device on a Linux-based
   machine inserted into the data path just outside each ASBR interface
   that faces a neighboring AS.  In a real-world implementation, it
   would probably be implemented as a packet-filtering set on the ASBR.
   The AS-IPv6 prefix mapping server is also implemented on a Linux
   machine and derives a mapping between an IPv6 prefix and the AS
   number of that prefix.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  |   \Export| Own     | Customer's| Sibling's | Provider's | Peer's   |
  |To  \     | Address | Address   | Address   | Address    | Address  |
  |-----\--------------------------------------------------------------|
  | Provider |    Y    |     Y     |     Y     |            |          |
  |--------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | Customer |    Y    |     Y     |     Y     |     Y      |    Y     |
  |--------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | Peer     |    Y    |     Y     |     Y     |            |          |
  |--------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | Sibling  |    Y    |     Y     |     Y     |     Y      |    Y     |
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                                +-----+
              .-----------------+ REG |-----------------.
              |                 +-----+                 |
              |                                         |
        ,-----+--------                          ,------+-------
      ,'     `|        `.                      ,'     ` |       `.
     /        |         \                     /         |         \
    /         |          \                   /          |          \
   ;       +--'--+      +----+             +----+     +-----+       ;
   |       | ASC +------+ASBR|             |ASBR+-----+ ASC |       |
   :       +--.--+      +----+`            +----+     +--+--+       :
    \         |__________________________________________|         /
     \                   /                    \                   /
      `.               ,'                      `.               ,'
        '-------------'                          '-------------'
             AS-1                                     AS-2
      

   It is intended that eventually the SAVA testbed will be implemented
   directly on the CNGI-CERNET2 backbone, but in the early stages the
   testbed has been implemented across 12 universities connected to
   CNGI-CERNET2.  First, this is because some of the algorithms need to
   be implemented in the testbed routers themselves, and to date they
   have not been implemented on any of the commercial routers forming
   the CNGI-CERNET2 backbone.  Second, since CNGI-CERNET2 is an
   operational backbone, any new protocols and networking techniques
   need to be tested in a non-disruptive way.
                               __
                             ,'  \                            _,...._
                            ,'    \____---------------+     ,'Beijing`.
                            /      \  | Inter-AS SAV  |-----| Univ    |
    +---------------+     |         | +---------------+     `-._____,'
    | Inter-AS SAV  +-----|         |
    +------.--------+     |  CNGI-  |                         _,...._
           |              | CERNET2 |__---------------+     ,Northeast`.
           |              |         | |Inter-AS SAV   |-----| Univ    |
   Tsinghua|University    | Backbone| +---------------+     `-._____,'
        ,,-|-._           |         |
      ,'   |   `.         |         |
    ,'+---------+\        |         |
   |  |Intra-AS | |       |         |      ...
   |  |   SAV   | |       |         |
   |  +---------+ |       |         |
   |       |      |       |         |                         _,...._
   |  +---------+ |       |         |__---------------+     ,Chongqing`.
   |  | Access  | |       |         | |Inter-AS SAV   |-----|Univ     |
   |  | Network | |       |         | +---------------+     `-._____,'
   |  |  SAV    | |       |         |
    \ +---------+.'        \       .'
     \          ,'          \      |
      `.      ,'             \    /
        ``---'                -_,'
      

                         .............................
                         : Network element           :
                         :            --------       :
                         :           |  PSC   |      :
             Link1 -------------<->--|#a      |      :
                         :           |        |      :
                         :  +--<->---|#b      |      :
                         :  |         --------       :
                         :  |        ----------      :
             TDM         :  +--<->--|#c  TDM   |     :
              +PSC       :          |          |     :
             Link2 ------------<->--|#d        |     :
                         :           ----------      :
                         :............................
      

  +-----+                +-----+                +-----+
  | MN  |                | MAG |                | LMA |
  +-----+                +-----+                +-----+
     |                      |                      |
 MN Attached                |                      |
     |                      |                      |
     |       MN Attached Event from MN/Network     |
     |        (Acquire MN-Id and Profile)          |
     |                      |                      |
     |--- Rtr Sol --------->|                      |
     |                      |                      |
     |                      |--- PBU ------------->|
     |                      |                      |
     |                      |                  Accept PBU
     |                      | (Allocate MN-HNP(s), Setup BCE and Tunnel)
     |                      |                      |
     |                      |<------------- PBA ---|
     |                      |                      |
     |                 Accept PBA                  |
     |          (Set Up Tunnel and Routing)        |
     |                      |                      |
     |                      |==== Bi-Dir Tunnel ===|
     |                      |                      |
     |<--------- Rtr Adv ---|                      |
     |                      |                      |
  IP Address                |                      |
 Configuration              |                      |
     |                      |                      |
      

    +-----+          +-----+          +-----+          +-----+
    | MN  |          |p-MAG|          | LMA |          |n-MAG|
    +-----+          +-----+          +-----+          +-----+
       |                |                |                |
       |                |==Bi-Dir Tunnel=|                |
   MN Detached          |                |                |
       |         MN Detached Event       |                |
       |                |                |                |
       |                |-- DeReg PBU -->|                |
       |                |                |                |
       |                |            Accept PBU           |
       |                |   (Start MinDelayBeforeBCEDelete Timer)
       |                |                |                |
       |                |<-------- PBA --|                |
       |                |                |                |
   MN Attached          |                |                |
       |                |                |   MN Attached event received
       |                |                |     from MN or from network
       |                |                |   (Acquire MN-Id and Profile)
       |                |                |                |
       |--- Rtr Sol ------------------------------------->|
                               ....
                                    Registration steps as in Fig. 2.
                               ....
       |                |                |==Bi-Dir Tunnel=|
       |                |                |                |
       |<------------------------------------ Rtr Adv ----|
       |                |                |                |
   MN retains HoA/HNP(s)
       |                |                |                |
      

                 Proxy-CoA                   LMAA
                    |                          |
    +--+          +---+                      +---+          +--+
    |MN|----------|MAG|======================|LMA|----------|CN|
    +--+          +---+                      +---+          +--+
                            IPv6 Tunnel
      

   +==================================================================+
   |  Packet Source    | Destination Address  | Destination Interface |
   +==================================================================+
   | MAC_Address_MN1,  | _ANY_DESTINATION_    |     Tunnel0           |
   | (IPv6 Prefix or   |----------------------------------------------|
   |  Input Interface) | Locally Connected    |     Tunnel0           |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | MAC_Address_MN2,  | _ANY_DESTINATION_    |     Tunnel1           |
   + (IPv6 Prefix or   -----------------------------------------------|
   |  Input Interface  | Locally Connected    |     direct            |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +==================================================================+
   | Interface | Source Address | Destination Address | Encapsulation |
   +==================================================================+
   | Tunnel0   |   Proxy-CoA    |        LMAA1         | IPv6-in-IPv6 |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | Tunnel1   |   Proxy-CoA    |        LMAA2         | IPv6-in-IPv6 |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   |0              1|1              3|3                              6|
   |0              5|6              1|2                              3|
   +----------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
   |000000ug00000000|0101111011111110|mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm|
   +----------------+----------------+--------------------------------+
      

                     +--------- +-----+ <--------+
                     |          | CA1 |          |
                     | +------> +-----+ -------+ |
                     | |           |           | |
                     | |       +---+--+        | |
                     | |       v      v        | |
                     | |     +----+ +----+     | |
                     | |     | EE | | EE |     | |
                     | |     +----+ +----+     | |
                     v |                       v |
                   +-----+ ----------------> +-----+
                   | CA2 |                   | CA3 |
                   +-----+ <---------------- +-----+
                      |                         |
                  +---+--+               +------+------+
                  v      v               v      v      v
                +----+ +----+          +----+ +----+ +----+
                | EE | | EE |          | EE | | EE | | EE |
                +----+ +----+          +----+ +----+ +----+
      

                     +--------- +-----+
                     |          | CA1 | --------+
                     | +------> +-----+         |
                     | |           |            |
                     | |       +---+--+         |
                     | |       v      v         |
                     | |     +----+ +----+      |
                     | |     | EE | | EE |      |
                     | |     +----+ +----+      |
                     v |                        v
                   +-----+                   +-----+
                   | CA2 | ----------------> | CA3 |
                   +-----+                   +-----+
                      |                         |
                  +---+--+               +------+------+
                  v      v               v      v      v
                +----+ +----+          +----+ +----+ +----+
                | EE | | EE |          | EE | | EE | | EE |
                +----+ +----+          +----+ +----+ +----+
      

                              +-----------------------------+
                              |                PKI domain 2 |
               +----------------------------+               |
               |              |             |               |
               | +------+ <------ +------+ <------ +------+ |
               | | PKI1 |     |   | PKI2 |  |      | PKI3 | |
               | +------+ ------> +------+ ------> +------+ |
               |              |             |               |
               |              +-----------------------------+
               | PKI domain 1               |
               +----------------------------+
      

              Cross-certified                   Cross-certified
               Unifying CA                       Unifying CA
              to PKI domain 1 +--------------+  to PKI domain 3
                    +---------|  Unifying CA |---+
                    |         +--------------+   |
                    |                 |          |
                    |  Cross-certified|          |
                    |   Unifying CA   |          |
                    |  to PKI domain 2|          |
        +-----------|---+ +-----------|---+ +----|-----------------+
        |    PKI    |   | |    PKI    |   | |    |    PKI          |
        |  domain 1 |   | |  domain 2 |   | |    |  domain 3       |
        |           v   | |           v   | |    v                 |
        |       +-----+ | |       +-----+ | | +-----+ ----+        |
        |   +---| PCA | | |       | PCA | | | | PCA |     |        |
        |   |   +-----+ | |       +-----+ | | +-----+ <-+ |        |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | ^     | v        |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   +----+       |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   | CA |---+   |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   +----+   |   |
        |   |      |    | |          v    | |   v |    ^ |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |       +----+  | | +----+   | |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   +---| CA |  | | | CA |---+ |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   |   +----+  | | +----+     |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   |      |    | |   |        |     |   |
        |   v      v    | |   v      v    | |   v        v     v   |
        | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        | | EE | | EE | | | | EE | | EE | | | | EE | | EE | | EE | |
        | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        +---------------+ +---------------+ +----------------------+
      

        +---------------+                 +------------------------+
        |    PKI        | cross-certified |         PKI            |
        |  domain 1     |    each other   |       domain 2         |
        |      +-----+ --------------------> +-----+ ----+         |
        |      | PCA |  |                 |  | PCA |     |         |
        |      +-----+ <-------------------- +-----+ <-+ |         |
        |         |     |                 |     ^      | v         |
        |         |     |                 |     |    +----+        |
        |         |     |                 |     |    | CA |---+    |
        |         |     |                 |     |    +----+   |    |
        |         v     |                 |     v     ^ |     |    |
        |       +----+  |                 |   +----+  | |     |    |
        |   +---| CA |  |                 |   | CA |--+ |     |    |
        |   |   +----+  |                 |   +----+    |     |    |
        |   |      |    |                 |     |       |     |    |
        |   v      v    |                 |     v       v     v    |
        | +----+ +----+ |                 |   +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        | | EE | | EE | |                 |   | EE | | EE | | EE | |
        | +----+ +----+ |                 |   +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        +---------------+                 +------------------------+
      

          cross-certified                      cross-certified
        PKI domain 1 with BCA               PKI domain 3 with BCA
                  +---------> +-----------+ -----+
                  |           | Bridge CA |      |
                  | +-------- +-----------+ <--+ |
                  | |                 ^ |      | |
                  | | cross-certified | |      | |
                  | |   PKI domain 2  | |      | |
                  | |     with BCA    | |      | |
        +---------|-|---+ +-----------|-|-+ +--|-|-----------------+
        |  PKI    | |   | |   PKI     | | | |  | |    PKI          |
        |domain 1 | v   | | domain 2  | v | |  | v  domain 3       |
        |       +-----+ | |       +-----+ | | +-----+ ----+        |
        |   +---| PCA | | |       | PCA | | | | PCA |     |        |
        |   |   +-----+ | |       +-----+ | | +-----+ <-+ |        |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | ^     | v        |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   +----+       |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   | CA |---+   |
        |   |      |    | |          |    | |   | |   +----+   |   |
        |   |      |    | |          v    | |   v |    ^ |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |       +----+  | | +----+   | |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   +---| CA |  | | | CA |---+ |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   |   +----+  | | +----+     |     |   |
        |   |      |    | |   |      |    | |   |        |     |   |
        |   v      v    | |   v      v    | |   v        v     v   |
        | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        | | EE | | EE | | | | EE | | EE | | | | EE | | EE | | EE | |
        | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ | | +----+ +----+ +----+ |
        +---------------+ +---------------+ +----------------------+
      

      +-------------------------------------------------------------+
      |  Relying party                                              |
      | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
      | | Trust List                                              | |
      | | +--------------+  +--------------+     +--------------+ | |
      | | | PKI 1        |  | PKI 2        | ... | PKI n        | | |
      | | | Trust anchor |  | Trust anchor |     | Trust anchor | | |
      | | +--------------+  +--------------+     +--------------+ | |
      | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
      +-------------------------------------------------------------+
      

      +-------------------------------------------------------------+
      |  Trust Authority                                            |
      | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
      | | Trust List                                              | |
      | | +--------------+  +--------------+     +--------------+ | |
      | | | PKI 1        |  | PKI 2        | ... | PKI n        | | |
      | | | Trust anchor |  | Trust anchor |     | Trust anchor | | |
      | | +--------------+  +--------------+     +--------------+ | |
      | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |
      +-------------------------------------------------------------+

           +---------------------+  +---------------------+
           |   Relying party 1   |  |   Relying party 2   |
           | +-----------------+ |  | +-----------------+ | ...
           | | Trust Authority | |  | | Trust Authority | |
           | +-----------------+ |  | +-----------------+ |
           +---------------------+  +---------------------+
      

          Scale ^
                |
                |             +------------+
                |             |            |
                |             |  Original  |
                |             |  Protocol  |
                |             |   Design   |
                |             |   Space    |
                |             |            |
             <-----------------------------------------------> Purpose
      

       Scale ^  +---------------------------------------+
             |  | Actual Deployment                     |
             |  |                                       |
             |  |                                       |
             |  |            +------------+             |
             |  |            |  Original  |             |
             |  | (Web       |   Design   | (Firewall   |
             |  |  Services) |   Space    |  Traversal) |
             |  |            |   (Web)    |             |
          <-----------------------------------------------> Purpose
      

       Scale ^  +-------------------+
             |  | Actual Deployment |
             |  |                   |
             |  |                   |   Original Design Space
             |  |     +-------------+--------------+
             |  |     |(IP/Ethernet)|(Non-IP)      |
             |  |(DNA)|             |              |
             |  |     |             |(Non-Ethernet)|
             |  |     |             |              |
          <-----------------------------------------------> Purpose
      

                          ==================
                          |    Internet    |
                          ==================
                             |          |
          2001:db8:1000::/36 |          | 2001:db8:8000::/36
                        +----+-+      +-+----+
                        | ISP1 |      | ISP2 |
                        +----+-+      +-+----+
                             |          |
         2001:db8:1000:::/48 |          | 2001:db8:8000::/48
                       +-----+---+ +----+----+
                       | Router1 | | Router2 |
                       +-------+-+ +-+-------+
                               |     |
          2001:db8:1000:1::/64 |     | 2001:db8:8000:1::/64
                               |     |
                        -----+-+-----+------
                             |
                           +-+----+ 2001:db8:1000:1::100
                           | Host | 2001:db8:8000:1::100
                           +------+
      

                        ==================
                        |    Internet    |
                        ==================
                             |       |
          2001:db8:1000::/36 |       | 2001:db8:8000::/36
                        +----+-+   +-+----+
                        | ISP1 |   | ISP2 |
                        +----+-+   +-+----+
                             |       |
         2001:db8:1000:::/48 |       | 2001:db8:8000::/48
                            ++-------++
                            | Router  |
                            +----+----+
                                 |  2001:db8:1000:1::/64
                                 |  2001:db8:8000:1::/64
                       ------+---+----------
                             |
                           +-+----+ 2001:db8:1000:1::100
                           | Host | 2001:db8:8000:1::100
                           +------+
      

                           +--------+
                           | Host-C | 2001:db8:a000::1
                           +-----+--+
                                 |
                        ==============  +--------+
                        |  Internet  |  | Host-B | 2001:db8:8000::1
                        ==============  +--------+
                             |           |
           2001:db8:1000:/36 |           | 2001:db8:8000::/36
                        +----+-+   +-+---++
                        | ISP1 |   | ISP2 | (Closed Network/VPN tunnel)
                        +----+-+   +-+----+
                             |       |
           2001:db8:1000:/48 |       | 2001:db8:8000::/48
                            ++-------++
                            | Router  |
                            +----+----+
                                 |  2001:db8:1000:1::/64
                                 |  2001:db8:8000:1::/64
                       ------+---+----------
                             |
                          +--+-----+ 2001:db8:1000:1::100
                          | Host-A | 2001:db8:8000:1::100
                          +--------+
      

                              +-----+---+
                              | Router  |
                              +----+----+
                                   |  2001:db8:b::/64  (new)
                                   |  2001:db8:a::/64 (old)
                         ------+---+----------
                               |
                            +--+---+ 2001:db8:b::100  (new)
                            | Host | 2001:db8:a::100 (old)
                            +------+
      

                            +---------+
                            | Tunnel  |
                            | Service |
                            +--+---++-+
                               |   ||
                               |   ||
                        ===========||==
                        | Internet || |
                        ===========||==
                             |     ||
                192.0.2.0/24 |     ||
                        +----+-+   ||
                        | ISP  |   ||
                        +----+-+   ||
                             |     ||
               IPv4 (Native) |     || IPv6 (Tunnel)
                192.0.2.0/26 |     ||
                            ++-----++-+
                            | Router  |
                            +----+----+
                                 |  2001:db8:a:1::/64
                                 |  192.0.2.0/28
                                 |
                       ------+---+----------
                             |
                           +-+----+ 2001:db8:a:1::100
                           | Host | 192.0.2.2
                           +------+
      

                            +--------+
                            | Host-B |
                            +-+--|---+
                              |  |
                      ===========|==
                      | Internet | |
                      ===========|==
                            |    |
                            |    |
                       +----+-+  +-->+------+
                       | ISP  +------+  DNS | 2001:db8:a::80
                       +----+-+  +-->+------+ fc12:3456:789a::80
                            |    |
            2001:db8:a::/48 |    |
        fc12:3456:789a::/48 |    |
                       +----+----|+
                       | Router  ||
                       +---+-----|+
                           |     |    2001:db8:a:100::/64
                           |     |    fc12:3456:789a:100::/64
                         --+-+---|-----
                             |   |
                           +-+---|--+ 2001:db8:a:100::100
                           | Host-A | fc12:3456:789a:100::100
                           +--------+
      

         Code    Len   LoST Server Domain Name
         +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
         | 137 |  n  |  s1 |  s2 |  s3 |  s4 | s5  |  ...
         +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
      

      +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |137 |13 | 7 | e | x | a | m | p | l | e | 3 | c | o | m | 0 |
      +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

         <--- interpretation interval (size is 2^k) ---->
         |------------------+---------------------------|
      v_ref-p             v_ref              v_ref + (2^k-1) - p
       Lower                                          Upper
       Bound                                          Bound
         <--- reordering --> <--------- losses --------->
      

  CRC-8(IR) Validation
   +----->----->----->----->----->----->----->----->----->----->----+
   |                                                  CRC-8(IR)     |
   |  !CRC-8(IR) or      CRC-7(CO) or                 or CRC-7(CO)  |
   |  PT not allowed     CRC-8(IR)                    or CRC-3(CO)  |
   |  +--->---+         +--->----->----->----->---+  +--->---->---+ |
   |  |       |         |                         |  |            | |
   |  |       v         |                         v  |            v v
  +-----------------+  +----------------------+  +--------------------+
  | No Context (NC) |  | Repair Context (RC)  |  | Full Context (FC)  |
  +-----------------+  +----------------------+  +--------------------+
    ^ ^ Static Context  | ^ !CRC-7(CO) or  | ^ Context Damage  | |
    | | Damage Detected | | PT not allowed | | Detected        | |
    | +--<-----<-----<--+ +----<------<----+ +--<-----<-----<--+ |
    |                                                            |
    |            Static Context Damage Detected                  |
    +--<-----<-----<-----<-----<-----<-----<-----<-----<---------+
      

            +--------+--------+--...--+--------+
      list: | item 1 | item 2 |       | item n |
            +--------+--------+--...--+--------+
      

                   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         PS = 1: | X | Reserved  |     Index     |
                 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

           0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         |     XI_k      |    XI_k + 1   |
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |     Acknowledgment Number     |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |  Opt Type = 2 |  Opt Len = 0  |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |  Opt Type = 3 |  Opt Len = 0  |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |  Opt Type = 9 |  Opt Len = 0  |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                ^                            ^
                |                            |
                |                            _
    ^       0.5 _                   ^ 0.625 | |
    |          | |                  |       | |
               | |                          | |
   RD[D]       | |                RBD[B]    | | - o.25
          _  _ | | _  _ 0.125               | || | - 0.125
         | || || || || |                    | || || |
        --+--+--+--+--+--+-->             ---+--+--+--
         -2 -1  0  1  2                      0  1  2
                D  -->                        B -->
      

                ^                        ^
                |                        |
          1.0   _                        |
      ^        | |                ^      |
      |        | |                | 0.5  _
               | |                      | |
    RD[D]      | |               RBD[B] | | _  _  _ 0.167
               | |                      | || || || |
           --+--+--+-->                --+--+--+--+-->
            -1  0  1                     0  1  2  3
                D  -->                      B -->
      

                 ^                            ^
                 |                            |
     ^           |                   ^   0.8  _
     |       0.6 _                   |       | |
                | |                          | |
    RD[D]       | |                RBD[B]    | |
          0.2 _ | | _ 0.2                    | | _ 0.2
             | || || |                       | || |
         --+--+--+--+--+--+-->             ---+--+--+--
          -2 -1  0  1  2                      0  1  2
                 D  -->                        B -->
      

   ....................................................................
   .  Conferencing System                                             .
   .                                                                  .
   .        +-----------------------------------------------------+   .
   .        |       C o n f e r e n c e   o b j e c t             |   .
   .      +-+---------------------------------------------------+ |   .
   .      |       C o n f e r e n c e   o b j e c t             | |   .
   .    +-+---------------------------------------------------+ | |   .
   .    |       C o n f e r e n c e   o b j e c t             | | |   .
   .    |                                                     | | |   .
   .    |                                                     | |-+   .
   .    |                                                     |-+     .
   .    +-----------------------------------------------------+       .
   .              ^                  ^             ^        |         .
   .              |                  |             |        |         .
   .              v                  v             v        v         .
   .  +-------------------+ +--------------+ +-------+ +------------+ .
   .  | Conference Control| | Floor Control| |Foci   | |Notification| .
   .  | Server            | | Server       | |       | |Service     | .
   .  +-------------------+ +--------------+ +-------+ +------------+ .
   .             ^                 ^           ^          |           .
   ..............|.................|...........|..........|............
                 |                 |           |          |
                 |Conference       |Binary     |Call      |Notification
                 |Control          |Floor      |Signaling |Protocol
                 |Protocol         |Control    |Protocol  |
                 |                 |Protocol   |          |
                 |                 |           |          |
   ..............|.................|...........|..........|............
   .             V                 V           V          V           .
   .  +----------------+  +------------+  +----------+ +------------+ .
   .  | Conference     |  | Floor      |  | Call     | |Notification| .
   .  | and Media      |  | Control    |  | Signaling| | Client     | .
   .  | Control        |  | Client     |  | Client   | |            | .
   .  | Client         |  |            |  |          | |            | .
   .  +----------------+  +------------+  +----------+ +------------+ .
   .                                                                  .
   . Conferencing Client                                              .
   ....................................................................
      

   +------------------------------------------------------+
   | C o n f e r e n c e   o b j e c t                    |
   |                                                      |
   | +--------------------------------------------------+ |
   | |  Conference information type                     | |
   | |                                                  | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Conference description  (times, duration)    | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Membership (roles, capacity, names)          | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Signaling (protocol, direction, status)      | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Floor information                            | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Sidebars, Etc.                               | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Mixer algorithm, inputs, and outputs         | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Floor controls                               | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | | | Etc.                                         | | |
   | | +----------------------------------------------+ | |
   | +--------------------------------------------------+ |
   +------------------------------------------------------+
      

    ....................................................................
    .  Conference Instance                                             .
    .                                                                  .
    .                                                                  .
    .        +---------------------------------------------------+     .
    .        |       Conference Object Identifier                |     .
    .        |                                                   |     .
    .        |                                                   |     .
    .        +---------------------------------------------------+     .
    .                           ^                            ^         .
    .                           |                            |         .
    .                           v                            |         .
    .   ...................................................  |         .
    .   . Focus                                           .  |         .
    .   .                                                 .  |         .
    .   .           +----------------------------------+  .  |         .
    .   .           |Conference Identifier (Protocol Y)|  .  |         .
    .   .       +------------------------------------+ |  .  |         .
    .   .       |  Conference Identifier (ISUP)      | |  .  |         .
    .   .   +--------------------------------------+ |-+  .  |         .
    .   .   |     Conference Identifier (SIP)      | |^   .  |         .
    .   .   |                                      |-+|   .  |         .
    .   .   |                                      |^ |   .  |         .
    .   .   +--------------------------------------+| |   .  |         .
    .   ............^...............................|.|....  |         .
    .               |                               | |      |         .
    ................|...............................|.|......|..........
                    |                               | |      |
                    |SIP                            | |      |Conference
                    |                          ISUP | |Y     |Control
                    |                               | |      |Protocol
                    |               +---------------+ |      |
                    |               |                 |      |
                    |               |                 |      |
                    v               v                 v      v
         +----------------+  +--------------+  +---------------+
         | Conferencing   |  | Conferencing |  | Conference    |
         | Client         |  | Client       |  | Client        |
         | 1              |  | 2            |  | X             |
         +----------------+  +--------------+  +---------------+
      

   +---+-----------------------+
   | p |                       |
   | o |   System  Default     |
   | l |                       |
   | i |   Conference          |
   | c |                       |
   | i |   Blueprint           |
   | e |                       |
   +-s-+-----------------------+
           |
          \| /
           \/
           /\
          /| \
           V
   +---+-----------------------+
   | p |                       |
   | o |  Active               |
   | l |                       |
   | i |  Conference           |
   | c |                       |
   | i |                       |
   | e |                       |
   +-s-+-----------------------+
      

   +---+-----------------------+
   | p |                       |
   | o |   Selected            |
   | l |                       |
   | i |   Conference          |
   | c |                       |
   | i |   Blueprint           |
   | e |                       |
   +-s-+-----------------------+
           |
          \| /
           \/
           /\
          /| \
           V
   +---+-----------------------+
   | p |                       |
   | o | Conference            |
   | l |                       |
   | i | Reservation           |
   | c |                       |
   | i |                       |
   | e |                       |
   +-s-+-----------------------+
           |  |  |
           |  |  |
           |  |  |
           |  |  |
       +---|--|--V-----------------+
     +-+---|--V------------------+ |
   +-+-+---V-------------------+ | |
   | p |                       | | |
   | o | Child Conference      | | |
   | l |                       | | |
   | i | Reservation           | | |
   | c |                       | | |
   | i |                       | |-+
   | e |                       |-+
   +-s-+-----------------------+
      

   +--------------+     +-------Conferencing System-----------------+
   | Generic ICAL |     |                                           |
   |   Resource   |     |    ..Conference Instance....              |
   +--------------+     |    .                       . +-----------+|
         ^ ^            |    . +-------------------+ . | Conference||
         | |            |    . |Conference Objects |<--| Control   ||
         | ----------------->. +-------------------+ . | Server    ||
         |              |    .                       . +-----------+|
         |              |    .........................       ^      |
         |              |                ^                   |      |
   +-----|--------------+                |                   |      |
   |     v                               |                   |      |
   |  +--------------+                   |                   |      |
   |  |   Resource   |<------------------+                   |      |
   |  |   Scheduler  |                                       |      |
   |  +--------------+                                       |      |
   |                                                         |      |
   +---------------------------------------------------------|------+
                                                             |
                                                             |
                                                        +-Request-+
                                                        |         |
                                                        +----+    |
                                                        |ICAL|    |
                                                        +----+----+
                                                             |
                                                             |
                                                             |
                                           Conference Control|
                                               Protocol      |
                                                             |
                                                    +-------------+
                                                    | Conferencing|
                                                    | Client      |
                                                    +-------------+
      

                            +--------------+
                            |  Conference  |
                            |    Object    |
                            |  Identifier  |
                            +--------------+
                                   |
                                   |
                                   |
             +---------------------+---------------------+
             |                     |                     |
     +-------+-------+     +-------+-------+     +-------+-------+
     |    Sidebar    |     |    Sidebar    |     |    Sidebar    |
     |  Conference   |     |  Conference   |     |  Conference   |
     |    Object     |     |    Object     |     |    Object     |
     |  Identifier   |     |   Identifier  |     |   Identifier  |
     +-------+-------+     +-------+-------+     +---------------+
      

   +------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+
   | Name                   |   Hex | Comment                          |
   |                        | value |                                  |
   +------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+
   | FULL STOP (U+002E)     |   110 | Used as both base character (in  |
   |                        |       | bottom center position) and as   |
   |                        |       | movable dot with OJ and          |
   |                        |       | positional qualifiers.           |
   | HYPHEN-MINUS (U+002D)  |   108 | Used as a spacing base character |
   |                        |       | (in horizontally and vertically  |
   |                        |       | centered position) and as a      |
   |                        |       | movable half-width horizontal    |
   |                        |       | line with OJ and positional      |
   |                        |       | qualifiers.  In the context of   |
   |                        |       | this specification, should be    |
   |                        |       | known as Half Horizontal Line.   |
   | LOW LINE (U+005F)      |   109 | Used as a spacing base character |
   |                        |       | (in bottom position) and as a    |
   |                        |       | movable full-width horizontal    |
   |                        |       | line with OJ and positional      |
   |                        |       | qualifiers.  In the context of   |
   |                        |       | this specification, should be    |
   |                        |       | known as Horizontal Line.        |
   | VERTICAL LINE (U+007C) |   102 | As with the horizontal lines,    |
   |                        |       | normally a spacing base          |
   |                        |       | character (in the middle         |
   |                        |       | position between left and        |
   |                        |       | right), but can be used as a     |
   |                        |       | right to left movable            |
   |                        |       | full-height vertical line with   |
   |                        |       | OJ and/or positional qualifiers. |
   | HalfHeightVerticalLine |   105 | Similar to VERTICAL LINE, but    |
   |                        |       | only half height.                |
   | SOLIDUS (U+002F)       |   103 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; forward slash         |
   | REVERSE SOLIDUS        |   104 | Used only for character          |
   | (U+005C)               |       | formation; reverse slash         |
   | RightUpperHook         |   131 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |
   | LeftUpperHook          |   132 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |
   | LeftLowerHook          |   133 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |
   | RightLowerHook         |   134 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |
   | HalfHeightHoop         |   140 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |

   | HalfHeightInvertedHoop |   141 | Used only for character          |
   |                        |       | formation; nonspacing mark.      |
   | DIGIT ZERO (U+0030)    |   400 |                                  |
   | DIGIT ONE (U+0031)     |   401 |                                  |
   | DIGIT TWO (U+0032)     |   402 |                                  |
   | DIGIT NINE (U+0039)    |   409 |                                  |
   | LATIN SMALL LETTER A   |   40A |                                  |
   | (U+0061)               |       |                                  |
   | LATIN SMALL LETTER O   |   418 | Unify with Greek Omicron         |
   | (U+006F, U+03BF)       |       |                                  |
   | LATIN SMALL LETTER C   |   40C | Unifying C with Cyrillic ES      |
   | (U+0063, U+0441)       |       |                                  |
   | GREEK SMALL LETTER     |   491 |                                  |
   | SIGMA (U+03C3)         |       |                                  |
   +------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+
      

   +------------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
   | Name             |    Hex value | Comment                         |
   +------------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
   | LATIN SMALL      |  418 007 102 |                                 |
   | LETTER B         |          020 |                                 |
   | (U+0062)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  418 007 102 |                                 |
   | LETTER D         |          022 |                                 |
   | (U+0064)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  40C 007 108 |                                 |
   | LETTER E         |          031 |                                 |
   | (U+0065)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  40A 006 40C |                                 |
   | LETTER AE        |  007 108 031 |                                 |
   | (U+00E6)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  102 131 030 | Note that 007 is not needed     |
   | LETTER F         |      007 108 | before 131 because hooks are    |
   | (U+0066)         |              | exclusively nonspacing          |
   |                  |              | (combining).                    |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  102 020 141 |                                 |
   | LETTER H         |      021 032 |                                 |
   | (U+0068)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  105 007 110 |                                 |
   | LETTER I         |      021 030 |                                 |
   | (U+0069)         |              |                                 |

   | LATIN SMALL      |  105 020 141 |                                 |
   | LETTER N         |      021 032 |                                 |
   | (U+006E)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN SMALL      |  418 007 102 | Unified P, Greek Rho, Cyrillic  |
   | LETTER P         |  033 020 033 | ER                              |
   | (U+0070, U+03C1, |              |                                 |
   | U+0440)          |              |                                 |
   | LATIN CAPITAL    |      40A 001 |                                 |
   | LETTER A         |              |                                 |
   | (U+0041)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN CAPITAL    |  418 007 102 |                                 |
   | LETTER B         |      020 001 |                                 |
   | (U+0042)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN CAPITAL    |      40C 001 |                                 |
   | LETTER C         |              |                                 |
   | (U+0043)         |              |                                 |
   | LATIN CAPITAL    |  418 007 102 |                                 |
   | LETTER D         |      022 001 |                                 |
   | (U+0044)         |              |                                 |
   | GREEK SMALL      |      491 072 |                                 |
   | LETTER FINAL     |              |                                 |
   | SIGMA (U+03C2)   |              |                                 |
   +------------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
      

      ExStart      Empty DD (Seq=x,I,M,Master)
                 ------------------------------>
                   Empty DD (Seq=y,I,M,Master)         ExStart
                 <------------------------------
      Exchange     Full  DD (Seq=y,M,Slave)
                 ------------------------------>
                   Full  DD (Seq=y+1,M,Master)         Exchange
                 <------------------------------
                   Full  DD (Seq=y+1,Slave)
                 ------------------------------>
                   Full  DD (Seq=y+2, Master)
                 <------------------------------
       Full        Empty DD (Seq=y+2, Slave)
                 ------------------------------>
                                                       Full
      

      ExStart      Empty DD (Seq=x,I,M,Master)
                 ------------------------------>
                   Empty DD (Seq=y,I,M,Master)         ExStart
                 <------------------------------
      Exchange     Full  DD (Seq=y,M,Slave)
                 ------------------------------>
                   Full  DD (Seq=y+1,Master)           Exchange
                 <------------------------------
       Full        Empty DD (Seq=y+1, Slave)
                 ------------------------------>
                                                       Full
      

   +------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
   | Event Code | Event Name                              | Reference |
   +------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
   |        121 | Continuity check-tone                   | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        122 | Continuity verify-tone                  | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        123 | MF Code 11 (SS No. 5) or KP3P/ST3P (R1) | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        124 | MF KP (SS No. 5) or KP1 (R1)            | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        125 | MF KP2 (SS No. 5) or KP2P/ST2P (R1)     | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        126 | MF ST (SS No. 5 and R1)                 | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        127 | MF Code 12 (SS No. 5) or KP'/STP (R1)   | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        128 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "0"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        129 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "1"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        130 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "2"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        131 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "3"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        132 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "4"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        133 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "5"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        134 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "6"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        135 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "7"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        136 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "8"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        137 | SS No. 5 or R1 digit "9"                | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        144 | ABCD signalling state '0000'            | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        145 | ABCD signalling state '0001'            | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        146 | ABCD signalling state '0010'            | [RFC5244] |
      

   |            |                                         |           |
   |        209 | AB bit signalling state '01'            | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        210 | AB bit signalling state '10'            | [RFC5244] |
   |            |                                         |           |
   |        211 | AB bit signalling state '11'            | [RFC5244] |
   +------------+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
      

             L             NAT           STUN             R
             |RTP STUN alloc.              |              |
             |(1) STUN Req  |              |              |
             |S=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |D=$STUN-PUB-1 |              |              |
             |------------->|              |              |
             |              |(2) STUN Req  |              |
             |              |S=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |D=$STUN-PUB-1 |              |
             |              |------------->|              |

             |              |(3) STUN Res  |              |
             |              |S=$STUN-PUB-1 |              |
             |              |D=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |MA=$NAT-PUB-1 |              |
             |              |<-------------|              |
             |(4) STUN Res  |              |              |
             |S=$STUN-PUB-1 |              |              |
             |D=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |MA=$NAT-PUB-1 |              |              |
             |<-------------|              |              |
             |(5) Offer     |              |              |
             |------------------------------------------->|
             |              |              |              |RTP STUN
             alloc.
             |              |              |(6) STUN Req  |
             |              |              |S=$R-PUB-1    |
             |              |              |D=$STUN-PUB-1 |
             |              |              |<-------------|
             |              |              |(7) STUN Res  |
             |              |              |S=$STUN-PUB-1 |
             |              |              |D=$R-PUB-1    |
             |              |              |MA=$R-PUB-1   |
             |              |              |------------->|
             |(8) answer    |              |              |
             |<-------------------------------------------|
             |              |(9) Bind Req  |              |Begin
             |              |S=$R-PUB-1    |              |Connectivity
             |              |D=L-PRIV-1    |              |Checks
             |              |<----------------------------|
             |              |Dropped       |              |
             |(10) Bind Req |              |              |
             |S=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |D=$R-PUB-1    |              |              |
             |USE-CAND      |              |              |
             |------------->|              |              |
             |              |(11) Bind Req |              |
             |              |S=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |D=$R-PUB-1    |              |
             |              |USE-CAND      |              |
             |              |---------------------------->|
             |              |(12) Bind Res |              |
             |              |S=$R-PUB-1    |              |
             |              |D=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |MA=$NAT-PUB-1 |              |
             |              |<----------------------------|

             |(13) Bind Res |              |              |
             |S=$R-PUB-1    |              |              |
             |D=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |MA=$NAT-PUB-1 |              |              |
             |<-------------|              |              |
             |RTP flows     |              |              |
             |              |(14) Bind Req |              |
             |              |S=$R-PUB-1    |              |
             |              |D=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |<----------------------------|
             |(15) Bind Req |              |              |
             |S=$R-PUB-1    |              |              |
             |D=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |<-------------|              |              |
             |(16) Bind Res |              |              |
             |S=$L-PRIV-1   |              |              |
             |D=$R-PUB-1    |              |              |
             |MA=$R-PUB-1   |              |              |
             |------------->|              |              |
             |              |(17) Bind Res |              |
             |              |S=$NAT-PUB-1  |              |
             |              |D=$R-PUB-1    |              |
             |              |MA=$R-PUB-1   |              |
             |              |---------------------------->|
             |              |              |              |RTP flows
      

           +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+
           |A1|    |B1|    |C1|    |A2|    |B2|    |C2|
           +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+    +--+

        ---+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------------ Time
           0       Ta      2Ta     3Ta     4Ta     5Ta
      

          Agent A               Network               Agent B
             |(1) Offer            |                     |
             |------------------------------------------>|
             |(2) Answer           |                     |
             |<------------------------------------------|
             |(3) STUN Req.        |                     |
             |------------------------------------------>|
             |(4) STUN Res.        |                     |
             |<------------------------------------------|
             |(5) STUN Req.        |                     |
             |<------------------------------------------|
             |(6) STUN Res.        |                     |
             |-------------------->|                     |
             |                     |Lost                 |
             |(7) Offer            |                     |
             |------------------------------------------>|
             |(8) STUN Req.        |                     |
             |<------------------------------------------|
             |(9) STUN Res.        |                     |
             |------------------------------------------>|
             |(10) Answer          |                     |
             |<------------------------------------------|
      

             A         Controller          B
             |(1) INV()     |              |
             |<-------------|              |
             |(2) 200(SDP1) |              |
             |------------->|              |
             |              |(3) INV()     |
             |              |------------->|
             |              |(4) 200(SDP2) |
             |              |<-------------|
             |(5) ACK(SDP2) |              |
             |<-------------|              |
             |              |(6) ACK(SDP1) |
             |              |------------->|
      

      ClientHello                  -------->
                                                      ServerHello
                                                     Certificate*
                                               ServerKeyExchange*
                                              CertificateRequest*
                                   <--------      ServerHelloDone
      Certificate*
      ClientKeyExchange
      CertificateVerify*
      [ChangeCipherSpec]
      Finished                     -------->
                                               [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                   <--------             Finished
      Application Data             <------->     Application Data
      

      ClientHello                   -------->
                                                       ServerHello
                                                [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                    <--------             Finished
      [ChangeCipherSpec]
      Finished                      -------->
      Application Data              <------->     Application Data
      

   EAP peer                   Authenticator               Auth. Server
   --------                   -------------               ------------
    |<----------------------------->|                               |
    |     Discovery (phase 0)       |                               |
    |<----------------------------->|<----------------------------->|
    |   EAP auth (phase 1a)         |  AAA pass-through (optional)  |
    |                               |                               |
    |                               |<----------------------------->|
    |                               |       AAA Key transport       |
    |                               |      (optional; phase 1b)     |
    |<----------------------------->|                               |
    |  Unicast Secure association   |                               |
    |          (phase 2a)           |                               |
    |                               |                               |
    |<----------------------------->|                               |
    | Multicast Secure association  |                               |
    |     (optional; phase 2b)      |                               |
    |                               |                               |
      

   +--------+---------------+--------+----------+--------+-------------+
   | Enh.   | Assoc.  Basic | Enh.   | Assoc.   | Enh.   | Assoc.      |
   | Status | Status Code   | Status | Basic    | Status | Basic       |
   | Code   |               | Code   | Status   | Code   | Status Code |
   |        |               |        | Code     |        |             |
   +--------+---------------+--------+----------+--------+-------------+
   | X.0.0  | Any           | X.1.0  | Not      | X.1.1  | 451, 550    |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.1.2  | Not given     | X.1.3  | 501      | X.1.4  | Not given   |
   | X.1.5  | 250           | X.1.6  | Not      | X.1.7  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.1.8  | 451, 501      | X.1.9  | Not      | X.2.0  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.2.1  | Not given     | X.2.2  | 552      | X.2.3  | 552         |
   | X.2.4  | 450, 452      | X.3.0  | 221,     | X.3.1  | 452         |
   |        |               |        | 250,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 421,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 451,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 550, 554 |        |             |
   | X.3.2  | 453           | X.3.3  | Not      | X.3.4  | 552, 554    |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.3.5  | Not given     | X.4.0  | Not      | X.4.1  | 451         |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.4.2  | 421           | X.4.3  | 451, 550 | X.4.4  | Not given   |
   | X.4.5  | 451           | X.4.6  | Not      | X.4.7  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.5.0  | 220, 250,     | X.5.1  | 430,     | X.5.2  | 500, 501,   |
   |        | 251, 252,     |        | 500,     |        | 502, 550,   |
   |        | 253, 451,     |        | 501,     |        | 555         |
   |        | 452, 454,     |        | 503,     |        |             |
   |        | 458, 459,     |        | 530,     |        |             |
   |        | 501, 502,     |        | 550,     |        |             |
   |        | 503, 554      |        | 554, 555 |        |             |
   | X.5.3  | 451           | X.5.4  | 451,     | X.5.5  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | 501,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 502,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 503,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 504,     |        |             |
   |        |               |        | 550, 555 |        |             |
   | X.5.6  | 500           | X.6.0  | Not      | X.6.1  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.6.2  | Not given     | X.6.3  | 554      | X.6.4  | 250         |
   | X.6.5  | Not given     | X.6.6  | 554      | X.7.0  | 220, 235,   |
   |        |               |        |          |        | 450, 454,   |
   |        |               |        |          |        | 500, 501,   |
   |        |               |        |          |        | 503, 504,   |
   |        |               |        |          |        | 530, 535,   |
   |        |               |        |          |        | 550         |

   | X.7.1  | 451, 454,     | X.7.2  | 550      | X.7.3  | Not given   |
   |        | 502, 503,     |        |          |        |             |
   |        | 533, 550, 551 |        |          |        |             |
   | X.7.4  | 504           | X.7.5  | Not      | X.7.6  | Not given   |
   |        |               |        | given    |        |             |
   | X.7.7  | Not given     | X.7.8  | 535, 554 | X.7.9  | 534         |
   | X.7.10 | 523           | X.7.11 | 524, 538 | X.7.12 | 422, 432    |
   | X.7.13 | 525           | X.7.14 | 535, 554 |        |             |
   +--------+---------------+--------+----------+--------+-------------+
      

                +--------------------------------------+
                | DN | O | DC | EA | N/P | MC | E | MT |
                +--------------------------------------+
      

                   (Customer realm)
               +----+                             +----+
               |    |<Port Index>    <Port Index> |    |
               |    |CPI              VPN-PPI     |    |
            ---| CE |-----------------------------| PE |---
               |    |                <Port Index> |    |
               |    |                 PPI         |    |
               +----+                             +----+
                                     (Provider realm)
      

            +------------------------------------------------+
            |  L1VPN globally unique identifier  (8 octets)  |
            +------------------------------------------------+
      

         |<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->|
         |                                                  |
         |          |<------- Pseudowire ------->|          |
         |          |                            |          |
         |          |    |<-- PSN Tunnel -->|    |          |
         | PW End   V    V                  V    V  PW End  |
         V Service  +----+                  +----+  Service V
   +-----+    |     | PE1|==================| PE2|     |    +-----+
   |     |----------|............PW1.............|----------|     |
   | CE1 |    |     |    |                  |    |     |    | CE2 |
   |     |----------|............PW2.............|----------|     |
   +-----+  ^ |     |    |==================|    |     | ^  +-----+
         ^  |       +----+                  +----+     | |  ^
         |  |   Provider Edge 1         Provider Edge 2  |  |
         |  |                                            |  |
   Customer |                                            | Customer
   Edge 1   |                                            | Edge 2
            |                                            |
            |                                            |
    Attachment Circuit (AC)                    Attachment Circuit (AC)
      Native service                              Native service
      

         Native  |<--------Multi-Segment Pseudowire----->|  Native
         Service |         PSN              PSN          |  Service
          (AC)   |     |<-Tunnel->|     |<-Tunnel->|     |  (AC)
           |     V     V     1    V     V     2    V     V   |
           |     +-----+          +-----+          +---- +   |
   +---+   |     |T-PE1|==========|S-PE1|==========|T-PE2|   |    +---+
   |   |---------|........PW1.......... |...PW3..........|---|----|   |
   |CE1|   |     |     |          |     |          |     |   |    |CE2|
   |   |---------|........PW2...........|...PW4..........|--------|   |
   +---+   |     |     |==========|     |==========|     |   |    +---+
       ^         +-----+          +-----+          +-----+        ^
       |     Provider Edge 1         ^        Provider Edge 3     |
       |                             |                            |
       |                             |                            |
       |                     PW switching point                   |
       |                                                          |
       |                                                          |
       |<------------------- Emulated Service ------------------->|
      

                |<------Multi-Segment Pseudowire------>|
                |         AS                AS         |
            AC  |    |<----1---->|     |<----2--->|    |  AC
            |   V    V           V     V          V    V  |
            |   +----+     +-----+     +----+     +----+  |
   +----+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +----+
   |    |-------|.....PW1..........PW2.........PW3.....|-------|    |
   | CE1|   |   |    |     |     |     |    |     |    |  |    |CE2 |
   +----+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +----+
        ^       +----+     +-----+     +----+     +----+       ^
        |       T-PE1       S-PE2       S-PE3     T-PE4        |
        |                     ^          ^                     |
        |                     |          |                     |
        |                  PW switching points                 |
        |                                                      |
        |                                                      |
        |<------------------- Emulated Service --------------->|
      

       Watcher                   Presence Agent                  PUA
            | F1 SUBSCRIBE              |                         |
            |-------------------------->|                         |
            | F2 200 OK                 |                         |
            |<--------------------------|                         |
            | F3 NOTIFY                 |                         |
            |<--------------------------|                         |
            | F4 200 OK                 |                         |
            |-------------------------->|                         |
            |                           |                         |
            |                           |   Update presence       |
            |                           |<----------------------- |
            |                           |                         |
            | F5 NOTIFY                 |                         |
            |<--------------------------|                         |
            | F6 200 OK                 |                         |
            |-------------------------->|                         |
      

                                             Presence Agent /
                     PUA                        Compositor
                      | (M1) PUBLISH                |
                      |---------------------------->|
                      | (M2) 200 OK                 |
                      |<----------------------------|
                      |                             |
                      |                             |
                      |                             |
                      | (M3) PUBLISH                |
                      |---------------------------->|
                      | (M4) 200 OK                 |
                      |<----------------------------|
                      |                             |
                     _|_                           _|_
      

      (MN) {fvc}                            {home} (MN)   [i-HA]
       !                                             \     /
    .--+---.                                        .-+---+-.
   (        )                                      (         )
    `--+---'                      [VPN]             `--+----'
        \                           !                  !
      [R/FA]        [x-HA]       .--+--.              [R]
           \         /          (  DMZ  )              !
          .-+-------+--.         `--+--'         .-----+------.
         (              )           !           (              )
         ( external net +---[R]----[FW]----[R]--+ internal net )
         (              )                       (              )
          `--+---------'                         `---+---+----'
            /                                       /     \
  [DHCP]  [R]                              [DHCP] [R]     [R]    [i-FA]
     \    /                                   \   /         \    /
     .+--+---.                               .-+-+--.     .--+--+-.
    (         )                             (        )   (         )
     `---+---'                               `--+---'     `---+---'
         !                                      !             !
        (MN) {cvc}                             (MN) {c}      (MN) {f}
      

    MN-APP      MN        x-HA       VPN        i-HA        CN
     !          !          !          !          !          !
     !          ! -------> !          !          !          !
     !          !  rrq     !          !          !          !
     !          ! -----------------X  !          !          ! rrq not
     !          !  rrq     !          !          !          ! received
     !          !          !          !          !          ! by i-HA
     !          ! <------- !          !          !          !
     !          !  rrp     !          !          !          !
     !          !          !          !          !          !
     !  [wait for detection period for response from i-HA]  !
     !  [may also retransmit to i-HA, depending on config]  ! no rrp
     !          !          !          !          !          ! from i-HA
     !          ! ==(1)==> !          !          !          !
     !          !  ike {1a}! -------> !          !          !
     !          !          !  ike     !          !          !
     !          !          ! <------- !          !          !
     !          ! <==(1)== !  ike     !          !          !
     !          !  ike     !          !          !          !
     :          :          :          :          :          :
     :          :          :          :          :          :
     !          !          !          !          !          !
     !          ! ==(2)==> !          !          !          !
     !          !  rrq {2a}! ==(1)==> !          !          !
     !          !          !  rrq {2b}! -------> !          !
     !          !          !          !  rrq {2c}!          !
     !          !          !          ! <------- !          !
     !          !          ! <==(1)== !  rrp     !          !
     !          ! <==(2)== !  rrp     !          !          !
     !          !  rrp     !          !          !          !
     !          !          !          !          !          !
    [[--- connection setup ok, bidirectional connection up ---]]
     !          !          !          !          !          !
     ! -------> !          !          !          !          !
     !  pkt {3a}! ==(3)==> !          !          !          !
     !          !  pkt {3b}! ==(2)==> !          !          !
     !          !          !  pkt {3c}! ==(1)==> !          !
     !          !          !          !  pkt {3d}! -------> !
     !          !          !          !          !  pkt {3e}!
     !          !          !          !          ! <------- !
     !          !          !          ! <==(1)== !  pkt     !
     !          !          ! <==(2)== !  pkt     !          !
     !          ! <==(3)== !  pkt     !          !          !
     !  <------ !  pkt     !          !          !          !
     !   pkt    !          !          !          !          !
     :          :          :          :          :          :
     :          :          :          :          :          :
      

                                             {home} (MN)   [i-HA]
                                                      \     /
                                                     .-+---+-.
                                                    (         )
                                   [mVPN]            `--+----'
                                     !                  !
                                  .--+--.              [R]
                                 (  DMZ  )              !
           .-+-------+--.         `--+--'         .-----+------.
          (              )           !           (              )
          ( external net +---[R]----[FW]----[R]--+ internal net )
          (              )                       (              )
           `--+---------'                         `---+---+----'
             /                                       /     \
   [DHCP]  [R]                              [DHCP] [R]     [R]    [i-FA]
      \    /                                   \   /         \    /
      .+--+---.                               .-+-+--.     .--+--+-.
     (         )                             (        )   (         )
      `---+---'                               `--+---'     `---+---'
          !                                      !             !
         (MN) {mc}                             (MN) {c}      (MN) {f}
      

       MN                    PAR                    NAR
        |                     |                      |
        |------RtSolPr------->|                      |
        |<-----PrRtAdv--------|                      |
        |                     |                      |
        |------FBU----------->|----------HI--------->|
        |                     |<--------HAck---------|
        |          <--FBack---|--FBack--->           |
        |                     |                      |
     disconnect             forward                  |
        |                   packets  ===============>|
        |                     |                      |
        |                     |                      |
   connect                    |                      |
        |                     |                      |
        |------------UNA --------------------------->|
        |<=================================== deliver packets
        |                                            |
      

     MN                    PAR                    NAR
      |                     |                      |
      |------RtSolPr------->|                      |
      |<-----PrRtAdv--------|                      |
      |                     |                      |
   disconnect               |                      |
      |                     |                      |
      |                     |                      |
   connect                  |                      |
      |-------UNA-----------|--------------------->|
      |-------FBU-----------|---------------------)|
      |                     |<-------FBU----------)|
      |                     |----------HI--------->|
      |                     |<-------HAck----------|
      |                     |(HI/HAck if necessary)|
      |                   forward                  |
      |              packets(including FBAck)=====>|
      |                     |                      |
      |<=================================== deliver packets
      |                                            |
      

        (MN L3  MN L2)                   s-BS   PAR          t-BS   NAR
          |      |                        |      |            |      |
    1-2.  |      |<---MOB_NBR-ADV --------|      |            |      |
          |      |<-------Scanning------->|      |            |      |
    3.    |<-NLD-|                        |      |            |      |
    4.    |--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->|            |      |
          |<--------------PrRtAdv----------------|            |      |
          |      |                        |      |            |      |
    5.    |      |------MOB_MSHO-REQ----->|      |            |      |
          |      |<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------|      |            |      |
          |      |  or                    |      |            |      |
          |      |<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------|      |            |      |
    6.    |<-LHI-|                        |      |            |      |
    7.    |------------------FBU---------------->|            |      |
          |      |                        |      |--------HI-------->|
          |      |                        |      |<------HACK--------|
          |<-----------------FBack---------------|-->         |      |
          |      |                        |    Packets==============>|
    8.    |(LSW)>|-------MOB_HO-IND------>|      |            |      |
       disconnect|                        |      |            |      |
       connect   |                        |      |            |      |
    9.    |      |<---------IEEE 802.16 network entry-------->|      |
    10.   |<-LUP-|                        |      |            |      |
          |----------------------------UNA-------------------------->|
    11.   |<==================================================== Packets
          |      |                        |      |                   |
      

       (MN L3  MN L2)                   s-BS   PAR          t-BS   NAR
          |      |                        |      |            |      |
    1-2.  |      |<---MOB_NBR-ADV & Scan--|      |            |      |
          |      |<-------Scanning------->|      |            |      |
    3.    |<-NLD-|                        |      |            |      |
    4.    |--------------(RtSolPr)-------------->|            |      |
          |<--------------PrRtAdv----------------|            |      |
          |      |                        |      |            |      |
    5.    |      |------MOB_MSHO-REQ----->|      |            |      |
          |      |<-----MOB_BSHO-RSP------|      |            |      |
          |      |  or                    |      |            |      |
          |      |<-----MOB_BSHO-REQ------|      |            |      |
    6.    |<-LHI-|                        |      |            |      |
    7.    |--------FBU----X--->           |      |            |      |
    8.    |      |-------MOB_HO-IND------>|      |            |      |
       disconnect|                        |      |            |      |
       connect   |                        |      |            |      |
    9.    |      |<---------IEEE 802.16 network entry-------->|      |
    10.   |<-LUP-|                        |      |            |      |
          |----------------------------UNA-------------------------->|
          |----------------------------FBU--------------------------)|
    11.   |      |                        |      |<-------FBU-------)|
          |      |                        |      |<-----HI/HAck----->|
          |      |                        |      |  (if necessary)   |
          |      |                        | Packets & FBack=========>|
          |<=========================================================|
          |      |                        |      |            |      |
      

                          Home IP Network
                     +........................+
                     . +--------+  +--------+ .
                     . |   HA   |--|  AAA   | .
                     . +--------+  +--------+ .
                     +../......\..............+
                       /        \
                 Access Provider Network(s)
          +.............+      +.............+
          . +---------+ .      . +---------+ .
          . |   PAR   | .      . |   NAR   | .
          . +---------+ .      . +---------+ .
          .      |:     .      .     :|      .
          .      |:L2link      L2link:|      .
          .      |:     .      .     :|      .
          . +----+:---+ .      . +---:+----+ .
          . |   RAN   | .      . |   RAN   | .
          . +----+:---+ .      . +---:+----+ .
          .      |:     .      .     :|      .
          .    +----+   .      .   +----+    .
          .    | MN |  --------->  | MN |    .
          .    +----+   .      .   +----+    .
          +.............+      +.............+
      

        MN            PAR             NAR            HA             AAA
        |    RtSolPr   |               |              |              |
   (a)  |------------->|               |              |              |
        |    PrRtAdv   |               |              |              |
   (b)  |<-------------|               |              |              |
        |      FBU     |      Hl       |              |              |
   (c)  |------------->|-------------->|              |              |
        |     FBack    |     HAck      |              |              |
   (d)  |<-------------|<--------------|              |              |
        |              |forward packets|              |              |
   (e)  |              |==============>|(buffering)   |              |
        |              |               |              |              |
   (f) handover        |               |              |              |
        |              |               |              |              |
       +--------------------------------------------------------------+
   (g) |                     Attachment procedure                     |
       +--------------------------------------------------------------+
        |             UNA              |              |              |
   (h)  |----------------------------->|              |              |
        |       deliver packets        |              |              |
   (i)  |<=============================|              |              |
        |              |        BU/BA  |              |              |
   (j)  |<------------------------------------------->|              |
        |              |               |              |              |
      

              MN            PAR         NAR         HA          AAA
       /       |     (serving PDSN) (target PDSN)    |           |
       |       |        LCP  |           |           |           |
       | (1)   |<----------------------->|           |           |
       |       |        CHAP/PAP         | Access-Request/Accept |
       | (2)   |<----------------------->|<-------------|------->|
       |       |             |        +------+       |  |        |
       | (3)   |             |        |  HA  |<---------+        |
       |       |             |        +------+       |           |
       |+........................................+   |           |
       |.      |                         |       .   |           |
       |.      |    IPv6CP(IF-ID)        |       .   |           |
       |.(4)*  |<---------|------------->|       .   |           |
   (g)< .    +---------+  |  |           |       .   |           |
       |.(5)*| LL-addr |<-+  |           |       .   |           |
       |.    +---------+     |           |       .   |           |
       |.      |                         |       .   |           |
       |.      |       RA(prefix)        |       .   |           |
       |.(6)*  |<---------|--------------|       .   |           |
       |.    +-----+      |  |           |       .   |           |
       |.(7)*| CoA |<-----+  |           |       .   |           |
       |.    +-----+         |           |       .   |           |
       |+........................................+   |           |
       |       |      DHCPv6(HA)         |           |           |
       | (8)   |<---------------+------->|           |           |
       |     +-----+         |  |        |           |           |
       | (9) | HA  |<-----------+        |           |           |
       |     +-----+         |           |           |           |
       |       |             |           |           |           |
       \       |             |           |           |           |
      

        MN            PAR             NAR             HA            AAA
        |   RtSolPr    |               |              |              |
   (a)  |------------->|               |              |              |
        |   PrRtAdv    |               |              |              |
   (b)  |<-------------|               |              |              |
        |     FBU      |               |              |              |
   (c)  |- - - - - - ->|(buffering)    |              |              |
        |              |               |              |              |
   (d) handover        |               |              |              |
        |              |               |              |              |
       +--------------------------------------------------------------+
   (e) |                    Attachment procedure                      |
       +--------------------------------------------------------------+
        |             UNA              |              |              |
   (f)  |----------------------------->|              |              |
        |             FBU              |              |              |
   (g)  |----------------------------->|              |              |
        |              |     FBU       |              |              |
   (h)  |              |<--------------|              |              |
        |              |      HI       |              |              |
   (i)  |              |-------------->|              |              |
        |              |     HAck      |              |              |
   (j)  |              |<--------------|              |              |
        |              |     FBack     |              |              |
   (k)  |              |-------------->|              |              |
        |              |forward packets|              |              |
   (l)  |              |==============>|              |              |
        |        deliver packets       |              |              |
   (m)  |<=============================|              |              |
        |              |        BU/BA  |              |              |
   (n)  |<------------------------------------------->|              |
        |              |               |              |              |
      

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   |      Type     |     Length    |   Option-Code |  MN ID-Length |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
   |               MN ID ...
   +-----------------------------
      

    +----------+                            +------------------+
    | PKCS #10 |                            | CMS ContentInfo  |
    +----------+--------------+             +------------------+------+
    | Certification Request   |             | CMS Signed Data,        |
    |                         |             |   no SignerInfo         |
    | Subject Name            |             |
    | Subject Public Key Info |             | SignedData contains one |
    |   (K_PUB)               |             | or more certificates in |
    | Attributes              |             | the certificates field  |
    |                         |             | Relevant CA certs and   |
    +-----------+-------------+             | CRLs can be included    |
                | signed with |             | as well.                |
                | matching    |             |                         |
                | K_PRIV      |             | encapsulatedContentInfo |
                +-------------+             | is absent.              |
                                            +--------------+----------+
                                                           | unsigned |
                                                           +----------+
      

    Full PKI Request                        Full PKI Response
    -----------------------                 ------------------------
    +----------------+                      +----------------+
    | CMS ContentInfo|                      | CMS ContentInfo|
    | CMS SignedData |                      | CMS SignedData |
    |   or Auth Data |                      |   or Auth Data |
    |     object     |                      |     object     |
    +----------------+--------+             +----------------+--------+
    |                         |             |                         |
    | PKIData                 |             | PKIResponseBody         |
    |                         |             |                         |
    | Sequence of:            |             | Sequence of:            |
    | <enrollment control>*   |             | <enrollment control>*   |
    | <certification request>*|             | <CMS object>*           |
    | <CMS object>*           |             | <other message>*        |
    | <other message>*        |             |                         |
    |                         |             | where * == zero or more |
    | where * == zero or more |             |                         |
    |                         |             | All certificates issued |
    | Certification requests  |             | as part of the response |
    | are CRMF, PKCS #10, or  |             | are included in the     |
    | Other.                  |             | "certificates" field    |
    |                         |             | of the SignedData.      |
    +-------+-----------------+             | Relevant CA certs and   |
            | signed (keypair |             | CRLs can be included as |
            | used may be pre-|             | well.                   |
            | existing or     |             |                         |
            | identified in   |             +---------+---------------+
            | the request)    |                       | signed by the |
            +-----------------+                       | CA or an LRA  |
                                                      +---------------+
      

                   +---->                   +---->       +---->
    PK   +-----+ S |         S    +-----+ S |         S  |
   ----> | MLA | --+---->   ----> | MLA | --+---->   ----+---->
         +-----+   |              +-----+   |            |
                   +---->                   +---->       +---->
      

   +----------------------------------------------+
   |              Group List Agent                |    +-------+
   | +------------+    + -----------------------+ |    | Group |
   | |    Key     |    | Group Management Agent | |<-->| List  |
   | | Management |<-->|     +------------+     | |    | Owner |
   | |   Agent    |    |     | Group List |     | |    +-------+
   | +------------+    |     +------------+     | |
   |                   |       /  |  \          | |
   |                   +------------------------+ |
   +----------------------------------------------+
                            /     |      \
                           /      |       \
               +----------+ +---------+ +----------+
               | Member 1 | |   ...   | | Member n |
               +----------+ +---------+ +----------+
      

   +-----+   1       2   +----------+
   | GLA | <-----------> |  Member  |
   +-----+               +----------+
      

         +-----+   1    2  +------------------+
         | GLA | <-------> | GLO or GL Member |
         +-----+           +------------------+
      

                     1   +----------+
               +-------> | Member 1 |
               |         +----------+
   +-----+     |     1   +----------+
   | GLA | ----+-------> |   ...    |
   +-----+     |         +----------+
               |     1   +----------+
               +-------> | Member n |
                         +----------+
      

                        C                           S
                        |                           |
                        |  capability exchange      |
                        |-------------------------->|
                        |<------------------------->|
                        |                           |
                        |  <create-subscription>    | (startTime)
                        |-------------------------->|
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |     <rpc-reply>           |
                        |                           |
                        |     <notification>        |
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |                           |
                        |     <notification>        |
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |      <notification>       | (replayComplete)
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |     <notification>        |
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |     <notification>        |
                        |<--------------------------|
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
      

                     C                           S
                     |                           |
                     |  capability exchange      |
                     |-------------------------->|
                     |<------------------------->|
                     |                           |
                     |  <create-subscription>    | (startTime,
                     |-------------------------->|  stopTime)
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |     <rpc-reply>           |
                     |                           |
                     |     <notification>        |
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |                           |
                     |     <notification>        |
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |      <notification>       | (replayComplete)
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |      <notification>       |(notificationComplete)
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |                           |
                     |                           |
                     |                           |
                     |          <rpc>            |
                     |-------------------------->|
                     |<--------------------------|
                     |       <rpc-reply>         |
                     |                           |
      

   +---+
   | C |                       +------------+
   | e | <-------------------->| End entity |
   | r |       Operational     +------------+
   | t |       transactions          ^
   | i |      and management         |  Management
   | f |       transactions          |  transactions        PKI
   | i |                             |                     users
   | c |                             v
   | a | =======================  +--+------------+  ==============
   | t |                          ^               ^
   | e |                          |               |         PKI
   |   |                          v               |      management
   | & |                       +------+           |       entities
   |   | <---------------------|  RA  |<----+     |
   | C |  Publish certificate  +------+     |     |
   | R |                                    |     |
   | L |                                    |     |
   |   |                                    v     v
   | R |                                +------------+
   | e | <------------------------------|     CA     |
   | p |   Publish certificate          +------------+
   | o |   Publish CRL                     ^      ^
   | s |                                   |      |  Management
   | i |                +------------+     |      |  transactions
   | t | <--------------| CRL Issuer |<----+      |
   | o |   Publish CRL  +------------+            v
   | r |                                      +------+
   | y |                                      |  CA  |
   +---+                                      +------+
      

   +----------+      +----------+      +----------+      +----------+
   |          |      |          |      |          |      |          |
   |  client  |<---->|  access  |<---->| TTLS AAA |<---->|  AAA/H   |
   |          |      |  point   |      |  server  |      |  server  |
   |          |      |          |      |          |      |          |
   +----------+      +----------+      +----------+      +----------+
      

   Flags
        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | L | M | S | R | R |     V     |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

              +--------------------------+
     Area "A" |                          |  Area "C"
              |                          |
     Level 1  |                          |  Level 1 / area
              |        P1                |
   +----------+                          +-------------+
   |          |                 P2       |         PE1 | 192.0.2.1/32
   |          |                          |             |
   |PE4      ABR2                       ABR1       PE2 | 192.0.2.2/32
   |          |        P3                |             |
   |          |                          |         PE3 | 192.0.2.3/32
   +----------+                          +-------------+
              |                          |
              +--------------------------+
      

                                 <@@@
                           @@@>
                    +-----+       +-----+
                    |  S  |-------|  N  |
                    +-+---+   5   +-----+
                      |              |
                      | 5          4 |  |
                   |  |              | \|/
                  \|/ |              |
                      |    +-----+   |
                      +----|  E  |---+
                           +--+--+
                              |
                              |
                              | 10
                              |
                           +--+--+
                           |  D  |
                           +-----+
      

                           20 L1      L3  3
                       [ N ]----[ S ]--------[ E3 ]
                         |        |            |
                         |      5 | L2         |
                      20 |        |            |
                         |    ---------        | 2
                         |  5 |       | 5      |
                         |  [ E1 ]  [ E2 ]-----|
                         |     |       |
                         | 10  |    10 |
                         |---[ A ]   [ B ]
                              |        |
                            2 |--[ D ]-| 2
      

                      5   +---+  8   +---+  5  +---+
                    ------| S |------| A |-----| B |
                    |     +---+      +---+     +---+
                    |       |                    |
                    |     5 |                  5 |
                    |       |                    |
                  +---+ 5 +---+   5       7    +---+
                  | C |---| E |------ p -------| F |
                  +---+   +---+                +---+
      

                               5
                     [ F ]-----------[ C ]
                       |               |
                       |               | 5
                    20 |          5    |     1
                       |   [ N ]-----[ A ]*****[ F ]
                       |     |         #         *
                       |  40 |         # 50      *  2
                       |     |    5    #    2    *
                       |   [ S ]-----[ B ]*****[ G ]
                       |     |         *
                       |   5 |         * 15
                       |     |         *
                       |   [ E ]     [ H ]
                       |     |         *
                       |   5 |         * 10**
                       |     |         *
                       |---[ X ]----[ ASBR ]
                                  5
      

   -------------------------------------------------------------
   |   Interface Parameter | Sub-TLV ID | Length | Description |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | CEP/TDM Payload Bytes | 0x04       | 4      |Section 3.2  |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | CEP/TDM Bit-Rate      | 0x07       | 6      |Section 3.3  |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | Number of TDMoIP AAL1 | 0x0E       | 4      |Section 3.4  |
   | Cells per Packet      |            |        |             |
   |-----------------------|-------=----|--------|-------------|
   | TDMoIP AAL1 Mode      | 0x10       | 4      |Section 3.5  |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | TDMoIP AAL2 Options   | 0x11       | 8 or   |Section 3.6  |
   |                       |            | larger |             |
   |                       |            |see note|             |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | Fragmentation         | 0x09       |  4     |Section 3.7  |
   | Indicator             |            |        |             |
   |-----------------------|------------|--------|-------------|
   | TDM Options           | 0x0B       |  4, 8, |Section 3.8  |
   |                       |            | or 12  |             |
   -------------------------------------------------------------
      

    <--- EAP Method ------->  <------ AAA(EAP Method -------->
           exchange                    exchange)
      

    ---- EAP-Initiate/ ----> ----AAA(EAP-Initiate/ ---------->
          Re-auth/                  Re-auth/
         [Bootstrap]              [Bootstrap])

    <--- EAP-Finish/ ------> <---AAA(rMSK,EAP-Finish/---------
          Re-auth/                   Re-auth/
        [Bootstrap]                [Bootstrap])
      

   <------------------------ EAP Method exchange------------------>
      

    ---- EAP-Initiate/ -------> ----AAA(EAP-Initiate/ -------->
          Re-auth                        Re-auth)

    <--- EAP-Finish/ ---------- <---AAA(rMSK,EAP-Finish/-------
          Re-auth                        Re-auth)
      

                  +----+       +----+       +------+      +----+
                  | S1 |       | S2 | . . . | Sn-1 |      | Sn |
                  +----+       +----+       +------+      +----+
     <zero>   K     |            |             |             |
       |      |     |            |             |             V
       V      |     V            V             V    /----> xorend
   +-----+    |  +-----+      +-----+       +-----+ |        |
   | AES-|<----->| AES-|  K-->| AES-|  K--->| AES-| |        |
   | CMAC|       | CMAC|      | CMAC|       | CMAC| |        |
   +-----+       +-----+      +-----+       +-----+ |        V
       |           |             |             |    |     +-----+
       |           |             |             |    | K-->| AES-|
       |           |             |             |    |     | CMAC|
       |           |             |             |    |     +-----+
       \-> dbl -> xor -> dbl -> xor -> dbl -> xor---/        |
                                                             V
                                                           +---+
                                                           | V |
                                                           +---+
      

                +----+       +----+       +------+      +---------+
                | S1 |       | S2 | . . . | Sn-1 |      | pad(Sn) |
                +----+       +----+       +------+      +---------+
    <zero>  K     |            |             |               |
      |     |     |            |             |               V
      V     |     V            V             V     /------> xor
   +-----+  |  +-----+      +-----+       +-----+  |         |
   | AES-|<--->| AES-|  K-->| AES-|   K-->| AES-|  |         |
   | CMAC|     | CMAC|      | CMAC|       | CMAC|  |         |
   +-----+     +-----+      +-----+       +-----+  |         V
     |           |             |             |     |      +-----+
     |           |             |             |     |  K-->| AES-|
     |           |             |             |     |      | CMAC|
     |           |             |             |     |      +-----+
     \-> dbl -> xor -> dbl -> xor -> dbl -> xor-> dbl        |
                                                             V
                                                           +---+
                                                           | V |
                                                           +---+
      

    +------+ +------+   +------+              +---+
    | AD 1 | | AD 2 |...| AD n |              | P |
    +------+ +------+   +------+              +---+
       |         |         |                    |
       |         |   ...   |  ------------------|
       \         |        /  /                  |
        \        |       /  / +------------+    |
         \       |      /  /  | K = K1||K2 |    |
          \      |     /  /   +------------+    V
           \     |    /  /      |     |       +-----+
            \    |   /  /   K1  |     |  K2   |     |
             \   |  /  /  ------/     \------>| CTR |
              \  | /  /  /            ------->|     |
               | | | |  |             |       +-----+
               V V V V  V             |          |
             +------------+       +--------+     V
             |    S2V     |------>|   V    |   +----+
             +------------+       +--------+   | C  |
                                      |        +----+
                                      |          |
                                      -----\     |
                                            \    |
                                             \   |
                                              V  V
                                             +-----+
                                             |  Z  |
                                             +-----+
      

   +------+ +------+   +------+           +---+
   | AD 1 | | AD 2 |...| AD n |           | P |
   +------+ +------+   +------+           +---+
      |        |         |                  ^
      |        |    ...  /                  |
      |        |        /  /----------------|
      |        |       /  /                 |
      \        |      /  /  +------------+  |
       \       |     /  /   | K = K1||k2 |  |
        \      |    /  /    +------------+  |
         \     |   /  /       |   |      +-----+
          \    |  /  /     K1 |   |  K2  |     |
           \   | |  |   /-----/   \----->| CTR |
            \  | |  |  |         ------->|     |
             | | |  |  |         |       +-----+
             V V V  V  V         |         ^
           +-------------+   +--------+    |
           |    S2V      |   |   V    |  +---+
           +-------------+   +--------+  | C |
                 |               | ^     +---+
                 |               | |       ^
                 |               |  \      |
                 |               |   \___  |
                 V               V       \ |
             +-------+      +---------+ +---+
             |   T   |----->|  if !=  | | Z |
             +-------+      +---------+ +---+
                                 |
                                 |
                                 V
                                FAIL
      

   +--Domain#1--+   +--Domain#2--+   +--Domain#3--+
   |            |   |            |   |            |
   |     B------+---+---D-----E--+---+------J     |
   |    /       |   |    \   /   |   |       \    |
   |   /        |   |     \ /    |   |        \   |
   |  A         |   |      H     |   |         L  |
   |   \        |   |     / \    |   |        /   |
   |    \       |   |    /   \   |   |       /    |
   |     C------+---+---F-----G--+---+------K     |
   |            |   |            |   |            |
   +------------+   +------------+   +------------+
      

             +-----Domain#2-----+
             |                  |
             | E--------------F |
             | |              | |
             | |              | |
             +-+--------------+-+
               |              |
               |              |
   +--Domain#1-+--+   +-------+------+
   |           |  |   |       |      |
   |           |  |   |       |      |
   |      A----B--+---+--C----D      |
   |      |       |   |  |           |
   |      |       |   |  |           |
   +------+-------+   +--+-Domain#4--+
          |              |
        +-+--------------+-+
        | |              | |
        | |              | |
        | G--------------H |
        |                  |
        +-----Domain#3-----+
      

                                 Received Adjacency Three-Way State
                                    Down       Initializing    Up
                              --------------------------------------
                 Down         |  Initialize        Up         Down
                              |
         Adj.    Initializing |  Initialize        Up         Up
         Three-               |
         Way     Up           |  Initialize        Accept     Accept
         State                |
                              |
      

         0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
        |  Reserved    |SA|RA|RR|
        +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      

    Event       | Running              | ADJ suppressed
   ==============================================================
    RX RR       | Maintain ADJ State   |
                | Send RA              |
                | Set SRM,send CSNP    |
                |  (Note 1)            |
                | Update Hold Time,    |
                |  set Restart Mode    |
                |  (Note 2)            |
   -------------+----------------------+-------------------------
    RX RR clr   | Clr Restart mode     |
   -------------+----------------------+-------------------------
    RX SA       | Suppress IS neighbor |
                |   TLV in LSP(s)      |
                | Goto ADJ Suppressed  |
   -------------+----------------------+-------------------------
    RX SA clr   |                      |Unsuppress IS neighbor
                |                      |   TLV in LSP(s)
                |                      |Goto Running
   ==============================================================
      

  Event      | Restarting         | ADJ Seen  | ADJ Seen  | SPF Wait
             |                    |    RA     |   CSNP    |
 ===================================================================
  Router     | Send IIH/RR        |           |           |
   restarts  | ADJ Init           |           |           |
             | Start T1,T2,T3     |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  RX RR      | Send RA            |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  RX RA      | Adjust T3          |           | Cancel T1 |
             | Goto ADJ Seen RA   |           | Adjust T3 |
 ----------- +--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  RX CSNP set| Goto ADJ Seen CSNP | Cancel T1 |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  RX IIH w/o | Cancel T1 (Point-  |           |           |
  Restart TLV|  to-point only)    |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  T1 expires | Send IIH/RR        |Send IIH/RR|Send IIH/RR|
             | Restart T1         | Restart T1| Restart T1|
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  T1 expires | Send IIH/          | Send IIH/ | Send IIH/ |
   nth time  |   normal           |   normal  |   normal  |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  T2 expires | Trigger SPF        |           |           |
             | Goto SPF Wait      |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  T3 expires | Set overload bit   |           |           |
             | Flood local LSPs   |           |           |
             | Update fwd plane   |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
  LSP DB Sync| Cancel T2, and T3  |           |           |
             | Trigger SPF        |           |           |
             | Goto SPF wait      |           |           |
 ------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
 All SPF     |                    |           |           | Clear
   done      |                    |           |           | overload bit
             |                    |           |           | Update fwd
             |                    |           |           |  plane
             |                    |           |           | Flood local
             |                    |           |           |   LSPs
             |                    |           |           | Goto Running
 ======================================================================
      

    Event       | Starting          | ADJ Seen RA| ADJ Seen CSNP
   =============================================================
   Router       | Send IIH/SA       |            |
     starts     | Start T1,T2       |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   RX RR        | Send RA           |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   RX RA        | Goto ADJ Seen RA  |            | Cancel T1
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   RX CSNP Set  | Goto ADJ Seen CSNP| Cancel T1  |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   RX IIH w     | Cancel T1         |            |
     no Restart | (Point-to-Point   |            |
     TLV        |   only)           |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   ADJ UP       | Start T1          |            |
                | Send local LSPs   |            |
                |  with overload bit|            |
                |  set              |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   T1 expires   | Send IIH/RR       |Send IIH/RR | Send IIH/RR
                |   and SA          |   and SA   |   and SA
                | Restart T1        |Restart T1  | Restart T1
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   T1 expires   | Send IIH/SA       |Send IIH/SA | Send IIH/SA
    nth time    |                   |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   T2 expires   | Clear overload bit|            |
                | Send IIH normal   |            |
                | Goto Running      |            |
   -------------+-------------------+------------+---------------
   LSP DB Sync  | Cancel T2         |            |
                | Clear overload bit|            |
                | Send IIH normal   |            |
   ==============================================================
      

                R1------R3----R5-----R7------R9-----R11
                        |     | \    |      / |
                        |     |  \   |  ----  |
                        |     |   \  | /      |
                R2------R4----R6   --R8------R10----R12
                           :              :
                <-- AS1 -->:<---- AS2 --->:<--- AS3 --->
      

                   PCE1<------>PCE2<-------->PCE3
                   /       :             :
                  /        :             :
                R1------R3----R5-----R7------R9-----R11
                        |     | \    |      / |
                        |     |  \   |  ----  |
                        |     |   \  | /      |
                R2------R4----R6   --R8------R10----R12
                           :              :
                <-- AS1 -->:<---- AS2 --->:<--- AS3 --->
      

                                   2. INVITE
                               +------------------>
                               |   alice@example.com
                               |
                               |
                        +-------------+
                        |             |
       1. INVITE        |             | 3. INVITE
     ------------------>| PoC Network |---------------->
    alice@example.com   |             | bob@example.org
    friends@example.org |             |
                        +-------------+
                               |
                               |
                               |
                               |   4. INVITE
                               +------------------>
                                   carol@example.net
      

           +---------+        INVITE request         +----------+
           |         |------------------------------>|          |
           |         |   [URI list in a URI list]    | URI-list |
           | Client  |                               |  server  |
           |         |        403 Forbidden          |          |
           |         |<------------------------------|          |
           |         | [Content of refused URI list] |          |
           +---------+                               +----------+
      

                    |                                 |
                    |             INVITE              |
                    |-------------------------------->|
                    |                                 |
                    |          403 Forbidden          |
                    |<--------------------------------|
                    |                                 |
      

                                            +-------------------------+
                                            |                         |
                                            ~   Outer */IPv4 headers  ~
                                            |                         |
   I                                        +-------------------------+
   n                                        |       SEAL Header       |
   n      +-------------------------+       +-------------------------+
   e      ~ Any mid-layer * headers ~       ~ Any mid-layer * headers ~
   r      +-------------------------+       +-------------------------+
          |                         |       |                         |
   I -->  ~         Inner IP        ~  -->  ~         Inner IP        ~
   P -->  ~         Packet          ~  -->  ~         Packet          ~
          |                         |       |                         |
   P      +-------------------------+       +-------------------------+
   a      ~  Any mid-layer trailers ~       ~  Any mid-layer trailers ~
   c      +-------------------------+       +-------------------------+
   k                                        ~    Any outer trailers   ~
   e                                        +-------------------------+
   t
           (After mid-layer encaps.)        (After SEAL/*/IPv4 encaps.)
      

   +--------------------+----------------------+---------------------+
   | Matti Aarnio       | Tanaka Akira         | Russ Allbery        |
   | Eric Allman        | Harald Alvestrand    | Ran Atkinson        |
   | Jos Backus         | Bruce Balden         | Dave Barr           |
      

   *****          ************************
   *   *          *  Policy              *    *********************
   * M *  Add,    *  Configuration       *    * Policy            *
   * A *  Get,    *  Entity              *    * Enforcement       *
   * N *  Remove  *                      *    * Entity            *
   * A *  Policy  *  +----------------+  *    *                   *
   * G *  Objects *  | Non-Active     |  *    *  +-------------+  *
   * I *<-------->*  | Policy Objects |==*====*=>| Active      |  *
   * N *          *  +----------------+  *    *  | Policy      |  *
   * G *          ************************    *  | Objects     |  *
   *   *                                      *  +-------------+  *
   *   *              Activate Policy Summary *                   *
   * E *=====================================>*  +-------------+  *
   * N *            Deactivate Policy Summary *  | Policy      |  *
   * T *=====================================>*  | Summary     |  *
   * I *                                      *  | Object      |  *
   * T *            Get Policy Summary        *  +-------------+  *
   * Y *<-------------------------------------*                   *
   *   *            Get Policy Objects        *                   *
   *   *<-------------------------------------*                   *
   *****                                      *********************
      

       Bit    0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7
     ^     +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
     |     |    Version number     |  Segment Type Flags   | Control
     |     +-----------------------+-----------------------+     -byte
     |     |                                               |
     |     /                 Session ID                    \
     |     \                                               /
   Header  +-----------------------+-----------------------+
     |     | Header Extension Cnt. | Trailer Extension Cnt.| Extensions
     |     +-----------------------+-----------------------+
     |     |                                               |
     |     /              Header Extensions                \
     |     \                                               /
     V     +-----------------------------------------------+
           |                                               |
           |                                               |
           |                                               |
           |              Segment Content                  |
           /                                               \
           \                                               /
           |                                               |
           |                                               |
           |                                               |
     ^     +-----------------------------------------------+
     |     |                                               |
   Trailer /              Trailer Extensions               \
     |     \                                               /
     V     +-----------------------------------------------+
      

                                  /\/\/\/\
                                 | Cncld |
                                  \/\/\/\/
                       +--------+    |     +------+
              Rcv CR;  |        V    V     V      | Rcv RS;
              Snd CAR  |       +-------------+    | Snd RA
                       +-------+   CLOSED    +----+
 +---------------------------->+------+------+
 |                                    | Blk. Trans. Req
 |                       Zero RP      +
 |  Xmit     ________________________/ \  Non-Zero RP
 |  GDS;    /                           \
 | +---+   |       +------------------+  |  +------+
 | |   V   V       |   /\/\   Rcv RS  V  V  V      |
 | |  +---------+  +<-| RX |<---+   +---------+    |
 | +<-+ FG_XMIT |  |   \/\/     +---+         +--->+ Xmit RDS;
 |    +----+----+  |                | RP_XMIT |    |
 |         |       |   /\/\     +---+         +--->+ Xmit {RDS, CP};
 +<--------+       +<-| CP |<---+   +-----+---+      Start CP Tmr
 |    Xmit             \/\/   CP TE       |    \
 | {GDS, EOB};                            |     |
 |                  Xmit {RDS, CP, EORP}; |     +-------+
 |                  Start CP Tmr          |             |
 |                                        |             |
 |                 +------------------+   |  +---+      | Xmit {RDS,
 |                 |   /\/\  Rcv RS   V   V  V   |      | CP, EORP,
 |                 +<-| RX |<---+   +---------+  |      | EOB};
 |                 |   \/\/     +---+         |  |      | Start
 |                 |                | GP_XMIT +->+      | CP Tmr
 |                 |   /\/\     +---+         | Xmit    |
 |                 +<-| CP |<---+   +-----+---+ GDS;    |
 |                     \/\/  CP TE        |             |
 |                                        |             |
 |                       Xmit {GDS, EOB}; |   +---------+
 |                                        |   |
 |                 +------------------+   |   |
 |                 |   /\/\  Rcv RS   V   V   V
 |                 +<-| RX |<---+   +-------------+
 |                 |   \/\/     +---+             |
 |                 |                | WAIT_RP_ACK |
 |                 |   /\/\     +---+             |
 |                 +<-| CP |<---+   +-----+-------+
 |                     \/\/  CP TE        | RP acknowledged fully;
 |                                        V
 +----------------------------------------+
      

         /\/\                               /\/\
         |CP|                               |CX |
         \/\/                               \/\/
          | |                                 | Snd CS,
          | | RL EXC;                         | Start CS Tmr;
          | |                                 |
          | |        /\/\                     |  +---+
          | +------>| CX |                    V  V   |
          |          \/\/                +---------+ | CS TE,
          |                              | CS_SENT | | RL NOT EXC;
          V  RL NOT EXC;                 +-+--+--+-+ | Rxmt CS,
             Rxmt CP,                      |  |  |   | Restart
             Start CP Tmr;         CS TE,  |  |  +---+ CS Tmr
                                   RL EXC; |  |
                                           |  | Rcv CAS;
                                           V  V
                                           /\/\/\/\
                                          | Cncld  |
                                           \/\/\/\/

             /\/\
            | RX |
             \/\/
               |  Cncl CP Tmr (if any)
               V  Snd RA
         +---------+                                +----+
         | CHK_RPT |                                |    |
         +-+--+----+       RP in scope              V    |
           |  |     \     NOT rcvd. fully   +---------+  | Rxmt
 Redundant |  | RP   +--------------------->| RP_RXMT |  | missing
 RS rcvd;  |  | in scope                    +----+--+-+  | RDS;
           |  | rcvd. fully                      |  |    |
           V  V                    Rxmt last     |  +----+
                                   missing RDS   |
                                   (marked CP)   |
                                   Start CP Tmr; |
                                                 V
      

                                             /\/\/\/\
                          +----+       +----+ Cncld  |
                  Rcv CS; |    V       V     \/\/\/\/
                  Snd CAS |  +-------------+
                          +--+    CLOSED   +<--------------------------+
                             +------+------+                           |
                            +----+  | Rcv first DS                     |
                 Rcv RA;    |    V  V                                  |
                Cncl RS Tmr |   +--------+                             |
                            +---+ DS_REC |                             |
 +----------------------------->+-+--+-+-+<----------------------+---+ |
 |          Svc. does not exist   |  | | RS TE                   |   | |
 |   /\/\  or Rcv miscolored seg. |  | |               /\/\      |   | |
 |  | CX |<-----------------------+  | +------------->| RX |---->+   | |
 |   \/\/                            |                 \/\/          | |
 |                        Rcv RDS;   |   Rcv GDS;                    | |
 |                       +-----------+------------+                  | |
 |                       V                        V                  | |
 |   /\/\  RS TE +--------------+             +--------+             | |
 +<-| RX |<------+    RCV_RP    |             | RCV_GP |             | |
 |   \/\/        +-+----+--+--+-+             +--+-+-+-+             | |
 |                 |    |  |  |                  | | |               | |
 |    Rcvd RDS;    |    |  |  | Rcvd {RDS, CP,   | | | RS TE  /\/\   | |
 |                 |    |  |  | EORP, EOB};      | | +------>| RX |->+ |
 +<----------------+    |  |  | Snd RS,          | |          \/\/   | |
 |                      |  |  | Start RS Tmr     | | Rcvd GDS;       | |
 | Rcvd {RDS, CP};      |  |  |                  | +---------------->+ |
 | Snd RS, Start RS Tmr |  |  +-------+    +-----+                     |
 +<---------------------+  |          |    | Rcvd {GDS, EOB};          |
 |                         |          |    |                           |
 |                         | +-----+  |    |   +------+                |
 | Rcvd {RDS, CP, EORP};   | |     V  V    V   V      |                |
 | Snd RS, Start RS Tmr    | |   +----------------+   | Rcv RDS;       |
 |                         | |   |                +-->+                |
 |                         | |   |   WAIT_RP_REC  |   | Rcv {RDS, CP}; |
 |                         | |   |                +-->+ Snd RS, Start  |
 +<------------------------+ |   +---+--+-+-+-----+   |        RS Tmr  |
                             | RS TE |  | | | Rcv RA; |                |
                             |       V  | | | Cncl    |                |
                             |    /\/\  | | | RS Tmr  |                |
                             +---| RX | | | +-------->+                |
                                  \/\/  | |                            |
          /\/\                          | |                            |
         | CX |<------------------------+ |  RP rcvd. fully            |
          \/\/      Rcv miscolored seg.   +--------------------------->+
      

               /\/\
              | RX |
               \/\/
               |  |
               |  | RL EXC;    /\/\
  RL NOT EXC;  |  +---------->| CX |
  Rxmt RS,     |               \/\/
  Start RS Tmr |
               V

               /\/\
              | CX |
               \/\/
                 | Snd CR,
                 | Start CR Tmr;
                 |
                 |  +----+
                 V  V    |
             +---------+ | CR TE,
             | CR_SENT | | RL NOT EXC;
             +-+--+--+-+ | Rxmt CR,
               |  |  |   | Restart
       CR TE,  |  |  +---+ CR Tmr
       RL EXC; |  |
               |  | Rcv CAR;
               V  V
               /\/\/\/\
              | Cncld  |
               \/\/\/\/
      

       ext  tag  sdnv  c-s  k-id
      +----+----+----+----+----+
      |0x11|0x00|0x02|0x00|0x24|
      +----+----+----+----+----+
      

                             Network element
                        .............................
                        :            --------       :
              PSC       :           |  PSC   |      :
            Port1-------------<->---|#a      |      :
                        :  +--<->---|#b      |      :
                        :  |         --------       :
                        :  |        ----------      :
              TDM       :  +--<->--|#c  TDM   |     :
            Port2 ------------<->--|#d        |     :
                        :           ----------      :
                        :............................
      

                             Network element
                        .............................
                        :            --------       :
                        :           |  PSC   |      :
                        :           |        |      :
                        :         --|#a      |      :
                        :        |  |   #b   |      :
                        :        |   --------       :
                        :        |       |          :
                        :        |  ----------      :
                        :    /|  | |    #c    |     :
                        :   | |--  |          |     :
              Link1 ========| |    |    TDM   |     :
                        :   | |----|#d        |     :
                        :    \|     ----------      :
                        :............................
      

          ..........................................
          .                                  Area 1.
          .     +                                  .
          .     |                                  .
          .     | 3+---+1                          .
          .  N1 |--|RT1|-----+                     .
          .     |  +---+      \                    .
          .     |              \  ______           .
          .     +               \/       \      1+---+
          .                     *    N3   *------|RT4|------
          .     +               /\_______/       +---+
          .     |              /     |             .
          .     | 3+---+1     /      |             .
          .  N2 |--|RT2|-----+      1|             .
          .     |  +---+           +---+           .
          .     |                  |RT3|----------------
          .     +                  +---+           .
          .                          |2            .
          .                          |             .
          .                   +------------+       .
          .                          N4            .
          ..........................................
      

                     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
                    +--+--+--+--+--+-+--+--+
                    |  |  |  |DN| P|x|LA|NU|
                    +--+--+--+--+--+-+--+--+
      

              0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
            +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
            |U |S2|S1|           LSA Function Code          |
            +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      

    ------------------------------------------------------------------
   | Symbol  |   Definition               |  R  |   S     Duration    |
   |---------|----------------------------|-----|---------------------|
   |  gwfax  | Gateway controlled fax     |  x  |                     |
   |  nopfax | No special fax handling    |  x  |                     |
   |  t38    | T.38 fax relay             |  x  |                     |
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
      

    ------------------------------------------------------------------
   | #|     GW-o      |     CA-o      |      CA-t     |      GW-t     |
   |==|===============|===============|===============|===============|
   | 1|             <-|CRCX           |               |               |
   | 2|     200(sdp-o)|->             |               |               |
   | 3|               |  INVITE(sdp-o)|->             |               |
   | 4|               |               |    CRCX(sdp-o)|->             |
   | 5|               |               |             <-|200 (sdp-t)    |
   | 6|               |             <-|200(sdp-t)     |               |
   | 7|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t)    |               |               |
   | 8|            200|->             |               |               |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   | 9|               |               |               |  <- ANS/      |
   |  |               |               |               |      T.30 CED |
   |10|               |               |               |  <- V.21 fax  |
   |  |               |               |               |     preamble  |
   |11|               |               |             <-|NTFY(t38 start)|
   |12|               |               |            200|->             |
   |13|               |               |      MDCX(t38)|->             |
   |14|               |               |             <-|200(sdp-t2)    |
   |15|               |             <-|INVITE(sdp-t2) |               |
   |16|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t2)   |               |               |
   |17|    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |               |
   |18|               |    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |
   |19|               |               |   MDCX(sdp-o2)|->             |
   |20|               |               |             <-|200            |
   |21|  V.21 fax ->  |               |               |               |
   |  |  preamble     |               |               |               |
   |22|NTFY(t38 start)|->             |               |               |
   |23|             <-|200            |               |               |
   |24|             <-|RQNT(T38 event)|               |               |
   |25|            200|->             |               |               |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   |26|               |               |               |   (fax ends)  |
   |27|               |               |             <-|NTFY(t38 stop) |
   |28|               |               |            200|->             |
   |29|NTFY(t38 stop) |->             |               |               |
   |30|             <-|200            |               |               |
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
      

    ------------------------------------------------------------------
   | #|     GW-o      |     CA-o      |      CA-t     |      GW-t     |
   |==|===============|===============|===============|===============|
   | 1|             <-|CRCX           |               |               |
   | 2|     200(sdp-o)|->             |               |               |
   | 3|               |  INVITE(sdp-o)|->             |               |
   | 4|               |               |    CRCX(sdp-o)|->             |
   | 5|               |               |             <-|200 (sdp-t)    |
   | 6|               |             <-|200(sdp-t)     |               |
   | 7|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t)    |               |               |
   | 8|            200|->             |               |               |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   | 9|         CNG ->|               |               |               |
   |10|               |               |               |<- ANS/T.30 CED|
   |11|               |               |               |<- V.21 fax    |
   |  |               |               |               |   preamble    |
   |12|               |               |             <-|NTFY(t38 start)|
   |13|               |               |            200|->             |
   |14|               |               |      MDCX(t38)|->             |
   |15|               |               |             <-|200(sdp-t2)    |
   |16|               |             <-|INVITE(sdp-t2) |               |
   |17|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t2)   |               |               |
   |18|    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |               |
   |19|               |    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |
   |20|               |               |   MDCX(sdp-o2)|->             |
   |21|               |               |             <-|200            |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   |22|               |               |               |   (fax ends)  |
   |23|               |               |             <-|NTFY(t38 stop) |
   |24|               |               |            200|->             |
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
      

    ------------------------------------------------------------------
   | #|     GW-o      |     CA-o      |    SIP-UA-t   |      fax      |
   |==|===============|===============|===============|===============|
   | 1|             <-|CRCX           |               |               |
   | 2|     200(sdp-o)|->             |               |               |
   | 3|               |  INVITE(sdp-o)|->             |               |
   | 4|               |             <-|200(sdp-t)     |               |
   | 5|               |            ACK|->             |               |
   | 6|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t)    |               |               |
   | 7|            200|->             |               |               |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   | 8|               |               |               |  <- ANS/      |
   |  |               |               |               |      T.30 CED |
   | 9|               |               |               |  <- V.21 fax  |
   |  |               |               |               |     preamble  |
   |10|               |             <-|INVITE(sdp-t2) |               |
   |11|             <-|MDCX(sdp-t2)   |               |               |
   |12|    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |               |
   |13|               |    200(sdp-o2)|->             |               |
   |14|               |             <-|ACK            |               |
   |15|  V.21 fax ->  |               |               |               |
   |  |  preamble     |               |               |               |
   |16|NTFY(t38 start)|->             |               |               |
   |17|             <-|200            |               |               |
   |18|             <-|RQNT(T38 event)|               |               |
   |19|            200|->             |               |               |
   |--|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
   |20|               |               |               |   (fax ends)  |
   |21|               |             <-|BYE            |               |
   |22|               |            200|->             |               |
   |23|NTFY(t38 stop) |->             |               |               |
   |24|             <-|200            |               |               |
    ------------------------------------------------------------------
      

                 Symmetric    |  ECC       |   RSA
                 -------------+----------- +------------
                    80        |  160 - 223 |   1024
                   112        |  224 - 255 |   2048
                   128        |  256 - 383 |   3072
                   192        |  384 - 511 |   7680
                   256        |  512+      |  15360
      

                                           .......................
         ______          ______            .      +-------+      .
        / ENRP \        / ENRP \           .      |       |      .
        |Server| <----> |Server|<----------.----->|  PE 1 |      .
        \______/  ENRP  \______/  ASAP(1)  .      |       |      .
                           ^               .      +-------+      .
                           |               .                     .
                           | ASAP(2)       .     Server Pool     .
                           V               .                     .
                      +-------+            .      +-------+      .
                      |       |            .      |       |      .
                      |  PU   |<---------->.      |  PE 2 |      .
                      |       |  PU to PE  .      |       |      .
                      +-------+            .      +-------+      .
                                           .                     .
                                           .      +-------+      .
                                           .      |       |      .
                                           .      |  PE 3 |      .
                                           .      |       |      .
                                           .      +-------+      .
                                           .......................
      

                          ______          _____
            ...          / ENRP \        / ENRP \          ...
          PEs/PUs  <---->|Server| <----> |Server|<---->  PEs/PUs
            ...     ASAP \______/  ENRP  \______/ ASAP     ...
                           ^                  ^
                           |                  |
                           |     / ENRP \     |
                           +---->|Server|<----+
                            ENRP \______/ ENRP
                                    ^
                                    | ASAP
                                    v
                                   ...
                                 PEs/PUs
                                   ...
      

       |                                |                 |
       |                              +---+               |
       |                              | 1 |               |
       |2. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION     +---+               |
       |<-------------------------------|                 |
       |                              +---+               |
       |                              | 3 |               |
       |4. ASAP_HANDLE_RESOLUTION_RSP +---+               |
       |------------------------------->|                 |
       |                              +---+               |
       |                              | 5 |               |
       |                              +---+  6. "hello1"  |
       |                                |---------------->|
       |                                |                 |
      

          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
          | Control-Client  |<--TWAMP-Control-->|      Server       |
          |                 |                   |                   |
          | Session-Sender  |<--TWAMP-Test----->| Session-Reflector |
          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
      

              controller                              responder
          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
          | Control-Client  |<--TWAMP-Control-->| Server            |
          |                 |                   |                   |
          | Session-Sender  |<--TWAMP-Test----->| Session-Reflector |
          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
      

              controller                              responder
          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
          |     Server      |<----------------->|                   |
          | Control-Client  |                   | Session-Reflector |
          | Session-Sender  |<--TWAMP-Test----->|                   |
          +-----------------+                   +-------------------+
      

            Alice           Proxy            Bob
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |                |   INVITE F2  |
             |(100 Trying) F3 |------------->|
             |<---------------|              |
             |                |180 Ringing F4|
             | 180 Ringing F5 |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |                |  200 OK F6   |
             |    200 OK F7   |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F8     |              |
             |--------------->|    ACK F9    |
             |                |------------->|
             |    Both way RTP Established   |
             |<=============================>|
             |                |INVITE(hold) F10
             |INVITE(hold) F11|<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F12  |              |
             |--------------->|   200 OK F13 |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |     ACK F14  |
             |     ACK F15    |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |           No RTP Sent!        |
             |                |  INVITE F16  |
             |   INVITE F17   |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |   200 OK F18   |              |
             |--------------->|  200 OK F19  |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |    ACK F20   |
             |     ACK F21    |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |    Both way RTP Established   |
             |<=============================>|
             |     BYE F22    |              |
             |--------------->|   BYE F23    |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |   200 OK F24 |
             |    200 OK F25  |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
      

           Alice            Proxy           Bob                Carol
             |                |              |                   |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |                   |
             |--------------->|   INVITE F2  |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |(100 Trying) F3 |              |                   |
             |<---------------|180 Ringing F4|                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             | 180 Ringing F5 |              |                   |
             |<---------------|  200 OK F6   |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |    200 OK F7   |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |     ACK F8     |              |                   |
             |--------------->|     ACK F9   |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |     Both way RTP Established  |                   |
             |<=============================>|                   |
             |                |INVITE(hold) F10                  |
             |INVITE(hold) F11|<-------------|                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |    200 OK F12  |              |                   |
             |--------------->|   200 OK F13 |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |     ACK F14  |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |    ACK F15     |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |         No RTP Sent!          |                   |
             |                |   INVITE F16 |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |              |    INVITE F17     |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |(100 Trying) F18                  |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |              | 180 Ringing F19   |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             |                | 180 Ringing F20                  |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |              |    200 OK F21     |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             |                |   200 OK F22 |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |    ACK F23   |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |              |      ACK F24      |

             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |         Both way RTP Established |
             |                |              |<=================>|
             |                |   BYE F25    |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |              |       BYE F26     |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |              |    200 OK F27     |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             |                |   200 OK F28 |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |   INVITE F29 |                   |
             |    INVITE F30  |<-------------|                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |    200 OK F31  |              |                   |
             |--------------->|   200 OK F32 |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |     ACK F33  |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |    ACK F34     |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |     Both way RTP Established  |                   |
             |<=============================>|                   |
             |    BYE F35     |              |                   |
             |--------------->|    BYE F36   |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |   200 OK F37 |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |  200 OK F38    |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |                |              |                   |
      

           Alice             Bob       Music Server
             |                |              |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 180 Ringing F2 |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F3   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F4     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |       RTP      |              |
             |<==============>|              |
             |                |              |
             |   Bob places Alice on hold    |
             |                |              |
             | INVITE (hold) F5              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F6   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |     ACK F7     |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    no RTP      |              |
             |                |              |
             |  Bob initiates music on hold  |
             |                |              |
             |                |   REFER Refer-To: A F8
             |                |------------->|
             |                |    202 F9    |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |   NOTIFY F10 |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |    200 F11   |
             |                |------------->|
             |  INVITE F12 Replaces: B       |
             |<------------------------------|
             |          200 OK F13           |
             |------------------------------>|
             |           ACK F14             |
             |<------------------------------|
             |           RTP Music           |
             |<==============================|
             |     BYE F15    |              |
             |--------------->|  NOTIFY F17  |
             |  200 OK F16    |<-------------|
             |<---------------|  200 OK F18  |
             |                |------------->|

             |                |              |
             | The music on hold is complete |
             |                |              |
             |    Bob takes Alice off hold   |
             |                |              |
             |  INVITE Replaces: M F19       |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F20  |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |     ACK F21    |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |       RTP      |              |
             |<==============>|              |
             |            BYE F22            |
             |------------------------------>|
             |          200 OK F23           |
             |<------------------------------|
      

          Alice                 Bob                 Carol
            |      INVITE F1     |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |   180 Ringing F2   |                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |      200 OK F3     |                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |        ACK F4      |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |        RTP         |                    |
            |<==================>|                    |
            |                    |                    |
            |  Alice performs unattended transfer     |
            |                    |                    |
            | REFER Refer-To:C F5|                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |  202 Accepted F6   |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |      NOTIFY F7     |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |      200 OK F8     |                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |       BYE F9       |                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |     200 OK F10     |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |   No RTP Session   | INVITE Referred-By: A F11
            |                    |------------------->|
            |                    |   180 Ringing F12  |
            |                    |<-------------------|
            |                    |     200 OK F13     |
            |                    |<-------------------|
            |                    |       ACK F14      |
            |                    |------------------->|
            |                    |        RTP         |
            |                    |<==================>|
            |      NOTIFY F15    |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |      200 OK F16    |                    |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |                    |                    |
      

           Alice             Bob          Carol
             |                |              |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 180 Ringing F2 |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F3   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F4     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |       RTP      |              |
             |<==============>|              |
             |INVITE (hold) F5|              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F6   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |     ACK F7     |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     No RTP     |              |
             |                |  INVITE F8   |
             |                |------------->|
             |                | 180 Ringing F9
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |  200 OK F10  |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |    ACK F11   |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |     RTP      |
             |                |<============>|
             |                |INVITE (hold) F12
             |                |------------->|
             |                | 200 OK F13   |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |    ACK F14   |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |     No RTP   |
             | REFER Refer-To: C F15         |
             |<---------------|              |
             |202 Accepted F16|              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |   NOTIFY F17   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |   200 OK F18   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     INVITE Replaces: B F19    |
             |------------------------------>|

             |            200 OK F20         |
             |<------------------------------|
             |             ACK F21           |
             |------------------------------>|
             |               RTP             |
             |<=============================>|
             |                |    BYE F22   |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |  200 OK F23  |
             |                |------------->|
             |   NOTIFY F24   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |   200 OK F25   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    BYE F26     |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |   200 OK F27   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
      

            Alice          Bob                Carol
             |              |                   |
             |   INVITE F1  |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             | 180 Ringing F2                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |  200 OK F3   |                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |    ACK F4    |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             |  Both way RTP Established        |
             |<============>|                   |
             |              |     MESSAGE F5    |
             |              |------------------>|
             |              |     200 OK F6     |
             |              |<------------------|
             |              |                   |
             |       INVITE Replaces:A-B F7     |
             |<---------------------------------|
             |            200 OK F8             |
             |--------------------------------->|
             |               ACK F9             |
             |<---------------------------------|
             |   Both way RTP Established       |
             |<================================>|
             |    BYE F10   |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             |  200 OK F11  |                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |                                  |
      

            Alice           Proxy          Gateway
             |                |              |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |(100 Trying) F2 |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             | (181 Call Is Being Forwarded) F3
             |<---------------|   INVITE F4  |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |180 Ringing F5|
             | 180 Ringing F6 |<-------------|
             |<---------------|  200 OK F7   |
             |    200 OK F8   |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F9     |              |
             |--------------->|    ACK F10   |
             |                |------------->|
             |    Both way RTP Established   |
             |<=============================>|
             |     BYE F11    |              |
             |--------------->|   BYE F12    |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |   200 OK F13 |
             |    200 OK F14  |<-------------|
             |<---------------|              |
             |                |              |
      

           Alice            Proxy          User B1             User B2
             |                |              |                   |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |                   |
             |--------------->|   INVITE F2  |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |(100 Trying) F3 |              |                   |
             |<---------------|  486 Busy F4 |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |     ACK F5   |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |(181 Call is Being Forwarded) F6                   |
             |<---------------|              |    INVITE F7      |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |              | 180 Ringing F8    |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             | 180 Ringing F9 |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |      200 OK F10   |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             |    200 OK F11  |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |     ACK F12    |              |                   |
             |--------------->|              |     ACK F13       |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |               Both way RTP Established            |
             |<=================================================>|
             |    BYE F14     |              |                   |
             |--------------->|              |      BYE F15      |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |              |    200 OK F16     |
             |  200 OK F17    |<---------------------------------|
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |                |              |                   |
      

           Alice            Proxy         User B1             User B2
             |                |              |                   |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |                   |
             |--------------->|   INVITE F2  |                   |
             |(100 Trying) F3 |------------->|                   |
             |<---------------|180 Ringing F4|                   |
             | 180 Ringing F5 |<-------------|                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |                 Request Timeout                   |
             |                |              |                   |
             |                |   CANCEL F6  |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |                |   200 OK F7  |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |     487 F8   |                   |
             |                |<-------------|                   |
             |                |     ACK F9   |                   |
             |                |------------->|                   |
             |(181 Call is Being Forwarded) F10                  |
             |<---------------|              |    INVITE F11     |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |              | 180 Ringing F12   |
             | 180 Ringing F13|<---------------------------------|
             |<---------------|              |      200 OK F14   |
             |                |<---------------------------------|
             |   200 OK F15   |              |                   |
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |     ACK F16    |              |                   |
             |--------------->|              |     ACK F17       |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |               Both way RTP Established            |
             |<=================================================>|
             |    BYE F18     |              |                   |
             |--------------->|              |      BYE F19      |
             |                |--------------------------------->|
             |                |              |    200 OK F20     |
             |  200 OK F21    |<---------------------------------|
             |<---------------|              |                   |
             |                |              |                   |
      

            Alice           Bob            Carol
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 180 Ringing F2 |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F3   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F4     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |       RTP      |              |
             |<==============>|              |
             |   INVITE F5    |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F6   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |     ACK F7     |              |
             |<---------------|  INVITE F8   |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |    180 F9    |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |  200 OK F10  |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |  ACK F11     |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |       RTP    |
             |                |<============>|
      

            Alice           Bob            Carol
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 180 Ringing F2 |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F3   |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F4     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |       RTP      |              |
             |<==============>|  INVITE Join:A-B F5
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |    180 F6    |
             |                |------------->|
             |   INVITE F7    |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |    200 OK F8   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |     ACK F9     |              |
             |<---------------|              |
             |                |  200 OK F10  |
             |                |------------->|
             |                |  ACK F11     |
             |                |<-------------|
             |                |       RTP    |
             |                |<============>|
      

             Alice           Proxy           User   User   User   User
                                              B1     B2     B3     B4
             |                |              |      |      |      |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |      |      |      |
             |--------------->|   INVITE F2  |      |      |      |
             |                |------------->|      |      |      |
             |(100 Trying) F3 |              |      |      |      |
             |<---------------|180 Ringing F4|      |      |      |
             |                |<-------------|      |      |      |
             | 180 Ringing F5 |              |      |      |      |
             |<---------------|              |      |      |      |
             |                |    Timeout   |      |      |      |
             |                |              |      |      |      |
             |                |   CANCEL F6  |      |      |      |
             |                |------------->|      |      |      |
             |                |   200 OK F7  |      |      |      |
             |                |<-------------|      |      |      |
             |                |     487 F8   |      |      |      |
             |                |<-------------|      |      |      |
             |                |     ACK F9   |      |      |      |
             |                |------------->|      |      |      |
             |                |     INVITE F10      |      |      |
             |                |-------------------->|      |      |
             |                |480 Not Logged In F11|      |      |
             |                |<--------------------|      |      |
             |                |              ACK F12|      |      |
             |                |-------------------->|      |      |
             |                |          INVITE F13        |      |
             |                |--------------------------->|      |
             |                |      486 Busy Here F14     |      |
             |                |<---------------------------|      |
             |                |            ACK F15         |      |
             |                |--------------------------->|      |
             |                |              INVITE F16           |
             |                |---------------------------------->|
             |                |            180 Ringing F17        |
             |     180 F18    |<----------------------------------|
             |<---------------|               200 OK F19          |
             |   200 OK F20   |<----------------------------------|
             |<---------------|                                   |
             |     ACK F21    |                                   |
             |--------------->|                 ACK F22           |
             |                |---------------------------------->|
             |               Both way RTP Established             |
             |<==================================================>|

             |                |                  BYE F23          |
             |     BYE F24    |<----------------------------------|
             |<---------------|                                   |
             |    200 OK F25  |                                   |
             |--------------->|                 200 OK F26        |
             |                |---------------------------------->|
             |                |                                   |
      

             |                |              |              |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |              |
             |------------------------------>|              |
             | 305 Use Proxy F2              |              |
             |<------------------------------|              |
             |     ACK F3     |              |              |
             |------------------------------>|              |
             |    INVITE F4   |              |              |
             |--------------->|              |              |
             | 407 Proxy Authentication F5   |              |
             |<---------------|              |              |
             |     ACK F6     |              |              |
             |--------------->|              |              |
             |    INVITE F7   |              |              |
             |--------------->|              |              |
             | 403 Screening Failure (Terminating) Error-Info: URI F8
             |<---------------|              |              |
             |     ACK F9     |              |              |
             |--------------->|              |              |
             |    INVITE F10  |              |              |
             |--------------------------------------------->|
             |    200 OK F11  |              |              |
             |--------------------------------------------->|
             |     ACK F12    |                             |
             |--------------------------------------------->|
             |          Announcement Played to Caller       |
             |<=============================================|
             |                                    BYE F13   |
             |<---------------------------------------------|
             |     200 OK F14                               |
             |--------------------------------------------->|
             |                                              |
             |                                              |
             |                                              |
      

           Alice            Proxy           Bob
             |                |              |
             |    INVITE F1   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 407 Proxy Authentication F2   |
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F3     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |    INVITE F4   |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             | 403 Screening Failure (Originating) F5
             |<---------------|              |
             |     ACK F6     |              |
             |--------------->|              |
             |                |              |
      

           Alice           Bob        Park Server       Carol
             |              |              |              |
             |   INVITE F1  |              |              |
             |------------->|              |              |
             |180 Ringing F2|              |              |
             |<-------------|              |              |
             |  200 OK F3   |              |              |
             |<-------------|              |              |
             |    ACK F4    |              |              |
             |------------->|              |              |
             |  RTP Media   |              |              |
             |<============>|              |              |
             |      Bob Parks Call         |              |
             |              |   REFER Refer-To: A F5      |
             |              |------------->|              |
             |              |    202 F6    |              |
             |              |<-------------|              |
             |              |   NOTIFY F7  |              |
             |              |<-------------|              |
             |              |    200 F8    |              |
             |              |------------->|              |
             |  INVITE F9 Replaces: B      |              |
             |<----------------------------|              |
             |          200 OK F10         |              |
             |---------------------------->|              |
             |           ACK F11           |              |
             |<----------------------------|              |
             |           RTP Music         |              |
             |<===========================>|              |
             |     BYE F12  |              |              |
             |------------->|  NOTIFY F14  |              |
             |  200 OK F13  |<-------------|              |
             |<-------------|  200 OK F15  |              |
             |              |------------->|              |
             |              |   Carol picks up the call   |
             |              |              |              |
             |              |              | SUBSCRIBE F16|
             |              |              |<-------------|
             |              |              |  200 OK F17  |
             |              |              |------------->|
             |              |              |  NOTIFY F18  |
             |              |              |------------->|
             |              |              |  200 OK F19  |
             |              |              |<-------------|
             |           INVITE Replaces: Park Server F20 |
             |<-------------------------------------------|

             |              |              |   200 F21    |
             |------------------------------------------->|
             |              |              |    ACK F22   |
             |<-------------------------------------------|
             |                  RTP Media                 |
             |<==========================================>|
             |           BYE F23           |              |
             |---------------------------->|              |
             |          200 OK F24         |              |
             |<----------------------------|              |
             |       No more RTP Music     |              |
      

            Alice          Bob                Bill
             |              |                   |
             |   INVITE F1  |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             |180 Ringing F2|                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |              |   SUBSCRIBE F3    |
             |              |<------------------|
             |              |     200 OK F4     |
             |              |------------------>|
             |              |     NOTIFY F5     |
             |              |------------------>|
             |              |     200 OK F6     |
             |              |<------------------|
             |          INVITE Replaces:Bob  F7 |
             |<---------------------------------|
             |              |     200 OK F8     |
             |--------------------------------->|
             |   CANCEL F9  |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             |  200 OK F10  |                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |    487 F11   |                   |
             |<-------------|                   |
             |    ACK F12   |                   |
             |------------->|                   |
             |                    ACK F13       |
             |<---------------------------------|
             |                                  |
             |    Two-Way RTP Established       |
             |<================================>|
             |                     BYE F14      |
             |--------------------------------->|
             |                   200 OK F15     |
             |<---------------------------------|
             |                                  |
      

2.17.  Automatic Redial
           Alice             Bob
             |                |
             |    INVITE F1   |
             |--------------->|
             |486 Busy Here F2|
             |<---------------|    Bob is busy
             |     ACK F3     |
             |--------------->|
             |  SUBSCRIBE F4  |
             |--------------->|
             |   200 OK F5    |
             |<---------------|
             |    NOTIFY F6   |
             |<---------------|
             |   200 OK F7    |
             |--------------->|
             |                |
             |    NOTIFY F8   |    Bob is now available
             |<---------------|
             |   200 OK F9    |
             |--------------->|
             |                |
             |   INVITE F10   |
             |--------------->|    Session setup successful
             | 180 Ringing F11|
             |<---------------|
             |   200 OK F12   |
             |<---------------|
             |     ACK F13    |
             |--------------->|
             |  Media Session |
             |<==============>|
             |                |
             |   NOTIFY F14   |
             |<---------------|
             |   200 OK F15   |
             |--------------->|
             |                |
             |  SUBSCRIBE F16 | Alice terminates subscription
             |--------------->|
             |   200 OK F17   |
             |<---------------|
             |   NOTIFY F18   |
             |<---------------|
             |   200 OK F19   |
             |--------------->|
             |                |
      

        Bob's PC                Bob                Carol
            | REFER Refer-To:Carol F1                 |
            |------------------->|                    |
            |  202 Accepted F2   |                    |
            |<-------------------|                    |
            |                    |     INVITE F3      |
            |                    |------------------->|
            |                    |   180 Ringing F4   |
            |                    |<-------------------|
            |                    |     200 OK F5      |
            |                    |<-------------------|
            |                    |       ACK F6       |
            |                    |------------------->|
            |                    |         RTP        |
            |                    |<==================>|
            |                    |                    |
      

                       +---------------+  recipient URI
                       |               |---------------->
                       |               |
           target URI  |  Translation  |     [...]
        -------------->|   Operation   |
                       |               |  recipient URI
                       |               |---------------->
                       +---------------+
      

                                                    +-------+
                                                    |       |
                                                   >|  UA   |
                                                  / |       |
                                                 /  +-------+
                                                /
                                               /
                  +-----------------------+   /
                  |                       |  /
    +-----+       |         Relay         | /       +-------+
    |     |       |                       |/        |       |
    | UA  |------>|                       |-------->| Proxy |
    |     |       |+---------------------+|\        |       |
    +-----+       ||     Translation     || \       +-------+
                  ||        Logic        ||  \
                  |+---------------------+|   \       [...]
                  +-----------------------+    \
                                                \
                                                 \  +-------+
                                                  \ |       |
                                                   >| B2BUA |
                                                    |       |
                                                    +-------+
      

                  +-----------------------+ Permission +-------------+
                  |                       |  Request   |             |
   +--------+     |         Relay         |----------->| Store & Fwd |
   |        |     |                       |            |   Server    |
   | Client |     |                       |            |             |
   |        |     |+-------+ +-----------+|            +-------------+
   +--------+     ||Transl.| |Permissions||                   |
       |          ||Logic  | |           ||        Permission |
       |          |+-------+ +-----------+|         Request   |
       |          +-----------------------+                   V
       |               ^           ^                   +-------------+
       | Manipulation  |           |  Permission Grant |             |
       +---------------+           +-------------------|  Recipient  |
                                                       |             |
                                                       +-------------+
      

         |(1) Add Recipient                |                |
         |    sip:B@example.com            |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |(2) HTTP 202 (Accepted)          |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |                |(3) MESSAGE sip:B@example        |
         |                |    Permission Document          |
         |                |--------------->|                |
         |                |(4) 202 Accepted|                |
         |                |<---------------|                |
         |(5) SUBSCRIBE   |                |                |
         |    Event: pending-additions     |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |(6) 200 OK      |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(7) NOTIFY      |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(8) 200 OK      |                |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
         |                |                |                |User B goes
         |                |                |                |  online
         |                |                |(9) Request for |
         |                |                |  stored messages
         |                |                |<---------------|
         |                |                |(10) Delivery of|
         |                |                |  stored messages
         |                |                |--------------->|
         |                |(11) PUBLISH uri-up              |
         |                |<--------------------------------|
         |                |(12) 200 OK     |                |
         |                |-------------------------------->|
         |(13) NOTIFY     |                |                |
         |<---------------|                |                |
         |(14) 200 OK     |                |                |
         |--------------->|                |                |
      

           Relay                     B@example.com
             |(1) INVITE                   |
             |    Trigger-Consent: sip:123@relay.example.com
             |     ;target-uri="sip:friends@relay.example.com"
             |---------------------------->|
             |(2) 603 Decline              |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(3) ACK                      |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(4) PUBLISH sip:123@relay.example.com
             |<----------------------------|
             |(5) 200 OK                   |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(6) MESSAGE sip:B@example    |
             |    Permission Document      |
             |---------------------------->|
             |(7) 200 OK                   |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(8) PUBLISH uri-deny         |
             |<----------------------------|
             |(9) 200 OK                   |
             |---------------------------->|
      

             |(1) INVITE             |
             |    sip:B@example.com  |
             |    sip:C@example.com  |
             |---------------------->|
             |(2) 470 Consent Needed |
             |    Permission-Missing: sip:C@example.com
             |<----------------------|
             |(3) ACK                |
             |---------------------->|
      

         |(1) REGISTER       |                   |
         |    Contact: sip:a@ws123.example.com   |
         |------------------>|                   |
         |(2) 202 Accepted OK|                   |
         |<------------------|                   |
         |                   |(3) MESSAGE sip:a@ws123.example
         |                   |    Permission Document
         |                   |------------------>|
         |                   |(4) 200 OK         |
         |                   |<------------------|
         |(5) SUBSCRIBE      |                   |
         |    Event: pending-additions           |
         |------------------>|                   |
         |(6) 200 OK         |                   |
         |<------------------|                   |
         |(7) NOTIFY         |                   |
         |<------------------|                   |
         |(8) 200 OK         |                   |
         |------------------>|                   |
         |                   |(9) PUBLISH uri-up |
         |                   |<------------------|
         |                   |(10) 200 OK        |
         |                   |------------------>|
         |(11) NOTIFY        |                   |
         |<------------------|                   |
         |(12) 200 OK        |                   |
         |------------------>|                   |
      

  +--------+        +--------------------------------+  Permission
  |        |        |                                |   Request
  | Client |        |             Relay              |    with
  |        |        | sip:alices-friends@example.com |  Permission
  +--------+        |                                |   Document
      |             |+-------+                       |-------------+
      |             ||Transl.|                       |             |
      |Manipulation ||Logic  |                       |             |
      +------------>|+-------+                       |             |
           Add      +--------------------------------+             |
     sip:bob@example.org                                           V
                                                 +---------------------+
                                                 |                     |
                                                 |      Recipient      |
                                                 | sip:bob@example.org |
                                                 |                     |
                                                 +---------------------+
      

   +--------+        +---------+        +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
   |SIP UAC |        | URI-list|        |intended| |intended| |intended|
   | issuer |        |  server |        | recip. | | recip. | | recip. |
   |        |        |         |        |   1    | |   2    | |   3    |
   +--------+        +---------+        +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
       |                  |                 |          |          |
       | F1 SIP request   |                 |          |          |
       |  (recipt. list)  |                 |          |          |
       | ---------------->|                 |          |          |
       | F2 2xx response  |                 |          |          |
       |<---------------- | F3 SIP request  |          |          |
       |                  | (recp-hist.list)|          |          |
       |                  | --------------->|          |          |
       |                  | F4 SIP request  |          |          |
       |                  | (recp-hist.list)|          |          |
       |                  | -------------------------->|          |
       |                  | F5 SIP request  |          |          |
       |                  | (recp-hist.list)|          |          |
       |                  | ------------------------------------->|
       |                  |  F6 200 OK      |          |          |
       |                  |<--------------- |          |          |
       |                  |  F7 200 OK      |          |          |
       |                  |<-------------------------- |          |
       |                  |  F8 200 OK      |          |          |
       |                  |<------------------------------------- |
       |                  |                 |          |          |
       |                  |                 |          |          |
       |                  |                 |          |          |
      

   +--------+        +---------+      +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
   |SIP UAC |        | MESSAGE |      |intended| |intended| |intended|
   | issuer |        | URI-list|      | recip. | | recip. | | recip. |
   |        |        | service |      |   1    | |   2    | |   n    |
   +--------+        +---------+      +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
       |                  |               |          |          |
       | F1 MESSAGE       |               |          |          |
       | ---------------->|               |          |          |
       | F2 202 Accepted  |               |          |          |
       |<---------------- |  F3 MESSAGE   |          |          |
       |                  | ------------->|          |          |
       |                  |  F4 MESSAGE   |          |          |
       |                  | ------------------------>|          |
       |                  |  F5 MESSAGE   |          |          |
       |                  | ----------------------------------->|
       |                  |  F6 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<------------- |          |          |
       |                  |  F7 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<------------------------ |          |
       |                  |  F8 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<----------------------------------- |
       |                  |               |          |          |
       |                  |               |          |          |
       |                  |               |          |          |
      

   +--------+        +---------+      +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
   |SIP UAC |        | confer. |      |SIP UAS | |SIP UAS | |SIP UAS |
   |        |        | server  |      |   1    | |   2    | |   n    |
   +--------+        +---------+      +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
       |                  |               |          |          |
       | F1 INVITE        |               |          |          |
       | ---------------->|               |          |          |
       | F2 200 OK        |               |          |          |
       |<---------------- |  F3 INVITE    |          |          |
       |                  | ------------->|          |          |
       |                  |  F4 INVITE    |          |          |
       |                  | ------------------------>|          |
       |                  |  F5 INVITE    |          |          |
       |                  | ----------------------------------->|
       |                  |  F6 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<------------- |          |          |
       |                  |  F7 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<------------------------ |          |
       |                  |  F8 200 OK    |          |          |
       |                  |<----------------------------------- |
       |                  |               |          |          |
       |                  |               |          |          |
       |                  |               |          |          |
      

   +--------------------------+----------------------------+-----------+
   | Name                     | Description                | Reference |
   +--------------------------+----------------------------+-----------+
   | recipient-list-subscribe | This option tag is used to | [RFC5367] |
   |                          | ensure that a server can   |           |
   |                          | process the recipient-list |           |
   |                          | body used in a SUBSCRIBE   |           |
   |                          | request.                   |           |
   +-------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
      

   +--------+         +---------+    +--------+  +--------+  +--------+
   | REFER  |         |  REFER  |    | REFER  |  | REFER  |  | REFER  |
   | issuer |         |recipient|    |target 1|  |target 2|  |target 3|
   |        |         |         |    |        |  |        |  |        |
   | Carol  |         | (focus) |    |  Bill  |  |  Joe   |  |  Ted   |
   +--------+         +---------+    +--------+  +--------+  +--------+
        | 1. REFER         |             |           |           |
        | ---------------->|             |           |           |
        | 2. 202 Accepted  |             |           |           |
        |<---------------- |   3. BYE    |           |           |
        |                  | ----------->|           |           |
        |                  |   4. BYE    |           |           |
        |                  | ----------------------->|           |
        |                  |   5. BYE    |           |           |
        |                  | ----------------------------------->|
        |                  |   6. 200 OK |           |           |
        |                  |<----------- |           |           |
        |                  |   7. 200 OK |           |           |
        |                  |<----------------------- |           |
        |                  |   8. 200 OK |           |           |
        |                  |<----------------------------------- |
        |                  |             |           |           |
        |                  |             |           |           |
        |                  |             |           |           |
      

        A                           T                           B
        |                           |                           |
        |-----(1) INVITE SDP A----->|                           |
        |                           |                           |
        |<-(2) 183 Session Progress-|                           |
        |                           |-----(3) INVITE SDP TB---->|
        |                           |                           |
        |                           |<-----(4) 200 OK SDP B-----|
        |                           |                           |
        |                           |---------(5) ACK---------->|
        |<----(6) 200 OK SDP TA-----|                           |
        |                           |                           |
        |---------(7) ACK---------->|                           |
        |                           |                           |
        | ************************* | ************************* |
        |**        Media          **|**        Media          **|
        | ************************* | ************************* |
        |                           |                           |
      

   A                           T                           B
   |                           |                           |
   |-----(1) INVITE SDP A----->|                           |
   |                           |                           |
   |<-(2) 183 Session Progress-|                           |
   |                           |-----(3) INVITE SDP TB---->|
   |                           |                           |
   |                           |<----(4) 603 Decline-------|
   |                           |                           |
   |                           |---------(5) ACK---------->|
   |<----(6) 603 Decline-------|                           |
   |                           |                           |
   |---------(7) ACK---------->|                           |
   |                           |                           |
      

   A                           T                           B
   |                           |                           |
   |-------------------(1) INVITE SDP A------------------->|
   |                           |                           |
   |<--------------(2) 302 Moved Temporarily---------------|
   |                           |                           |
   |-----------------------(3) ACK------------------------>|
   |                           |                           |
   |-----(4) INVITE SDP A----->|                           |
   |                           |                           |
   |<-(5) 183 Session Progress-|                           |
   |                           |-----(6) INVITE SDP TB---->|
   |                           |                           |
   |                           |<-----(7) 200 OK SDP B-----|
   |                           |                           |
   |                           |---------(8) ACK---------->|
   |<----(9) 200 OK SDP TA-----|                           |
   |                           |                           |
   |--------(10) ACK---------->|                           |
   |                           |                           |
   | ************************* | ************************* |
   |**        Media          **|**        Media          **|
   | ************************* | ************************* |
      

                                                    +-----+
                                                    | ROI |
                                                    +-----+
                                                       |
                                                       V
                  +----------+   +----------+   +------------+
                  |DC, comp. |   | Wavelet  |   |            |
   Raw Image  ==> |transform-|==>|transform-|==>|Quantization|==+
                  |  ation   |   |  ation   |   |            |  |
                  +----------+   +----------+   +------------+  |
                                                                |
                 +-----------+   +----------+   +------------+  |
                 |           |   |          |   |            |  |
    JPEG 2000 <==| Data      |<==| Rate     |<==| EBCOT      |<=+
    codestream   | Ordering  |   | Control  |   |            |
                 +-----------+   +----------+   +------------+
      

   +------+-------+---------------+---------------+
   |RTP   |payload| packetization | packetization |
   |header|header | unit          | unit          |
   +------+-------+---------------+---------------+
      

                        Unprotected Interface
                                 |
                                 V
                              +-----+   IPsec protected
          ------------------->|Demux|--------------------+
          |                   +-----+                    |
          |                      |                       |
          |            Not IPsec |                       |
          |                      |  IPsec protected, not |
          |                      V  addressed to device, |
          |     +-------+    +---------+ and not in SAD  |
          |     |DISCARD|<---|SPD-I (*)|<------------+   |
          |     +-------+    +---------+             |   |
          |                   |                      |   |
          |                   |-----+                |   |
          |                   |     |                |   |
          |                   |     V                |   |
          |                   |  +------+            |   |
          |                   |  | ICMP |            |   |
          |                   |  +------+            |   |
          |                   |                      |   V
       +---------+            |                   +-----------+
   ....|SPD-O (*)|............|...................|PROCESS(**)|...IPsec
       +---------+            |                   | (AH/ESP)  | Boundary
          ^                   |                   +-----------+
          |                   |       +---+              |
          |            BYPASS |   +-->|IKE|              |
          |                   |   |   +---+              |
          |                   V   |                      V
          |               +----------+          +---------+   +----+
          |--------<------|Forwarding|<---------|SAD Check|-->|ICMP|
            nested SAs    +----------+          | (***)   |   +----+
                                |               +---------+
                                V
                        Protected Interface
      

   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |               LSRs of the MPLS Backbone of the SP                |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      |        |             |              |                 |
      |        |             |              |                 |
   +-----+  +-----+     +--------+     +--------+         +--------+
   | LER |  | LER |     | LER-BB |     | LER-BB |         | LER-BB |
   +-----+  +-----+     +--------+     +--------+         +--------+
    |   |    |   |        |    |      /     |              |     |
    |   |    |   |        |    |     /      |              |     |
    |   |    |   |  +------+  +------+   +------+          |     |
    |   |    |   |  |BB-RAR|  |BB-RAR|   |  AG  |          |     |
    |   |    |   |  +------+  +------+   +------+          |     |
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  |      |    |           |     |
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  |      |    |           |     |
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  | +-----+  +-----+  +-----+  +-----+
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  | | RAR |  | RAR |  | RAR |  | RAR |
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  | +-----+  +-----+  +-----+  +-----+
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  |  |   |    |   |    |   |    |   |
    |   |    |   |    |  |      |  |  |   |    |   |    |   |    |   |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                       Customer networks                           |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

    |                   n bits                   |   128-n bits   |
    +--------------------------------------------+----------------+
    |               subnet prefix                | 00000000000000 |
    +--------------------------------------------+----------------+
      

    |           64 bits            |      57 bits     |   7 bits   |
    +------------------------------+------------------+------------+
    |        subnet prefix         | 1111110111...111 | anycast ID |
    +------------------------------+------------------+------------+
      

    |           n bits             |    121-n bits    |   7 bits   |
    +------------------------------+------------------+------------+
    |        subnet prefix         | 1111111...111111 | anycast ID |
    +------------------------------+------------------+------------+
                                   |   interface identifier field  |
      

              Inter-AS       Inter-AS              Inter-AS
        PCC <-->PCE1<--------->PCE2<---------------->PCE3
         ::      ::             ::                    ::
         ::      ::             ::                    ::
         R1----ASBR1====ASBR3---R3---ASBR5====ASBR7---R5---R7
         |       |        |            |        |           |
         |       |        |            |        |           |
         R2----ASBR2====ASBR4---R4---ASBR6====ASBR8---R6---R8
                                ::
                                ::
                             Intra-AS
                                PCE
      

 Alice             P1                PS                P2            Bob
 |                 |                 |                 |               |
 | INV Priv        |INV Priv RR:P1   | INV RR:PS       | INV RR:P2,PS  |
 |---------------->|---------------->|---------------->|-------------->|
 |                 |                 |                 |               |
 | 200 RR:P2,PS,P1 | 200 RR:P2,PS,P1 | 200 RR:P2,PS    | 200 RR:P2,PS  |
 |<----------------|<----------------|<----------------|<--------------|
 |                 |                 |                 |               |
 | INV R:P2,PS,P1  | INV R:P2,PS     | INV R:P2        | INV           |
 |---------------->|---------------->|---------------->|-------------->|
 |                 |                 |                 |               |
      

 Alice           P1                PS'               P2              Bob
 |               |                 |                 |                 |
 | INV           |INV RR:P1        |                 | INV RR:P2,P1    |
 |-------------->|---------------------------------->|---------------->|
 |               |                 |                 |                 |
 | 200 RR:PS',P1 | 200 RR:PS',P1   |200 Priv RR:P2,P1|200 Priv RR:P2,P1|
 |<--------------|<----------------|<----------------|<----------------|
 |               |                 |                 |                 |
 | INV R:PS',P1  | INV R:PS'       | INV R:P2        | INV             |
 |-------------->|---------------->|---------------->|---------------->|
 |               |                 | (Restored)      |                 |
      

    +----------------+ +----------------------------+
    |     Format     | |     Register / Search      |
    |                | |                            |
    |      XML       | |           UDDI             |
    |                | |  (Universal Description,   |
    |                | | Discovery and Integration) |
    |                | +----------------------------+
    |                | +----------------------------+ +----------------+
    |                | |    Service Description     | |      API       |
    |                | |                            | |                |
    |                | |           WSDL             | |      JAXM      |
    |                | +----------------------------+ | (Java API for  |
    |                | +----------------------------+ | XML Messaging) |
    |                | |   Fundamental Messaging    | |    JAX-RPC     |
    |                | |                            | | (Java API for  |
    |                | |           SOAP             | |   XML / RPC)   |
    +----------------+ +----------------------------+ +----------------+
                       +----------------------------+
                       |        Transport           |
                       |                            |
                       |       HTTP, HTTPS...       |
                       +----------------------------+
      

    +---------------------------+   +---------------------------+
    |      NETCONF Client       |   |       NETCONF Server      |
    |           (NMS)           |   |     (Network Equipment)   |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |  +---------------------+  |
    |  | NETCONF application |  |   |  |    NETCONF service  |  |
    |  |                     |  |   |  |       provider      |  |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |  +---------------------+  |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |                           |
    |  |    Java library     |  |   |                           |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |                           |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |  +---------------------+  |
    |  | SOAP Implementation |  |   |  | SOAP Implementation |  |
    |  |    (Apache Axis)    |  |   |  |                     |  |
    |  +---------------------+  |   |  +---------------------+  |
    +-------^----------|--------+   +-------^----------|--------+
            |          |     rpc-request    |          |
            |          +-----  /SOAP    ----+          |
            |                  / HTTP(S)               |
            |                                          |
            |                 rpc-reply                |
            +----------------  /SOAP    ---------------+
                               / HTTP(S)
        Figure 2: Architecture of NETCONF Implementation Using SOAP
      

                             [Q]  [R]
        AS1                   .    .              AS2
     [A]----+----[SG-A].......+....+.......[SG-B]-------[B]
                              ......               \
                              ..PI..                ----[btns-B]
                              ......
                 [btns-C].....+....+.......[btns-D]
      

           | AUTH  |  SAB  |                | CB-AUTH |   CBB   |
      -----+-------+-------+         -------+---------+---------+
           |       |       |                |         |         |
      AUTH | AUTH  | A-SAB |         CB-AUTH| CB-AUTH |  A-CBB  |
           |       |       |                |         |         |
      -----+-------+-------+         -------+---------+---------+
           |       |       |                |         |         |
      SAB  | A-SAB | S-SAB |           CBB  |  A-CBB  |  S-CBB  |
           |       |       |                |         |         |
      -----+-------+-------+         -------+---------+---------+
      

                                     |   SSH   |  BTNS   |
      -------------------------------+---------+---------+
       Accept unauthenticated        | Allowed | Allowed |
       credentials                   |         |         |
      -------------------------------+---------+---------+
       Options/Warnings to reject    |   Yes   |   No    |
       unauthenticated credentials   |         |         |
      -------------------------------+---------+---------+
       Cache unauthenticated         |Required | Allowed |
       credential for future refs    |         |         |
      -------------------------------+---------+---------+
      

                          +--------------+             Public Internet
          ................|     NAT 2    |.......................
                          +--------------+

                          +--------------+             Private NET 2
          ................|     NAT 1    |.......................
                          +--------------+
      

         +-------------------------------+
     R1  |              L0               |
         +-------------------------------+

         +-------------------------------+--------+
     R2a |              L0               |   L1   |
         +-------------------------------+--------+

         +-------------------------------+--------+
     R2b |              L0               |   L2   |
         +-------------------------------+--------+

         +-------------------------------+--------+--------+
     R3  |              L0               |   L1   |   L2   |
         +-------------------------------+--------+--------+
      

            R1------R3----R5-----R7------R9-----R11
                    |     | \    |      / |
                    |     |  \   |  ----  |
                    |     |   \  | /      |
            R2------R4----R6   --R8------R10----R12
                       :              :
            <-- AS1 -->:<---- AS2 --->:<--- AS3 --->
      

                   PCE1<------>PCE2<-------->PCE3
                   /       :             :
                  /        :             :
                R1------R3----R5-----R7------R9-----R11
                        |     | \    |      / |
                        |     |  \   |  ----  |
                        |     |   \  | /      |
                R2------R4----R6   --R8------R10----R12
                           :              :
                <-- AS1 -->:<---- AS2 --->:<--- AS3 --->
      

                        ___N____Requests_
                        |  1 |         1 |
                        |  2 |         4 |
                        |  3 |        15 |
                        |  4 |        64 |
                        |  5 |       325 |
                        |  6 |      1956 |
                        |  7 |     13699 |
                        |  8 |    109600 |
                        |  9 |    986409 |
                        | 10 |   9864100 |
      

    UAC                 Proxy A              Proxy B             Proxy C
     | INVITE              |                    |                   |
     | Max-Breadth: 60     | INVITE             |                   |
     | Max-Forwards: 70    | Max-Breadth: 30    |                   |
     |-------------------->| Max-Forwards: 69   |                   |
     |                     |------------------->|                   |
     |                     | INVITE             |                   |
     |                     | Max-Breadth: 30    |                   |
     |                     | Max-Forwards: 69   |                   |
     |                     |--------------------------------------->|
     |                     |                    |                   |
      

    UAC                 Proxy A              Proxy B             Proxy C
     | INVITE              |                    |                   |
     | Max-Breadth: 60     | INVITE             |                   |
     | Max-Forwards: 70    | Max-Breadth: 60    |                   |
     |-------------------->| Max-Forwards: 69   |                   |
     |                     |------------------->|                   |
     |                     | some error response|                   |
     |                     |<-------------------|                   |
     |                     | INVITE             |                   |
     |                     | Max-Breadth: 60    |                   |
     |                     | Max-Forwards: 69   |                   |
     |                     |--------------------------------------->|
     |                     |                    |                   |
      

    UAC                 Proxy A              Proxy B             Proxy C
     | INVITE              |                    |                   |
     | Max-Breadth: 60     | INVITE             |                   |
     | Max-Forwards: 70    | Max-Breadth: 60    | INVITE            |
     |-------------------->| Max-Forwards: 69   | Max-Breadth: 60   |
     |                     |------------------->| Max-Forwards: 68  |
     |                     |                    |------------------>|
     |                     |                    |                   |
     |                     |                    |                   |
     |                     |                    |                   |
      

                                    | MB: 4
                                    | MF: 5
                         MB: 2      P            MB: 2
                         MF: 4    /  \           MF: 4
                 +---------------+    +------------------+
         MB: 1   P    MB: 1                     MB: 1    P    MB: 1
         MF: 3 /  \   MF: 3                     MF: 3  /  \   MF: 3
          +---+    +-------+                     +----+    +-------+
          P                P                     P                 P
    MB: 1 |          MB: 1 |               MB: 1 |           MB: 1 |
    MF: 2 |          MF: 2 |               MF: 2 |           MF: 2 |
          P                P                     P                 P
    MB: 1 |          MB: 1 |               MB: 1 |           MB: 1 |
    MF: 1 |          MF: 1 |               MF: 1 |           MF: 1 |
          P                P                     P                 P
                                     .
                                     .
                                     .
      

          ----------------------
         |              -----   |
         |             | TED |<-+------------>
         |              -----   |  TED synchronization
         |                |     |  mechanism (e.g., routing protocol)
         |                |     |
         |                v     |
         |  ------      -----   |  Inter-PCE Request/Response
         | |Policy|<-->| PCE |<.+...........>  (when present)
         |  ------      -----   |
          ----------------------
                          ^
                          | Request/
                          | Response
                          v
           Service  -------------  Signaling
           Request |[PCC][Policy]| Protocol
           <------>|    Node     |<------->
      or Signaling  -------------
         Protocol
      

       ------------------       -------------------
      |                  |     |                   |
      |        PCE       |     |        PCE        |
      |                  |     |                   |
      |  ------   -----  |     |   -----   ------  |
      | |Policy| | TED | |     |  | TED | |Policy| |
      |  ------   -----  |     |   -----   ------  |
       ------------------       -------------------
               ^                       ^
               | Request/              | Request/
               | Response              | Response
               v                       v
   Service --------  Signaling  ------------  Signaling  ------------
   Request|Head-End| Protocol  |Intermediate| Protocol  |Intermediate|
     ---->|  Node  |<--------->|    Node    |<--------->|    Node    |
           --------             ------------             ------------
      

    ------------------                              ------------------
   |                  | Inter-PCE Request/Response |                  |
   |       PCE        |<-------------------------->|       PCE        |
   |                  |                            |                  |
   |  ------   -----  |                            |  ------   -----  |
   | |Policy| | TED | |                            | |Policy| | TED | |
   |  ------   -----  |                            |  ------   -----  |
    ------------------                              ------------------
               ^
               | Request/
               | Response
               v
   Service ----------  Signaling   ----------  Signaling   ----------
   Request| Head-End | Protocol   | Adjacent | Protocol   | Adjacent |
     ---->|  Node    |<---------->|   Node   |<---------->|   Node   |
           ----------              ----------              ----------
      

                              +-------+
                   +----------+Transit+----------+
               +---+---+      | Domain|      +---+---+
               |Transit|      |   C   |      |Transit|
      +--------+ Domain|      +---+---+      | Domain+--------+
      |        |   A   +--+       |       +--+   F   |        |
   +--+---+    +---+---+  |       |       |  +---+---+     +--+---+
   |Source|        |      |   +---+---+   |      |         |Target|
   |Domain|        |      +---+Transit+---+      |         |Domain|
   +--+---+        |      +---+ Domain|---+      |         +--+---+
      |        +---+---+  |   |   D   |   |  +---+---+        |
      |        |Transit|  |   +---+---+   |  |Transit|        |
      +--------+ Domain+--+       |       +--+ Domain+--------+
               |   B   |          |          |   G   |
               +---+---+      +---+---+      +---+---+
                   |          |Transit|          |
                   +----------+ Domain+----------+
                              |   E   |
                              +-------+
      

                         .........................
                         .                       .
                         . PCE Policy Management .
                         .                       .
                         .........................
                                     .
                                     .
    ---------  Policy     -----------------------
   | PCC-PDP |<--------- | PCE Policy Repository |
    ---------             -----------------------
        ^
        | e.g., SOAP
        v
    ---------                     PCEP                      ---------
   | PCC-PEP |<------------------------------------------->|   PCE   |
    ---------         PCC-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

                         .........................
                         .                       .
                         . PCE Policy Management .
                         .                       .
                         .........................
                                     .
                                     .
                          -----------------------  Policy    ---------
                         | PCE Policy Repository | -------->| PCE-PDP |
                          -----------------------            ---------
                                                                ^
                                                     e.g., SOAP |
                                                                v
    ---------                     PCEP                      ---------
   |   PCC   |<------------------------------------------->| PCE-PEP |
    ---------         PCC-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

                         .........................
                         .                       .
                         . PCE Policy Management .
                         .                       .
                         .........................
                                     .
                                     .
    ---------  Policy a   -----------------------  Policy b  ---------
   | PCC-PDP |<--------- | PCE Policy Repository | -------->| PCE-PDP |
    ---------             -----------------------            ---------
        ^                                                       ^
        | e.g., SOAP                                 e.g., SOAP |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                     PCEP                      ---------
   | PCC-PEP |<------------------------------------------->| PCE-PEP |
    ---------         PCC-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

             --------------                   --------------
            |  PCE Policy  |                 |  PCE Policy  |
         ---| Repository A |                 | Repository B |---
        |    --------------                   --------------    |
        |                                                       |
        | Policy a                                     Policy b |
        |                                                       |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                                               ---------
   | PCC-PDP |                                             | PCE-PDP |
    ---------                                               ---------
        ^                                                       ^
        | e.g., SOAP                                 e.g., SOAP |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                     PCEP                      ---------
   | PCC-PEP |<------------------------------------------->| PCE-PEP |
    ---------         PCC-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

                         .........................
                         .                       .
                         . PCE Policy Management .
                         .                       .
                         .........................
                                     .
                                     .
    ---------  Policy a   -----------------------  Policy b  ---------
   | PCE-PDP |<--------- | PCE Policy Repository | -------->| PCE-PDP |
    ---------             -----------------------            ---------
        ^                                                       ^
        | e.g., SOAP                                 e.g., SOAP |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                                               ---------
   | PCE-PEP |<------------------------------------------->| PCE-PEP |
    ---------         PCE-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

             --------------                   --------------
            |  PCE Policy  |                 |  PCE Policy  |
         ---| Repository A |                 | Repository B |---
        |    --------------                   --------------    |
        |                                                       |
        | Policy a                                     Policy b |
        |                                                       |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                                               ---------
   | PCE-PDP |                                             | PCE-PDP |
    ---------                                               ---------
        ^                                                       ^
        | e.g., SOAP                                 e.g., SOAP |
        v                                                       v
    ---------                     PCEP                      ---------
   | PCE-PEP |<------------------------------------------->| PCE-PEP |
    ---------         PCC-PCE Communication Protocol        ---------
      

                                 Application Data and Control
                                              |
                                              v
       .---------------------.           .-----------------------.
       | Node Identification |-------+-->|  Sender Transmission  |<---.
       `---------------------'       |   `-----------------------'    |
       .---------------------.       |        |  .------------------. |
       | Data Identification |-------+        |  | Rcvr Join Policy | |
       `---------------------'       |        V  `------------------' |
       .---------------------.       |   .----------------------.     |
    .->| Congestion Control  |-------+   | Receiver NACK        |     |
    |  `---------------------'       |   | Repair Process       |     |
    |  .---------------------.       |   | .------------------. |     |
    |  |                     |-------'   | | NACK Initiation  | |     |
    |  |        FEC          |-----.     | `------------------' |     |
    |  |                     |--.  |     | .------------------. |     |
    |  `---------------------'  |  |     | | NACK Content     | |     |
    |  .---------------------.  |  |     | `------------------' |     |
    `--|    RTT Collection   |--|--+---->| .------------------. |     |
       |                     |--+  |     | | NACK Suppression | |     |
       `---------------------'  |  |     | `------------------' |     |
       .---------------------.  |  |     `----------------------'     |
       |    Group Size Est.  |--|--'          |  .-----------------.  |
       |                     |--+             |  |  Intermediate   |  |
       `---------------------'  |             |  |  System Assist  |  |
       .---------------------.  |             v  `-----------------'  |
       |       Other         |  |        .-------------------------.  |
       `---------------------'  `------->| Sender NACK Processing  |--'
                                         |   and Repair Response   |
                                         `-------------------------'
                       ^                         ^
                       |                         |
                     .-----------------------------.
                     |         (Security)          |
                     `-----------------------------'
      

   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--
     | f(n-2) | f(n-1) |  f(n)  | f(n+1) | f(n+2) | f(n+3) | f(n+4) |
   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--

      <---- p(n-1) ---->
               <----- p(n) ----->
                        <---- p(n+1) ---->
                                 <---- p(n+2) ---->
                                          <---- p(n+3) ---->
                                                   <---- p(n+4) ---->
      

   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--
     | f(n-2) | f(n-1) |  f(n)  | f(n+1) | f(n+2) | f(n+3) | f(n+4) |
   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--
      

    INV +-----------------------------------------------+
    --->|                 Preparative                   |
        +-----------------------------------------------+
          |                    |                      |
          | 3xx-6xx            | 1xx-tag              | 2xx
          |                    |                      |
          |                    |        1xx-tag       |
          |                    V        w/new tag     |
          |         +-----------------+  [new DSM]    |
          | 3xx-6xx |                 |   | (new DSM  |
          +<--------|      Early      |   |  instance |
          |         |                 |<--+  created) |
          |         +-----------------+               |
          |            |             |                |  2xx w/new tag
          |            | BYE         | 2xx            |   [new DSM]
          |            |             +------------>+<-+      | (new DSM
          |            |                           |         |  instance
    +-----C------------C-----+         +-----------C------+  |  created)
    |     | Terminated |     |         | Confirmed |      |  |
    |     |            +<----C---------|           |      |  |
    |     |            |     | BYE(sr) |           |      |  |
    |     |            V     |         |           V      |  |
    | 2xx |  +-----------+   |         |   +-----------+  |  |
    | +---C--|           |---C-+       |   |           |  |  |
    | |   |  |   Mortal  |   | | BYE(r)|   | Moratorium|<-C--+
    | +---C->|           |<--C-+       |   |           |  |
    | ACK |  +-----------+   |         |   +-----------+  |
    |     |    |             |         |         |        |
    |     |    | Timeout     |         |         | ACK    |
    |     |    |             |         |         |        |
    |     V    V             |         |         V        |
    |   +---------------+    |         |   +-----------+  |
    |   |               |    |         |   |           |--C-+
    |   |     Morgue    |    |         |   |Established|  | | 2xx,ACK
    |   |               |    |         |   |           |<-C-+
    |   +---------------+    |         |   +-----------+  |
    |                        |         |                  |
    +------------------------+         +------------------+
      

    INV +-----------------------------------------------+
    --->|                 Preparative                   |
        +-----------------------------------------------+
          |                         |                 |
          | 3xx-6xx                 | 1xx-tag         | 2xx
          |                         |                 |
          |                         V                 |
          |         +------------------+              |
          | 3xx-6xx |                  |              |
          +<--------|      Early       |              |
          |         |                  |              |
          |         +------------------+              |
          |            |             |                |
          |            |BYE/487(INV) | 2xx            |
          |            |             +------------>+<-+
          |            |                           |
    +-----C------------C-----+         +-----------C------+
    |     | Terminated |     |         | Confirmed |      |
    |     |            +<----C---------|           |      |
    |     |            |     | BYE(sr) |           |      |
    |     |            V     |         |           V      |
    |     | +------------+   |         |   +-----------+  |
    |     | |            |---C-+       |   |           |--C-+
    |     | |   Mortal   |   | | BYE   |   | Moratorium|  | | 2xx
    |     | |            |<--C-+       |   |           |<-C-+ if ACK not
    |     | +------------+   |         |   +-----------+  |   received
    |     |   |              |         |         |        |
    |     |   | Timeout      |         |         | ACK    |
    |     |   |              |         |         |        |
    |     V   V              |         |         V        |
    |   +---------------+    |         |   +-----------+  |
    |   |               |    |         |   |           |  |
    |   |     Morgue    |    |         |   |Established|  |
    |   |               |    |         |   |           |  |
    |   +---------------+    |         |   +-----------+  |
    |                        |         |                  |
    +------------------------+         +------------------+
      

   State  Alice                               Bob  State
          |                                     |
          |            ini-INVITE F1            |
          |------------------------------------>|
     Pre  |         180 F2(Packet loss)         |  Pre
          |            x<-----------------------|
          |                                     |  Ear
          | ini-INVITE F4(=F1)           200 F3 |
          |------------------     --------------|
          |                   \ /               |  Mora
          |                    X                |
          |                   / \               |
          |<-----------------     ------------->|  *race*
    Mora  |                ACK F5               |
          |------------------------------------>|
     Est  |                                     |  Est
          |                                     |
      

   State  Alice                        Bob  State
          |                              |
          |          INVITE F1           |
          |----------------------------->|
     Pre  |       180 Ringing F2         |  Pre
          |<-----------------------------|
     Ear  |                              |  Ear
          |CANCEL F3       200(INVITE) F4|
          |------------     -------------|
          |             \ /              |  Mora
          |              X               |
          |             / \              |
          |<-----------     ------------>|  *race*
    Mora  |                              |
          | ACK F6         200(CANCEL) F5|
          |------------     -------------|
     Est  |             \ /              |
          |              X               |
          |             / \              |
          |<-----------     ------------>|
          |                              |  Est
          |       One Way RTP Media      |
          | (Two Way RTP Media possible) |
          |<=============================|
          |            BYE F7            |
          |----------------------------->|
    Mort  |            200 F8            |  Mort
          |<-----------------------------|
          | ^                          ^ |
          | | Timer K                  | |
          | V                          | |
    Morg  |                    Timer J | |
          |                            V |
          |                              |  Morg
          |                              |
      

   State  Alice                          Bob  State
          |                                |
          |         ini-INVITE F1          |
          |------------------------------->|
     Pre  |            180 F2              |  Pre
          |<-------------------------------|
     Ear  |                                |  Ear
          |    BYE F4        200(INVITE) F3|
          |-------------     --------------|
    Mort  |              \ /               |  Mora
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|  *race*
          |                                |  Mort
          |    ACK F5         200(BYE) F6  |
          |-------------     --------------|
          |              \ /            ^  |
          |               X             |  |
          |              / \            |  |
          |<------------     ------------->|
          | ^                           |  |
          | | Timer K                   |  |
          | V                           |  |
    Morg  |                     Timer J |  |
          |                             V  |
          |                                |  Morg
          |                                |
      

   State  Alice                          Bob  State
          |                                |
          |    ini-INVITE w/offer1 F1      |
          |------------------------------->|
     Pre  |             180 F2             |  Pre
          |<-------------------------------|
     Ear  |                                |  Ear
          |   200(ini-INV) w/answer1 F3    |
          |<-------------------------------|
    Mora  |       ACK F4(packet loss)      |  Mora
          |-------------------->x          |
     Est  |                                |
          | re-INVITE F6      200 F5(=F3)  |
          |   w/offer2         w/answer1   |
          |-------------     --------------|
          |              \ /               |
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|  *race*
          |                  200(re-INV) F8|
          | ACK F7(=F4)        w/answer2   |
          |-------------     --------------|
          |              \ /               |
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|
          |         ACK (re-INV) F9        |  Est
          |------------------------------->|
          |                                |
          |                                |
      

   State  Alice                          Bob  State
          |                                |
          |    ini-INVITE (no offer) F1    |
          |------------------------------->|
     Pre  |             180 F2             |  Pre
          |<-------------------------------|
     Ear  |                                |  Ear
          |    200(ini-INV) w/offer1 F3    |
          |<-------------------------------|
    Mora  |  ACK w/answer1 F4(packet loss) |  Mora
          |-------------------->x          |
     Est  |                                |
          | re-INVITE F6      200 F5(=F3)  |
          |   w/offer2         w/offer1    |
          |-------------     --------------|
          |              \ /               |
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|
          | ACK F7(=F4)      491(re-INV) F8|
          |-------------     --------------|
          |              \ /               |
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|
          |        ACK (re-INV) F9         |  Est
          |------------------------------->|
          |                                |
          |                                |
      

   State  Alice                     Bob  State
          |                           |
          |         INVITE F1         |
          |-------------------------->|
     Pre  |      180 Ringing F2       |  Pre
          |<--------------------------|
     Ear  |                           |  Ear
          |         200 OK F3         |
          |<--------------------------|
    Mora  |    ACK F4(packet loss)    |  Mora
          |--------------->x          |
     Est  |   Both Way RTP Media      |
          |<=========================>|
          |   BYE F6       200 F5(=F3)|
          |-----------     -----------|
    Mort  |            \ /            |
          |             X             |
          |            / \            |
          |<----------     ---------->|  *race*
          |ACK F7(=F4)     200(BYE) F8|  Mort
          |-----------     -----------|
          |            \ /            |
          |             X             |
          |            / \            |
          |<----------     ---------->|
          | ^                       ^ |
          | | Timer K               | |
          | V                       | |
    Morg  |                 Timer J | |
          |                         V |
          |                           |  Morg
          |                           |
      

   State  Alice                  Bob  State
          |                        |
          |       INVITE F1        |
          |----------------------->|
     Pre  |    180 Ringing F2      |  Pre
          |<-----------------------|
     Ear  |                        |  Ear
          |       200 OK F3        |
          |<-----------------------|
    Mora  |         ACK F4         |  Mora
          |----------------------->|
     Est  |   Both Way RTP Media   |  Est
          |<======================>|
          |                        |
          | BYE F5         BYE F6  |
          |---------     ----------|
    Mort  |          \ /           |  Mort
          |           X            |
          |          / \           |
          |<--------     --------->|  *race*
          |                        |
          | 200 F8         200 F7  |
          |---------     ----------|
          |          \ /           |
          |           X            |
          |          / \           |
          |<--------     --------->|
          | ^                    ^ |
          | | Timer K            | |
          | V                    | |
    Morg  |              Timer J | |
          |                      V |
          |                        |  Morg
          |                        |
      

    State  Alice                  Bob  State
           |                        |
           |       INVITE F1        |
           |----------------------->|
      Pre  |    180 Ringing F2      |  Pre
           |<-----------------------|
      Ear  |                        |  Ear
           |       200 OK F3        |
           |<-----------------------|
     Mora  |         ACK F4         |  Mora
           |----------------------->|
      Est  |   Both Way RTP Media   |  Est
           |<======================>|
           |                        |
           | BYE F5     re-INVITE F6|
           |---------     ----------|
     Mort  |          \ /           |
           |           X            |
           |          / \           |
   *race*  |<--------     --------->|
           |                        |  Mort
           | 481 F8         200 F7  |
           | (re-INV)       (BYE)   |
           |---------     ----------|
           |          \ /           |^
           |           X            ||
           |          / \           ||Timer J
           |<--------     --------->||
          ^|    ACK (re-INV) F9     ||
          ||<-----------------------||
   Timer K||                        ||
          V|                        ||
     Morg  |                        |V
           |                        |  Morg
           |                        |
      

   State  Alice                  Bob  State
          |                        |
          |       INVITE F1        |
          |----------------------->|
     Pre  |    180 Ringing F2      |  Pre
          |<-----------------------|
     Ear  |                        |  Ear
          |       200 OK F3        |
          |<-----------------------|
    Mora  |         ACK F4         |  Mora
          |----------------------->|
     Est  |   Both Way RTP Media   |  Est
          |<======================>|
          |                        |
          |      re-INVITE F5      |
          |<-----------------------|
          | 200 F7         BYE F6  |
          |---------     ----------|
          |          \ /           |  Mort
          |           X            |
          |          / \           |
          |<--------     --------->|  *race*
    Mort  | 200 F8         ACK F9  |
          | (BYE)         (re-INV) |
          |---------     ----------|
          | ^        \ /           |
          | |         X            |
          | |        / \           |
          |<--------     --------->|
          | |                    ^ |
          | |            Timer K | |
          | |                    V |
          | | Timer J              |  Morg
          | V                      |
    Morg  |                        |
          |                        |
      

   State  Alice                          Bob  State
          |                                |
          |         ini-INVITE F1          |
          |------------------------------->|
     Pre  |            180 F2              |  Pre
          |<-------------------------------|
     Ear  |            200 F3              |  Ear
          |<-------------------------------|
    Mora  |                                |  Mora
          |    ACK F4            BYE F5    |
          |-------------     --------------|
     Est  |              \ /               |  Mort
          |               X                |
          |              / \               |
          |<------------     ------------->|  *race*
    Mort  |            200 F6              |
          |------------------------------->|
          | ^                            ^ |
          | |                    Timer K | |
          | |                            V |
          | | Timer J                      |  Morg
          | V                              |
    Morg  |                                |
          |                                |
      

   Alice                         Bob
     |                            |
     |         INVITE F1          |
     |--------------------------->|
     |      180 Ringing F2        |
     |<---------------------------|
     |          200 OK F3         |
     |<---------------------------|
     |           ACK F4           |
     |--------------------------->|
     |     Both Way RTP Media     |
     |<==========================>|
     |                            |
     |re-INVITE F5   re-INVITE F6 |
     |------------   -------------|

     |            \ /             |
     |             X              |
     |            / \             |
     |<-----------   ------------>|
     |   491 F8        491 F7     |
     |------------   -------------|
     |            \ /             |
     |             X              |
     |            / \             |
     |<-----------   ------------>|
     |  ^ ACK F9         ^ ACK F10|
     |--|---------   ----|--------|
     |  |          \ /   |        |
     |  |           X    |        |
     |  |          / \   |        |
     |<-|----------   ---|------->|
     |  |                |        |
     |  |0-2.0 sec       |        |
     |  |                |        |
     |  v  re-INVITE F11(=F6)     |
     |<------------------|--------|
     |     200 OK F12    |        |
     |-------------------|------->|
     |       ACK F13     |        |
     |<------------------|--------|
     |                   |        |
     |                   |2.1-4.0 sec
     |                   |        |
     |re-INVITE F14(=F5) v        |
     |--------------------------->|
     |         200 OK F15         |
     |<---------------------------|
     |          ACK F16           |
     |--------------------------->|
     |                            |
     |                            |
      

   Alice                         Bob
     |                            |
     |         INVITE F1          |
     |--------------------------->|
     |      180 Ringing F2        |
     |<---------------------------|
     |                            |
     |          200 OK F3         |

     |<---------------------------|
     |           ACK F4           |
     |--------------------------->|
     |     Both Way RTP Media     |
     |<==========================>|
     |                            |
     |  UPDATE F5    re-INVITE F6 |
     |------------   -------------|
     |            \ /             |
     |             X              |
     |            / \             |
     |<-----------   ------------>|
     |   491 F8        491 F7     |
     |   (re-INVITE)   (UPDATE)   |
     |------------   -------------|
     |            \ /             |
     |             X              |
     |            / \             |
     |<-----------   ------------>|
     |  ^       ACK F9   ^        |
     |<-|----------------|--------|
     |  |                |        |
     |  |0-2.0 sec       |        |
     |  |                |        |
     |  v  re-INVITE F10 |        |
     |<------------------|--------|
     |     200 OK F11    |        |
     |-------------------|------->|
     |       ACK F12     |        |
     |<------------------|--------|
     |                   |        |
     |                   |2.1-4.0 sec
     |                   |        |
     |      UPDATE F13   v        |
     |--------------------------->|
     |         200 OK F14         |
     |<---------------------------|
     |                            |
     |                            |
      

    State  Alice                  Bob  State
           |                        |
           |       INVITE F1        |
           |----------------------->|
      Pre  |    180 Ringing F2      |  Pre
           |<-----------------------|
      Ear  |                        |  Ear
           |       200 OK F3        |
           |<-----------------------|
     Mora  |         ACK F4         |  Mora
           |----------------------->|
      Est  |   Both Way RTP Media   |  Est
           |<======================>|
           |                        |
           | BYE F5        REFER F6 |
           |---------     ----------|
     Mort  |          \ /           |
           |           X            |
           |          / \           |
   *race*  |<--------     --------->|
           |                        |  Mort
           | 481 F8         200 F7  |
           | (REFER)        (BYE)   |
           |---------     ----------|
           |          \ /         ^ |
           |           X          | |
           |          / \         | |
           |<--------     --------->|
           | ^                    | |
           | | Timer K            | |
           | V            Timer J | |
     Morg  |                      V |
           |                        |  Morg
           |                        |
      

   Alice            Proxy               Bob   Carol
     |                |                  |      |
     |   INVITE F1    |                  |      |
     |--------------->|    INVITE F2     |      |
     |     100 F3     |----------------->|      |
     |<---------------| 180(To tag=A) F4 |      |
     |    180(A) F5   |<-----------------|      |
     |<---------------|                  |      |
     |                |       INVITE(Fork) F6   |
     |                |------------------------>|
     |                |                100 F7   |
     |    BYE(A) F8   |<------------------------|
     |--------------->|    BYE(A) F9     |      |
     |                |----------------->|      |
     |                |  200(A,BYE) F10  |      |
     | 200(A,BYE) F11 |<-----------------|      |
     |<---------------|  487(A,INV) F12  |      |
     |                |<-----------------|      |
     |                |    ACK(A) F13    |      |
     |                |----------------->|      |
     |                |                  |      |
     |                |                         |
     |                |     200(To tag=B) F13   |
     |   200(B) F14   |<------------------------|
     |<---------------|                         |
     |   ACK(B) F15   |                         |
     |--------------->|            ACK(B) F16   |
     |                |------------------------>|
     |   BYE(B) F17   |                         |
     |--------------->|            BYE(B) F18   |
     |                |------------------------>|
     |                |            200(B) F19   |
     |   200(B) F20   |<------------------------|
     |<---------------|                         |
     |                |                         |
     |                |                         |
      

     UAC                    UAS
      |                      |
   The session has been already established
     ==========================
      |   re-INVITE F1       |
      |--------------------->|
      |   BYE F2             |
      |--------------------->|
      |   200(BYE) F3        |
      |<---------------------|
      |   INVITE F4(=F1)     |
      |--------------------->|
      |                      |
      |                      |
      

   BYE   INV  dialog UAC                    UAS
                :     |                      |
                :     |                      |
                |     |   re-INVITE F1       |
          o     |     |--------------------->|
          |     |     |   BYE F2             |
    o     |  (Mortal) |--------------------->|
    |     |     |     |   200(BYE) F3        |
    |     |     |     |<---------------------|
    |     |     |     |   INVITE F4(=F1)     |
    |     |     |     |--------------------->|
    |     |     |     |   481(INV) F5        |
    |     |     |     |<---------------------|
    |     |     |     |   ACK(INV) F6        |
    |     |     |     |--------------------->|
    |     |     |     |                      |
    o     |     o     |                      |
          |           |                      |
          o           |                      |
                      |                      |
      

   UAC                    UAS dialog  INV   BYE
    |                      |     :
    |                      |     :
    |   re-INVITE F1       |     |
    |-------------->x      |     |
    |   BYE F2             |     |
    |--------------------->|     |           o
    |   200(BYE) F3        |  (Mortal)       |
    |<---------------------|     |           |<-Start Timer J
    |   INVITE F4(=F1)     |     |           |
    |--------------------->|     |     o     |
    |   4xx/5xx(INV) F5    |     o     |     o
    |<---------------------|           |
    |   ACK(INV) F6        |           |
    |--------------------->|           |<-Start Timer I
    |                      |           |
    |                      |           |
    |                      |           o
    |                      |
      

                  +-------------+
                  | Preparative |---+
                  +-------------+   |
                    :   | 1xx(s)    |
                    :   V           |
                    : +-------+     | 2xx(s)
                    : | Early |-----+------+
                    : +-------+            |
                    :     :                V
                    :     :           +-----------+
                    :     :           | Confirmed |<...
                    :.....:           +-----------+   :
                       :                   |  :       :
                       :             BYE(r)|  :       :
                       : CANCEL(r)         |  :.......:
                       V                   |    CANCEL(r)
                   .............           |
                   : Cancelled :           |
                   :...........:           |
                      | 487(s)             |
                      |                    |
                      +--------------------+
                                 |
                                 V
                           +------------+
                           | Terminated |
                           +------------+
      

                                   UAC
                    dialog(A)       |    INVITE F1
                     Pre o          |------------------------->
                         |          |    100 F2
                         |          |<-------------------------
                         |          |    180(To tag=A) F3
                     Ear |          |<-------------------------
          dialog(B)      |          |
      forked new DSM     |          |    180(To tag=B) F4
          Ear o..........|..........|<-------------------------
              |          |          |
              |          |          |    200(A) F5
   terminate->|.....Mora |..........|<-------------------------
     early    |          | ^        |    ACK(A) F6
      media   |      Est | |        |------------------------->
              |          | |        |
              |          | |64*T1   |
              |          | |(13.2.2.4 of RFC 3261 [1])
              |          | |        |
              |          | |        |
              |          | V        |
              o..........|.(terminate INVITE transaction)
          terminated     |          |
           dialog(B)     |          |
                         |          |
      

                                   UAC
                    dialog(A)       |    INVITE F1
                     Pre o          |----------------------->
                         |          |    100 F2
                         |          |<-----------------------
                         |          |    180(To tag=A) F3
         dialog(B)   Ear |          |<-----------------------
     forked new DSM      |          |    180(To tag=B) F4
          Ear o..........|..........|<-----------------------
              |          |          |
              |          |          |    200(A) F5
   terminate->|.....Mora |..........|<-----------------------
     early    |          | ^        |    ACK(A) F6
      media   |      Est | |        |----------------------->
              |          | |64*T1   |
              |          | |        |    200(B) F7
         Mora |..........|.|........|<-----------------------
              |          | |        |    ACK(B) F8
          Est |..........|.|........|----------------------->
              |          | |        |    BYE(B) F9
         Mort |..........|.|........|----------------------->
          ^   |          | |        |    200(B) F10
          |   |          | |        |<-----------------------
          |Timer K       | |        |
          |   |          | V        |
          |   |          | (terminate INVITE transaction)
          V   |          |          |
         Morg o          |          |
                         |          |
      

                                 UAC
                  dialog(A)       |    INVITE F1
                   Pre o          |----------------------->
                       |          |    100 F2
                       |          |<-----------------------
                       |          |    180(To tag=A) F3
                   Ear |          |<-----------------------
                       |          |
                       |          |    200(A) F4
                  Mora |..........|<-----------------------
                       | ^        |    ACK(A) F5
                   Est | |        |----------------------->
                       | |        |
       dialog(B)       | |64*T1   |
   forked new DSM      | |        |    200(To tag=B) F6
       Mora o..........|.|........|<-----------------------
            |          | |        |    ACK(B) F7
        Est |..........|.|........|----------------------->
            |          | |        |    BYE(B) F8
       Mort |..........|.|........|----------------------->
        ^   |          | |        |    200(B) F9
        |   |          | |        |<-----------------------
        |   |          | V        |
        |Timer K       | (terminate INVITE transaction)
        |   |          |          |
        V   |          |          |
       Morg o          |          |
                       |          |
      

                                UAC
                 dialog(A)       |    INVITE F1
                  Pre o          |------------------------->
                      |          |    100 F2
                      |          |<-------------------------
                      |          |    180(To tag=A) F3
                  Ear |          |<-------------------------
                      |          |    200(A) F4
                 Mora |..........|<-------------------------
                      | ^        |    ACK(A) F5
                  Est | |        |------------------------->
       dialog(B)      | |        |
   forked new DSM     | |        |    180(To tag=B) w/100rel F6
       Ear o..........|.|........|<-------------------------
           |          | |        |    PRACK(B) F7
           |          | |        |------------------------->
           |          | |        |    200(B,PRACK) F8
           |          | |        |<-------------------------
           |          | |64*T1   |
           |          | |(13.2.2.4 of RFC 3261 [1])
           |          | |        |
           |          | |        |
           |          | |        |
           |          | V        |
           o..........|.(terminate INVITE transaction)
       terminated     |          |
        dialog(B)     |          |
                      |          |
      

                     IBE Public Parameter Request
                    ----------------------------->
             Sender                                PPS
                    <-----------------------------
                         IBE Public Parameters
      

                        IBE Public Parameter Request
                       ----------------------------->
             Recipient                                PPS
                       <-----------------------------
                            IBE Public Parameters
      

                          IBE Private Key Request
                       ---------------------------->
             Recipient                                PKG
                       <----------------------------
                              IBE Private Key
      

                  +-+         802.11 frames          +-+
                  | |--------------------------------| |
                  | |              +-+               | |
                  | |--------------| |---------------| |
                  | |  802.11 PHY/ | |     LWAPP     | |
                  | | MAC sublayer | |               | |
                  +-+              +-+               +-+
                  STA              WTP                AC
      

      /-------------\
      |             v
      |       +------------+
      |      C|    Idle    |<-----------------------------------\
      |       +------------+<-----------------------\           |
      |        ^    |a    ^                         |           |
      |        |    |     \----\                    |           |
      |        |    |          |                 +------------+ |
      |        |    |          |          -------| Key Confirm| |
      |        |    |          |        w/       +------------+ |
      |        |    |          |        |           ^           |
      |        |    |          |t       V           |5          |
      |        |    |        +-----------+       +------------+ |
      |       /     |       C|    Run    |       | Key Update | |
      |     /       |       r+-----------+------>+------------+ |
      |    /        |              ^    |s      u        x|     |
      |   |         v              |    |                 |     |
      |   |   +--------------+     |    |                 v     |y
      |   |  C|  Discovery   |    q|    \--------------->+-------+
      |   |  b+--------------+    +-------------+        | Reset |
      |   |     |d     f|  ^      |  Configure  |------->+-------+
      |   |     |       |  |      +-------------+p           ^
      |   |e    v       |  |              ^                  |
      |  +---------+    v  |i            2|                  |
      | C| Sulking |   +------------+    +--------------+    |
      |  +---------+  C|    Join    |--->| Join-Confirm |    |
      |               g+------------+z   +--------------+    |
      |                   |h      m|        3|       |4      |
      |                   |        |         |       v       |o
      |\                  |        |         |     +------------+
       \\-----------------/         \--------+---->| Image Data |C
        \------------------------------------/     +------------+n
      

      Layer 2 LWAPP Data Frame
      +-----------------------------------------------------------+
      | MAC Header | LWAPP Header [C=0] | Forwarded Data ...      |
      +-----------------------------------------------------------+

      Layer 2 LWAPP Control Frame
      +---------------------------------------------------+
      | MAC Header | LWAPP Header [C=1] | Control Message |
      +---------------------------------------------------+
      | Message Elements ... |
      +----------------------+
      

      Layer 3 LWAPP Data Frame
      +--------------------------------------------+
      | MAC Header | IP | UDP | LWAPP Header [C=0] |
      +--------------------------------------------+
      |Forwarded Data ... |
      +-------------------+

      Layer 3 LWAPP Control Frame
      +--------------------------------------------+
      | MAC Header | IP | UDP | LWAPP Header [C=1] |
      +--------------------------------------------+
      | Control Message | Message Elements ... |
      +-----------------+----------------------+
      

               Beacon
      <-----------------------------
            Probe Request
      ----------------------------( - )------------------------->
            Probe Response
      <-----------------------------
                       802.11 AUTH/Association
      <--------------------------------------------------------->
                         Add Mobile (Clear Text, 802.1X Only)
                                      <------------------------->
             802.1X Authentication & 802.11i Key Exchange
      <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                  Add Mobile (AES-CCMP, PTK=x)
                                      <------------------------->
                        802.11 Action Frames
      <--------------------------------------------------------->
                            802.11 DATA (1)
      <---------------------------( - )------------------------->
      

               Beacon
      <-----------------------------
                Probe
      <---------------------------->
             802.11 AUTH
      <-----------------------------
                          802.11 Association
      <---------------------------( - )------------------------->
                         Add Mobile (Clear Text, 802.1X Only)
                                      <------------------------->
             802.1X Authentication & 802.11i Key Exchange
      <--------------------------------------------------------->
                        802.11 Action Frames
      <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                  Add Mobile (AES-CCMP, PTK=x)
                                      <------------------------->
              802.11 DATA
      <----------------------------->
      

                    Association Request/Response
       <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                          Add Mobile (Clear Text, 802.1X Only)
                                                <---------------->
       802.1X Authentication (if no key cache entry exists)
       <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                     802.11i 4-way Key Exchange
       <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                                   Delete Mobile
                              <---------------------------------->
                                   Add Mobile (AES-CCMP, PTK=x)
                                                <---------------->
      

   +-------------------------+              +------------+
   |                         |              |            |
   |         SLAPP           |              |  Image     |
   | (technology-independent +-------+----->|  Download  |
   |      framework)         |       |      |  protocol  |
   |                         |       |      |            |
   |  negotiate one control  |       |      +------------+
   |  protocol here          |       |
   +-------------------------+       |
                                     |      +------------+
                                     |      |            |
                                     |      |   802.11   |
                                     +----->|  control   |
                                     |      |  protocol  |
                                     |      |            |
                                     |      +------------+
                                     |
                                     |
                                     |      +------------+
                                     |      |            |
                                     |      |   802.16   |
                                     +----->|  control   |
                                     |      |  protocol  |
                                     |      |            |
                                     |      +------------+
                                     |
                                     |         .......
      

               +-----------------+            +-------+
               |                 |    (1)     |       |
               |       AC        +------------+  WTP  |
               |                 |            |       |
               +--------+--------+            +-------+
                        |
                        |
                        |
                    +---+---+
               (2)  |       |
             +------+  L2   +--------+
             |      |       |        |
             |      +---+---+        |
             |                       |
             |                       |
       +-----+-----+             +---+---+    +-------+
       |           |             |       | (3)|       |
       |    WTP    |             |   L3  +----+  WTP  |
       |           |             |       |    |       |
       +-----------+             +---+---+    +-------+
                                     |
                                     |
                                     |
                                 +---+----+    +-------+
                                 |        | (4)|       |
                                 |Internet+----+  WTP  |
                                 |        |    |       |
                                 +--------+    +-------+
      

      /--------\  /-----------\
      |        |  |           |
      |        v  v           |
      |  +-------------+      |
      | C| discovering |<-\   |
      |  +-------------+  |   |
      |        |          |   |
      |        v          |   |
      |  +-----------+    |   |
      \--| acquiring |    |   |
         +-----------+    |   |
               |          |   |
               v          |   |
         +----------+     |   |
        C| securing |-----/   |
         +----------+         |
               |              |
               v              |
       +----------------+     |
       |  negotiated    |     |
      C|    control     |-----/
       |   protocol     |
       +----------------+
      

       +-------------+
       | discovering |<-------------------------------+<----+
       +-------------+                                |     |
         ^  ^                                         |     |
         |  |          +-----------+                  |     |
         |  |          | securing  |                  |     |
         |  |          +----+------+                  |     |
         |  |               |                         |     |
         |  |               v                         |     |
         |  |        +--------------+                 |     |
         |  |   +--->| Unregistered |                 |     |
         |  |   |    +------+-------+                 |     |
         |  |   |           |                         |     |
         |  |   |           |Registration             |     |
         |  |   |Timeout    |Request                  |     |
         |  |   |           |                         |     |
         |  |   |           v                         |     |
         |  |   |    +--------------+                 |     |
         |  |   +----+ Registration |                 |     |
         |  |        |              |                 |     |
         |  | Reject |              |                 |     |
         |  +--------+   Pending    |                 |     |
         | nTimeout>3|              |                 |     |
         |           |              |                 |     |
         |           +------+-------+                 |     |
         |                  |                         |     |
         |                  |Accept                   |     |
         |                  |                         |     |
         |                  |                         |     |
         |                  v                         |     |
         |           +------+-------+                 |     |
         |           |  Registered  |                 |     |
         |      +--->|              |                 |     |
         |      |    +------+-------+                 |     |
         |      |           |                         |     |
         |      |Timeout    |Config                   |     |
         |      |           |Request                  |     |
         |      |           |                         |     |
         |      |           v                         |     |
         |      |    +------+-------+                 |     |
         |      +----+              |           Reject|     |
         |           |Configuration |                 |     |
         |   Reject  | Pending      |                 |     |
         +-----------+              |                 |     |

         ^ nTimeout>3+------+-------+                 |     |
         |                  |                         |     |
         |                  |                         |     |
   De-reg|                  |    +----------------+   |     |
    resp |                  |    v     Accept     |   |     |
    +----+---+       +------+----+--+           +-+---+--+  |
    |        | De-reg|              |           | Update |  |
    |  De    +<------+ Configured   +-----------+        |  |
    |Register| req   |              |           | Pending|  |
    |        |       |              |           +----+---+  |
    +--------+       +------+-------+                       |
                            |                               |
                            |                               |
                            |                               |
                        Too |Many                           |
                        Keepalive                           |
                        Failures                            |
                            |                               |
                            |                               |
                            |   De-Register                 |
                            +-------------------------------+
      

            +----------+
            | securing |
            +----+-----+
                 |
                 |
                 |
                 v
            +--------------+
   +--------| Unregistered |
   |        +----+---------+
   |             |
   |Timeout      |Register
   |             |request
   |             v                   +-------------+
   |         +----------+   Accept   | Registration|
   |     +---+Register  +----------->|  Pending    |
   |     |   |Processing|            +-+-----+-----+
   |     |   +----------+              |     |
   |     |                             |     |
   |     |Reject                    Timeout  |
   |     |                             |     |Config
   |     |                             |     |Request
   |     |      +--------------+       |     |
   |     +----->|              |<------+     |
   |            |  discovering |             v
   +----------->|              |        +------------+
                +--------------+        | Registered |
                    ^     ^  ^          +----+-------+
                    |     |  |               |
                    |     |  |               |Config
                    |     |  |               |Response
                    |     |  |               v
                    |     |  | Timeout  +------------+
                    |     |  +----------| Config     |
                    |     |   or Reject | Pending    |
                    |     |             +----+-------+
                    |     |                  |
                    |     |                  |Config ACK
                    |     |                  v
                    |     |De-Register  +------------+
                    |     +-------------|            |
                    |     or Keepalive  | Configured |<--+
                    |        failures   |            |   |
                    |                   +----+-------+   |

              Reject|                        |           |
                  or|                        |           |
              Timeout     +-----------+      |Config     |
                    |     | Update    |      |Update     |
                    +-----| Pending   |<-----+           |
                          +----+------+                  |
                               |           Accept        |
                               +-------------------------+
      

   +-------+                       +-------+
   |       |                       |       |    Logical Groups
   |      (=====Control Tunnel======)      |
   |       |                       |       |       ~~~~~~~
   |       |                       |       |      /       /
   |      <=====Logical Group A=====>      |      /   A   /~~~~
   |       |                       |       |      /       /    /
   |      <=====Logical Group B=====>      |       ~~~~~~~     /~~~~
   |       |                       |       |           /    B  /    /
   |      <=====Logical Group C=====>      |            ~~~~~~~     /
   |       |                       |       |                /    C  /
   |       |                       +-------+                 ~~~~~~~
   |       |
   |       |
   |  AC   |
   |       |
   |       |                     Split MAC WTP
   |       |
   |       |                       +-------+    Logical Groups
   |       |                       |       |
   |      [=====Control Tunnel======]      |      ~~~~~~~
   |       |                       |       |     /       /
   |       |                       |       |     /   1   /~~~~
   |      <=====Logical Group 1=====>      |     /       /    /
   |       |                       |       |      ~~~~~~~     /
   |      <=====Logical Group 2=====>      |          /    2  /
   |       |                       |       |           ~~~~~~~
   +-------+                       +-------+
      

                                    +--------------------------------+
                                    |                                |
                                    |   +------------------+         |
                                    V   V                  |         |
    +-------------+         +-------------+         +-------------+  |
    |             |         |             |         |             |  |
    | Initial-    |-------->| Capabilities|-------->|  Connection |  |
    |    ization  |         |   Exchange  |         |             |  |
    |             |         |             |         |             |  |
    +-------------+         +-------------+         +-------------+  |
           A                       A                       |         |
           |                       |                       |         |
           |                       |                       |         |
           |                       |                       |         |
           |                       |                       V         |
           |                       |                +-------------+  |
           |                       |                |             |  |
           |                       +----------------| Configur-   |  |
           |                                        |     ation   |  |
           |                                        |             |  |
           |                                        +-------------+  |
           |                                               |         |
           |                                               |         |
           |                                               |         |
           |                                               |         |
           |                                               V         |
           |                                        +--------------+ |
           |                                        |              | |
           +----------------------------------------|              |-+
                                                    |  Operation   |
                                                    |              |
                                                    +--------------+
                                  Figure 2
      

   0                                                              31
   |                7               15              23             |
   |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
   |                                                               |
      

   0                                                              31
   |                7               15              23             |
   |-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
   |                                                               |

   +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
   |   Msg Type    |   Reserve     |           Seq Num             |
   +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
   |       Msg Element Length      |
   +-------------------------------+
      

   +----------+           +---------------+                 +------+
   | Terminal |           | Local MAC WTP |                 |  AC  |
   +----------+           +---------------+                 +------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        | IEEE 802.11 Association  |           WiCoP            |
        |------------------------->|     Terminal Addition      |
        |                          |===========================>|
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |      WiCoP Terminal        |
        |                          |<===========================|
        | IEEE 802.11 Association  |    Addition Response       |
        |<-------------------------|                            |
        |      Response            |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                                                       |
        |                                                       |
        |                                                       |
        |                  +---------------+                    |
        |                  | Split MAC WTP |                    |
        |                  +---------------+                    |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        | IEEE 802.11 Association  |                            |
        |------------------------->|                            |
        |                          |  IEEE 802.11 Association   |
        |                          |===========================>|
        |                          |       (Over WiCoP)         |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |           WiCoP            |
        |                          |      Terminal Addition     |
        |                          |<===========================|
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |      WiCoP Terminal        |
        |                          |===========================>|
        |                          |    Addition Response       |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |  IEEE 802.11 Association   |
        |                          |<===========================|
        |                          |   Response (Over WiCoP)    |
        | IEEE 802.11 Association  |                            |
        |<-------------------------|                            |
        |       Response           |                            |
                                 Figure 8
      

   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
   | Terminal |                 | WTP |                     |  AC  |
   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                    802.1x Authentication              |
        |<=====================================================>|
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
       PMK                         |                           PMK
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |<-------------------------|<===========================|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration)   |
        |                          |      | +-----------------------+
        |                          |       \|- Encryption-Data      |
        |                          |        |    Unicast-Key        |
       Set                      Receive     |- EAP-Frame            |
     Unicast-Key              Unicast-Key   |    Key Signature      |
        |                          |        +-----------------------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |===========================>|
        |                          |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration    |
        |                          |       Response )           |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |<-------------------------|<===========================|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration)   |
        |                          |      | +-----------------------+
        |                          |       \|- Encryption-Data      |
        |                          |        |     Broadcast-Key     |
       Set                      Receive     |- EAP-Frame            |
     Broadcast-Key            Broadcast-Key |    Key Signature      |
        |                          |        |    Broadcast Key      |
        |                          |        +-----------------------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |===========================>|
        |                          |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration    |
        |                          |       Response )           |
      

   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
   | Terminal |                 | WTP |                     |  AC  |
   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                    802.1x Authentication              |
        |<=====================================================>|
        |                          |                            |
       PMK                         |                           PMK
        |                          |                            |
      Generate                     |                        Generate
       SNonce                      |                         ANonce
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                      Message 1                        |
        |<-------------------------|<---------------------------|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |      WiCoP Data Packet     |
      Receive                      |                            |
       ANonce                      |                            |
      Generate                     |                            |
       PTK                         |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                      Message 2                        |
        |------------------------->|--------------------------->|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |      WiCoP Data Pakcet     |
        |                          |                        Receive
        |                          |                        SNonce
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                       Generate
        |                          |                          PTK
        |                          |                          GTK
        |                      Message 3                        |
        |<-------------------------|<===========================|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration)   |
        |                          |      | +-----------------------+
        |                          |       \|- GTK-Flag             |
      Receive                    Receive    |- Encryption-Data(PTK) |
       GTK                        PTK       |- Encryption-Data(GTK) |
        |                         GTK       |- EAP-Frame            |
        |                          |        +-----------------------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                      Message 4                        |
        |------------------------->|--------------------------->|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |      WiCoP Data Pakcet     |
        |                          |                            |
                                 Figure 10
      

   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
   | Terminal |                 | WTP |                     |  AC  |
   +----------+                 +-----+                     +------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                      Message 1                        |
        |<-------------------------|<===========================|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |     WiCoP Control Packet   |
        |                          |      (Key Configuration)   |
        |                          |      | +-----------------------+
        |                          |       \|- GTK-Flag             |
      Receive                    Receive    |- Encryption-Data(GTK) |
       GTK                        GTK       |- EAP-Frame            |
        |                          |        +-----------------------+
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                          |                            |
        |                      Message 2                        |
        |------------------------->|--------------------------->|
        |       EAPoL Packet       |      WiCoP Data Pakcet     |
        |                          |                            |
      

              +-+         wireless frames        +-+
              | |--------------------------------| |
              | |              +-+               | |
              | |--------------| |---------------| |
              | |wireless PHY/ | |     CAPWAP    | |
              | | MAC sublayer | |               | |
              +-+              +-+               +-+
              STA              WTP                AC
      

              +-+wireless frames +-+ 802.3 frames +-+
              | |----------------| |--------------| |
              | |                | |              | |
              | |----------------| |--------------| |
              | |wireless PHY/   | |     CAPWAP   | |
              | | MAC sublayer   | |              | |
              +-+                +-+              +-+
              STA                WTP               AC
      

                           Discover Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                           Discover Response
                 <------------------------------------
      

                      HelloVerifyRequest (with cookie)
                 <------------------------------------

                        ClientHello (with cookie)
                 ------------------------------------>
                                ServerHello,
                                Certificate,
                                ServerHelloDone*
                 <------------------------------------
      

                         ChangeCipherSpec,
                             Finished*
                 <------------------------------------
      

                              Join Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                              Join Response
                 <------------------------------------
                      [-- Join State Complete --]
      

                      Configuration Status Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                      Configuration Status Response
                 <------------------------------------
                    [-- Configure State Complete --]

                       Change State Event Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                       Change State Event Response
                 <------------------------------------
                   [-- Data Check State Complete --]
      

                              Echo Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                             Echo Response
                 <------------------------------------
      

                              Event Request
                 ------------------------------------>
                             Event Response
                 <------------------------------------
      

                            /-------------------------------------\
                            |          /-------------------------\|
                            |         p|                         ||
                            |    q+----------+ r +------------+  ||
                            |     |   Run    |-->|   Reset    |-\||
                            |     +----------+   +------------+ |||
                           n|  o      ^           ^     ^      s|||
                +------------+--------/           |     |       |||
                | Data Check |             /-------/    |       |||
                +------------+<-------\   |             |       |||
                                      |   |             |       |||
                       /------------------+--------\    |       |||
                      f|             m|  h|    j   v   k|       |||
               +--------+     +-----------+     +--------------+|||
               |  Join  |---->| Configure |     |  Image Data  ||||
               +--------+  n  +-----------+     +--------------+|||
                ^   |g                 i|                    l| |||
                |   |                   \-------------------\ | |||
                |   \--------------------------------------\| | |||
                \------------------------\                 || | |||
         /--------------<----------------+---------------\ || | |||
         | /------------<----------------+-------------\ | || | |||
         | |  4                          |d           t| | vv v vvv
         | |   +----------------+   +--------------+   +-----------+
         | |   |   DTLS Setup   |   | DTLS Connect |-->|  DTLS TD  |
       /-|-|---+----------------+   +--------------+ e +-----------+
       | | |    |$  ^  ^   |5  ^6         ^              ^  |w
       v v v    |   |  |   |   \-------\  |              |  |
       | | |    |   |  |   \---------\ |  |  /-----------/  |
       | | |    |   |  \--\          | |  |  |              |
       | | |    |   |     |          | |  |  |              |
       | | |    v  3|  1  |%     #   v |  |a |b             v
       | | \->+------+-->+------+   +-----------+    +--------+
       | |    | Idle |   | Disc |   | Authorize |    |  Dead  |
       | |    +------+<--+------+   +-----------+    +--------+
       | |     ^   0^  2      |!
       | |     |    |         |   +-------+
      *| |u    |    \---------+---| Start |
       | |     |@             |   +-------+
       | \->+---------+<------/
       \--->| Sulking |
            +---------+&
      

           ============                         ============
               WTP                                   AC
           ============                         ============
           ClientHello           ------>
                                 <------       HelloVerifyRequest
                                                   (with cookie)

           ClientHello           ------>
           (with cookie)
                                 <------       ServerHello
                                 <------       Certificate
                                 <------       ServerHelloDone
      

       CAPWAP Control Packet (Discovery Request/Response):
       +-------------------------------------------+
       | IP  | UDP | CAPWAP | Control | Message    |
       | Hdr | Hdr | Header | Header  | Element(s) |
       +-------------------------------------------+
      

    CAPWAP Control Packet (DTLS Security Required):
    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | IP  | UDP | CAPWAP   | DTLS | CAPWAP | Control| Message   | DTLS |
    | Hdr | Hdr | DTLS Hdr | Hdr  | Header | Header | Element(s)| Trlr |
    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
                           \---------- authenticated -----------/
                                  \------------- encrypted ------------/
      

       CAPWAP Plain Text Data Packet :
       +-------------------------------+
       | IP  | UDP | CAPWAP | Wireless |
       | Hdr | Hdr | Header | Payload  |
       +-------------------------------+

       DTLS Secured CAPWAP Data Packet:
       +--------------------------------------------------------+
       | IP  | UDP |  CAPWAP  | DTLS | CAPWAP | Wireless | DTLS |
       | Hdr | Hdr | DTLS Hdr | Hdr  |  Hdr   | Payload  | Trlr |
       +--------------------------------------------------------+
                              \------ authenticated -----/
                                     \------- encrypted --------/
      

       +------------------------------------------------------+
       | IP Header | UDP Header | CAPWAP Header | 802.3 Frame |
       +------------------------------------------------------+
      

                                Join Request
         -------------------------------------------------------->

                     Join Response (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------

              Image Data Request (Image Identifier = x,
                                  Initiate Download)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

           Image Data Response (Result Code = Success,
                                Image Information = {size,hash})
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Request (Image Data = Data)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

                Image Data Request (Image Data = EOF)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

                                Join Request
         -------------------------------------------------------->

                     Join Response (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------
      

                Configuration Update Request (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------

            Configuration Update Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

              Image Data Request (Image Identifier = x,
                                  Initiate Download)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

              Image Data Response (Result Code = Success,
                                   Image Information = {size,hash})
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Request (Image Data = Data)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

                Image Data Request (Image Data = EOF)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                Image Data Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

                (administratively requested reboot request)
                   Reset Request (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                  Reset Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

             Configuration Update Request (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------

      Configuration Update Response (Result Code = Already Have Image)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

                (administratively requested reboot request)
                   Reset Request (Image Identifier = x)
         <------------------------------------------------------

                  Reset Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->
      

           Data Transfer Request (Data Transfer Mode = Crash Data)
         <------------------------------------------------------

              Data Transfer Response (Result Code = Success)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

              Data Transfer Request (Data Transfer Data = Data)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

              Data Transfer Response (Result Code = Success)
         <------------------------------------------------------
      

                Data Transfer Request (Data Transfer Data = EOF)
         -------------------------------------------------------->

              Data Transfer Response (Result Code = Success)
         <------------------------------------------------------
      

          Data Transfer Request (Data Transfer Mode = Crash Data)
        <------------------------------------------------------

             Data Transfer Response (Result Code = Data Transfer
                                     Error (No Information to Transfer))
        -------------------------------------------------------->
      

           wireless link layer
           (e.g., 802.11 PTK)
          <--------------> or
          <--------------------------->
              (derived)
      

                      Beacon
             <-----------------------------
                   Probe Request
             ----------------------------( - )------------------------->
                   Probe Response
             <-----------------------------
                              802.11 AUTH/Association
             <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station (Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE
                                          802.11 Session Key(Flag=A)]
                                            <-------------------------->
                    802.1X Authentication & 802.11 Key Exchange
             <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station(Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE 802.11
                                          Station Session Key(Flag=C)]
                                            <-------------------------->
                               802.11 Action Frames
             <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                   802.11 DATA (1)
             <---------------------------( - )------------------------->
      

                      Beacon
             <-----------------------------
                       Probe
             <---------------------------->
                        802.11 AUTH
             <-----------------------------
                                 802.11 Association
             <---------------------------( - )------------------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station (Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE
                                          802.11 Session Key(Flag=A)]
                                            <-------------------------->
                    802.1X Authentication & 802.11 Key Exchange
             <--------------------------------------------------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station(Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE 802.11
                                          Station session Key (Key=x),
                                          IEEE 802.11 Information
                                          Element(RSNIE(Pairwise
                                          Cipher=CCMP))]
                                            <-------------------------->
                               802.11 Action Frames
             <--------------------------------------------------------->
                     802.11 DATA
             <----------------------------->
      

                          Association Request/Response
             <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station (Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE
                                          802.11 Session Key(Flag=A)]
                                                      <---------------->
             802.1X Authentication (if no key cache entry exists)
             <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                           802.11 4-way Key Exchange
             <--------------------------------------( - )-------------->
                                Station Configuration Request
                                  [Delete Station]
                                    <---------------------------------->
                                        Station Configuration Request
                                          [Add Station(Station MAC
                                          Address), IEEE 802.11 Add
                                          Station (WLAN ID), IEEE 802.11
                                          Station session Key (Key=x),
                                          IEEE 802.11 Information
                                          Element(RSNIE(Pairwise
                                          Cipher=CCMP))]
                                                      <---------------->
      

                         IEEE 802.11 WLAN Configuration Request [Update
                           WLAN (GTK, GTK Index, GTK Start,
                           Group TSC) ]
                         <--------------------------------------------
                               802.1X EAPoL (GTK Message 1)
        <-------------( - )-------------------------------------------
                               802.1X EAPoL (GTK Message 2)
        -------------( - )------------------------------------------->
                         IEEE 802.11 WLAN Configuration Request [ Update
                           WLAN (GTK Index, GTK Complete) ]
                         <--------------------------------------------
      

                 +--------------+           +----------------------+
                 |   +------+   |           |   +------+           |
                 |   |      |   |           |   |      |           |
                 |   |F-AAA |   |           |   |H-AAAH|           |
                 |   |      +-------------------+      |           |
                 |   +---+--+   |           |   +--+---+           |
                 |       |      |           |      |               |
                 |       |      |           |      |               |
      +------+   |   +---+--+   |           |   +--+---+           |
      |      |   |   |      |   |           |   |      |           |
      |  MN  +- -|- -+ PDSN + --  --  --  --  - +  HA  |           |
      |      |   |   |  /FA |   |           |   |      |           |
      +------+   |   +------+   |           |   +------+           |
                 |              |           |                      |
                 +--------------+           +----------------------+
      

                        Access Domain                  Home Domain
                  +--------------+           +----------------------+
                  |   +------+   |           |   +------+           |
                  |   |      |   |           |   |      |           |
                  |   |F-AAA |   |           |   |H-AAA |           |
                  |   |      +-------------------+      |           |
                  |   +---+--+   |           |   +--+---+           |
                  |       |      |           |      |               |
                  |       |      |           |      |               |
       +------+   |   +---+--+   |           |   +--+---+           |
       |      |   |   |      |   |           |   |      |           |
       |  MN  +- -|- -+ PDSN + --  --  --  --  - +  HA  |           |
       |      |   |   |  /AR |   |           |   |      |           |
       +------+   |   +------+   |           |   +------+           |
                  |              |           |                      |
                  +--------------+           +----------------------+
      

     MN                                    HA                    H-AAA
      |              BU to HA (4)           | RADIUS Access-ReQ(5)
      |------------------------------------>|------------------->|(6)
      | (includes NAI option, MN-ID option, |                    |
      | Mesg ID option, MN-AAA auth option) |RADIUS Access Accept|(7)
      |
                                            |<-------------------|
      |                                     |                    |
      |                             HA/AAAH authenticates MN
      |
      |                                     |(8)
      |
      |                                     |
      |
      |              BAck to MN    (9)        |
      |
      |<------------------------------------|--------------------|
      | (including MN-ID option,            | (10)
      |  Message ID option,                 |
      |  MN-HA auth options)                |                    |
      

 +---------------------+    +---------------------+
 |  content            |    |  content            |
 |---------------------|    |---------------------|
 |  syslog application |    |  syslog application | (originator,
 |                     |    |                     |  collector, relay)
 |---------------------|    |---------------------|
 |  syslog transport   |    |  syslog transport   | (transport sender,
 |                     |    |                     | (transport receiver)
 +---------------------+    +---------------------+
           ^                          ^
           |                          |
            --------------------------
      

            +----------+         +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Collector|
            +----------+         +---------+

            +----------+         +-----+         +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Relay|---->----|Collector|
            +----------+         +-----+         +---------+

            +----------+     +-----+            +-----+     +---------+
            |Originator|-->--|Relay|-->--..-->--|Relay|-->--|Collector|
            +----------+     +-----+            +-----+     +---------+

            +----------+         +-----+         +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Relay|---->----|Collector|
            |          |-+       +-----+         +---------+
            +----------+  \
                           \     +-----+         +---------+
                            +->--|Relay|---->----|Collector|
                                 +-----+         +---------+

            +----------+         +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Collector|
            |          |-+       +---------+
            +----------+  \
                           \     +-----+         +---------+
                            +->--|Relay|---->----|Collector|
                                 +-----+         +---------+

            +----------+         +-----+            +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Relay|---->-------|Collector|
            |          |-+       +-----+        +---|         |
            +----------+  \                    /    +---------+
                           \     +-----+      /
                            +->--|Relay|-->--/
                                 +-----+

            +----------+         +-----+                   +---------+
            |Originator|---->----|Relay|---->--------------|Collector|
            |          |-+       +-----+                +--|         |
            +----------+  \                            /   +---------+
                           \     +------------+       /
                            \    |+----------+|      /
                             +->-||Relay     ||->---/
                                 |+----------||    /
                                 ||Originator||->-/
                                 |+----------+|
                                 +------------+
      

   +--------+                                     +--------+
   |        |                EAP-Request/Identity |        |
   |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
   |  peer  |                                     | server |
   |        | EAP-Response/Identity               |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-1 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-2                 |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-3 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-4                 |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |          EAP-Success                |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   +--------+                                     +--------+
      

   +--------+                                     +--------+
   |        |                EAP-Request/Identity |        |
   |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
   |  peer  |                                     | server |
   |        | EAP-Response/Identity               |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-1 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/EAP-NAK                |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |          EAP-Failure                |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   +--------+                                     +--------+
      

   +--------+                                     +--------+
   |        |                EAP-Request/Identity |        |
   |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
   |  peer  |                                     | server |
   |        | EAP-Response/Identity               |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-1 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-2                 |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Request/GPSK-Fail               |        |
   |        | (PSK Not Found or Authentication    |        |
   |        | Failure)                            |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-Fail              |        |
   |        | (PSK Not Found or Authentication    |        |
   |        | Failure)                            |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |          EAP-Failure                |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   +--------+                                     +--------+
      

   +--------+                                     +--------+
   |        |                EAP-Request/Identity |        |
   |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
   |  peer  |                                     | server |
   |        | EAP-Response/Identity               |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-1 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-2                 |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Request/GPSK-Fail               |        |
   |        | (Authentication Failure)            |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-Fail              |        |
   |        | (Authentication Failure)            |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |          EAP-Failure                |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   +--------+                                     +--------+
      

   +--------+                                     +--------+
   |        |                EAP-Request/Identity |        |
   |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
   |  peer  |                                     | server |
   |        | EAP-Response/Identity               |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |                  EAP-Request/GPSK-1 |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Response/GPSK-2                 |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Request/                        |        |
   |        | GPSK-Protected-Fail                 |        |
   |        | (Authorization Failure)             |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        | EAP-Request/                        |        |
   |        | GPSK-Protected-Fail                 |        |
   |        | (Authorization Failure)             |        |
   |        |------------------------------------>|        |
   |        |                                     |        |
   |        |          EAP-Failure                |        |
   |        |<------------------------------------|        |
   +--------+                                     +--------+
      

      +--------------+                        +--------------+
      |  IM Sender   |                        | IM Recipient |
      |IMDN Recipient|                        | IMDN Sender  |
      +--------------+                        +--------------+
              |                                       |
              |                                       |
              |         1. IM requesting IMDN         |
              |-------------------------------------->|
              |                                       |
              |                                       |
              |         2. IMDN (disposition)         |
              |<--------------------------------------|
              |                                       |
              |                                       |
      

        PE      PE  PE     PE  PE      PE
           \      \/         \/       /
        PE--P(2)  P(2)      P(2)  P(2)--PE
                \ |            | /
                 \|            |/
       PE--P(2)---P(1)------P(1)---P(2)--PE
          /           \    /           \
        PE             \  /             PE
                        \/
                        P(1)
                        /|\
                       / | \
                      /  |  \
              PE--P(2)  P(2) P(2)--PE
                  /      /\      \
                PE     PE  PE     PE
      

                PE    PE           PE   PE
       PE PE PE | PE  | PE  PE  PE |  PE | PE
         \|    \|/    |/    |     \|    \|/
       PE-P-----P-----P-----P------P-----P--PE
          |     |     |     |      |     |\
          |     |     |     |      |     | PE
          |     |     |     |      |     |
       PE-P-----P-----P-----P------P-----P
         /|    /|\    |\    |\     |\     \
       PE PE PE | PE  | PE  | PE   | PE    PE
                PE    PE    PE     PE
      

      PE PE  PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE  PE PE
        \|     \|    \|    \|   |/    |/    |/     |/
         P(2)   P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2)     P(2)
             \      \  |   \    /    |  /        /
      PE      \      \ |    \  /     | /        /       PE
        \      \      \|     \/      |/        /       /
      PE-P(2)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(2)-PE
                |      |      |      |      |
                |      |      |      |      |
                |      |      |      |      |
      PE-P(2)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(1)---P(2)-PE
        /      /     / |     /\      |\        \       \
      PE      /     /  |    /  \     | \        \       PE
             /     /   |   /    \    |  \        \
         P(2)   P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2)     P(2)
        /|     /|    /|    /|   |\    |\    |\     |\
      PE PE  PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE  PE PE
      

         :    :    :    :    :    :
         :    :    :    :    :    :
       P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2)
           \  |   \    /    |  /
            \ |    \  /     | /
             \|     \/      |/
        ......P(1)---P(1)---P(1)......
              |   a  |      |
              |      |b     |
              |      |      |
        ......P(1)---P(1)---P(1)......
             /|     /\      |\
            / |    /  \     | \
           /  |   /    \    |  \
       P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2) P(2)
         :    :    :    :    :    :
         :    :    :    :    :    :
      

   Example| Count | Unmodified    | 2-Layer
          |       | (Section 5.1) | Hierarchy
   -------+-------+---------------+----------
   A      | L(2)  |      39580    |   39678
          | L(1)  |     356000    |     890
   -------+-------+---------------+----------
   B      | L(2)  |      79580    |   79778
          | L(1)  |     756000    |    1890
      

        Count | Unmodified  |  MP2P
        ------+-------------+----------
        X(PE) |     1998    |   3996
        X(2)  |    39780    |  11000
        X(1)  |   378000    |  11800
      

        Count |   2-Layer   |  MP2P
              |  Hierarchy  |
        ------+-------------+----------
        X(PE) |     1998    |   3996
        X(2)  |    39978    |  11000
        X(1)  |     3780    |  11800
      

   Example| Count | Unmodified |  2-Level   |  3-Level    |  MP2P
          |       |            | Hierarchy  | Hierarchy   |
   -------+-------+------------+------------+-------------+-------
   A      | X(2)  |     68748  |    68748   |    68866    |  18360
          | X(1)  |   1554820  |   572266   |     2226    |  12580
   -------+-------+------------+------------+-------------+-------
   B      | X(2)  |    159160  |   159160   |   159358    |  42000
          | X(1)  |   5032000  |  1433998   |     3898    |  26000
      

        PE    PE  PE     PE  PE     PE
          \     \/         \/      /
       PE--TEP  TEP        TEP  TEP--PE
              \ |            | /
               \|            |/
      PE--TEP---P(1)------P(1)---TEP--PE
         /          \    /          \
       PE            \  /            PE
                      \/
                      P(1)
                      /|\
                     / | \
                    /  |  \
             PE--TEP  TEP  TEP--PE
                /      /\     \
              PE     PE  PE    PE
      

               +-+-+                 +-+-+
               |PCC|                 |PCE|
               +-+-+                 +-+-+
                 |                     |
                 | Open msg            |
                 |--------             |
                 |        \   Open msg |
                 |         \  ---------|
                 |          \/         |
                 |          /\         |
                 |         /  -------->|
                 |        /            |
                 |<------     Keepalive|
                 |             --------|
                 |Keepalive   /        |
                 |--------   /         |
                 |        \/           |
                 |        /\           |
                 |<------   ---------->|
                 |                     |
      

                     +-+-+                  +-+-+
                     |PCC|                  |PCE|
                     +-+-+                  +-+-+
   1) Path computation |                      |
      event            |                      |
   2) PCE Selection    |                      |
   3) Path computation |---- PCReq message--->|
      request sent to  |                      |
      the selected PCE |                      |
      

                 +-+-+                  +-+-+
                 |PCC|                  |PCE|
                 +-+-+                  +-+-+
                   |                      |
                   |---- PCReq message--->|
                   |                      |1) Path computation
                   |                      |   request received
                   |                      |
                   |                      |2) Path successfully
                   |                      |   computed
                   |                      |
                   |                      |3) Computed paths
                   |                      |   sent to the PCC
                   |                      |
                   |<--- PCRep message ---|
                   |    (Positive reply)  |
      

                 +-+-+                  +-+-+
                 |PCC|                  |PCE|
                 +-+-+                  +-+-+
                   |                      |
                   |                      |
                   |---- PCReq message--->|
                   |                      |1) Path computation
                   |                      |   request received
                   |                      |
                   |                      |2) No Path found that
                   |                      |   satisfies the request
                   |                      |
                   |                      |3) Negative reply sent to
                   |                      |   the PCC (optionally with
                   |                      |   various additional
                   |                      |   information)
                   |<--- PCRep message ---|
                   |   (Negative reply)   |
      

                       +-+-+                  +-+-+
                       |PCC|                  |PCE|
                       +-+-+                  +-+-+
   1) Path computation   |                      |
      event              |                      |
   2) PCE Selection      |                      |
   3) Path computation   |---- PCReq message--->|
      request X sent to  |                      |4) Path computation
      the selected PCE   |                      |   request queued
                         |                      |
                         |                      |
   5) Path computation   |                      |
      request X cancelled|                      |
                         |---- PCNtf message -->|
                         |                      |6) Path computation
                         |                      |   request X cancelled
      

                       +-+-+                  +-+-+
                       |PCC|                  |PCE|
                       +-+-+                  +-+-+
   1) Path computation   |                      |
      event              |                      |
   2) PCE Selection      |                      |
   3) Path computation   |---- PCReq message--->|
      request X sent to  |                      |4) Path computation
      the selected PCE   |                      |   request queued
                         |                      |
                         |                      |
                         |                      |5) PCE gets overloaded
                         |                      |
                         |                      |
                         |                      |6) Path computation
                         |                      |   request X cancelled
                         |                      |
                         |<--- PCNtf message----|
      

                      +-+-+                  +-+-+
                      |PCC|                  |PCE|
                      +-+-+                  +-+-+
   1) Path computation  |                      |
      event             |                      |
   2) PCE Selection     |                      |
   3) Path computation  |---- PCReq message--->|
      request X sent to |                      |4) Reception of a
      the selected PCE  |                      |   malformed object
                        |                      |
                        |                      |5) Request discarded
                        |                      |
                        |<-- PCErr message  ---|
                        |                      |
      

                          +-+-+-+-+-+-+<------+
                   +------| SessionUP |<---+  |
                   |      +-+-+-+-+-+-+    |  |
                   |                       |  |
                   |   +->+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |  |
                   |   |  | KeepWait  |----+  |
                   |   +--|           |<---+  |
                   |+-----+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |  |
                   ||          |           |  |
                   ||          |           |  |
                   ||          V           |  |
                   ||  +->+-+-+-+-+-+-+----+  |
                   ||  |  | OpenWait  |-------+
                   ||  +--|           |<------+
                   ||+----+-+-+-+-+-+-+<---+  |
                   |||         |           |  |
                   |||         |           |  |
                   |||         V           |  |
                   ||| +->+-+-+-+-+-+-+    |  |
                   ||| |  |TCPPending |----+  |
                   ||| +--|           |       |
                   |||+---+-+-+-+-+-+-+<---+  |
                   ||||        |           |  |
                   ||||        |           |  |
                   ||||        V           |  |
                   |||+--->+-+-+-+-+       |  |
                   ||+---->| Idle  |-------+  |
                   |+----->|       |----------+
                   +------>+-+-+-+-+
      

   Example:
   <---- area 1 ----><---- area 0 -----><------ area 2 ------>
                                       ABR1-A-B-+
                                        |       |
                                       ABR2-----D
                                        |       |
                                       ABR3--C--+
      

                       __________
                      | Other    |
                  +---| Mobile   |<--+
                  |   | Enablers |   |
                  |   |__________|   |
                  |ME-4              |ME-3
                 _v____           ___v____        ________
                |      |ME-1     |        |      |        |
                | MEM  |-------->|  MEM   |  I2  |  Email |
                |Client|     ME-2| Server |<---->| Server |
                |______|<--------|________|      |________|
                                     ^
                                     |ME-5
                                     |
      

                            ______________
                           |              |
                  _________| Notification |
                 |         | Mechanism    |
                 |         |______________|
                 |Notif.              ^
                 |Protocol            |
                 |                 ___|______
                 |                |          |                 _____
               __v__    IMAP      | LEMONADE |      ESMTP     |     |
              |     |<----------->| IMAP     |<---------------| MTA |
              | MUA |-            | Store    |                |_____|
              |_____| \           |__________|
                       \               |
                        \              |URLAUTH
                         \SUBMIT       |
                          \        ____v_____
                           \      |          |                 _____
                            \     | LEMONADE |      ESMTP     |     |
                             ---->| Submit   |--------------->| MTA |
                                  | Server   |                |_____|
                                  |__________|
      

                          _____________________
                         | Other_Mob. Enablers |
                         | |--------------|    |
                  _________| Notification |    |
                 |       | | Mechanism    |    |
                 |       | |______________|    |
                 |Notif. |____________^________|
                 |Protocol      ______|__________
            ME-4 |             |   ___|_ME-3_    |
              ___|____         |  |          |   |         _____
             | __v__ |  IMAP   |  | LEMONADE |   |  ESMTP |     |
             ||     |<----------->| IMAP     |<-----------| MTA |
             || MUA ||   ME-2a |  | Store    |   |        |_____|
             ||_____||\ME-1    |  |__________|   |
             | MEM   | \       |       |         |
             | Client|  \      |       |URLAUTH  |
             |_______|   \SUBMIT       |         |
                          \    |   ____v_____    |
                           \   |  |          |   |         _____
                            \  |  | LEMONADE |   |  ESMTP |     |
                             ---->| Submit   |----------->| MTA |
                         ME-2b |  | Server   |   |        |_____|
                               |  |__________|   |
                               |MEM        Email |
                               |Server     Server|
                               |_________________|
                                        ^
                                        |ME-5
                                        |
      

                 ______________
                |              |
       _________| Notification |
      |         | Mechanism    |
      |         |______________|
      |Notif.            ^
      |Protocol          |
      |               ___|______          _____________
      |              | LEMONADE |        |             |        _____
    __v__    IMAP    | MEM      |  IMAP  |NON-LEMONADE | ESMTP |     |
   |     |<--------->|Enabler   |<------>|IMAP         |<----->| MTA |
   | MUA |\   ME-2a  | Server   |        |Store        |       |_____|
   |_____| \         |__________|        |_____________|
            \             |
             \            |URLAUTH
              \SUBMIT     |
               \      ____v_____          _____________
                \    |          |        |             |        _____
                 \   | LEMONADE | SUBMIT |NON-LEMONADE | ESMTP |     |
                  -->|  MEM     |        |Submit       |       |     |
                     | Enabler  |------->|Server       |------>| MTA |
              ME-2b  | Server   |        |             |       |_____|
                     |__________|        |_____________|
      

                 ______________
                |              |
       _________| Notification |
      |         | Mechanism    |
      |         |______________|
      |Notif.            ^
      |Protocol          |
      |               ___|______          _____________
      |              | LEMONADE |        |             |        _____
    __v__    IMAP    | MEM      |    I2  |Proprietary  | ESMTP |     |
   |     |<--------->|Enabler   |<------>|Message      |<----->| MTA |
   | MUA |\   ME-2a  | Server   |        |Store        |       |_____|
   |_____| \         |__________|        |_____________|
            \             |
             \            |URLAUTH
              \SUBMIT     |
               \      ____v_____          _____________
                \    |          |        |             |        _____
                 \   | LEMONADE |    I2  |Proprietary  | ESMTP |     |
                  -->| MEM      |        |Submit       |       |     |
                     | Enabler  |------->|Server       |------>| MTA |
              ME-2b  | Server   |        |             |       |_____|
                     |__________|        |_____________|
      

                   ______________
                  |              |
         _________| Notification |
        |         | Mechanism    |
        |         |______________|
        |Notif.              ^
        |Protocol -------\  _|__
        |   ______|    ___\>|NF|____
        |  |          |     ----    |                 _____
      __v__|   IMAP   |__  LEMONADE |___   ESMTP   __|     |
     |     |<-------->|VF| IMAP     |DF |<--------|AF| MTA |
     | MUA |\   ME-2a |--  Store    |---           --|_____|
     |_____| \        |_____________| ^
            \_\_______________|_______|
               \              |URLAUTH
                \SUBMIT       |
                 \        ____v_____
                  \      |          |                 _____
                   \     | LEMONADE |      ESMTP     |     |
                    ---->| Submit   |--------------->| MTA |
                ME-2b    | Server   |                |_____|
                         |__________|
      

                      +---------------------------+  +-----------------+
                      |Access Service Provider    |  |ASA/MSA/(MSP)    |
                      |(Mobility Service Provider)|  |                 |
                      |                           |  |                 |
                      | +--------+                |  |    +--------+   |
                      | |Local   |      Diameter  |  |    |Home    |   |
                      | |Diameter|<---------------------->|Diameter|   |
                      | |Proxy   |         (*)    |  |    |Server  |   |
                      | +--------+                |  |    +--------+   |
                      |     ^ ^                   |  |        ^        |
                      |     | |                   |  |        |(+)     |
                      |     | |                   |  |        |        |
                      |   Diameter                |  |        v        |
                      |     | |(+)      +-------+ |  |    +-------+    |
                      |     | |         |Home   | |  |    |Home   |    |
                      |     | +-------->|Agent  | |  |    |Agent  |    |
                      |  (*)|           |in ASP | |  |    |in MSP |    |
                      |     v           +-------+ |  |    +-------+    |
   +-------+ IEEE     | +-----------+   +-------+ |  +-----------------+
   |Mobile | 802.1X   | |NAS/Relay  |   |DHCPv6 | |
   |Node   |------------|Diameter   |---|Server | |
   |       | PANA,    | |Client     |(+)|       | |
   +-------+ IKEv2,   | +-----------+   +-------+ |
             DHCP,... +---------------------------+
             (+)
      

                                                                Diameter
   NAS/VAAA                                                       Server
    |                                                                 |
    |  Diameter-EAP-Request                                           |
    |  MIP6-Feature-Vector=(LOCAL_HOME_AGENT_ASSIGNMENT               |
    |                       | MIP6_INTEGRATED)                        |
    |  MIP6-Agent-Info{                                               |
    |       MIP-Home-Agent-Address(2001:db8:1:c020::1)}               |
    |  }                                                              |
    |  Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_AUTHENTICATE                       |
    |  EAP-Payload(EAP Start)                                         |
    |---------------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    :              ...more EAP Request/Response pairs...              :
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    |                                            Diameter-EAP-Answer  |
    |               MIP6-Feature-Vector=(LOCAL_HOME_AGENT_ASSIGNMENT  |
    |                                    | MIP6_INTEGRATED)           |
    |                                   Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS  |
    |                                       EAP-Payload(EAP Success)  |
    |                                         EAP-Master-Session-Key  |
    |                                           (authorization AVPs)  |
    |                                                           ...   |
    |<----------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                                 |
      

                                                                Diameter
   NAS                                                            Server
    |                                                                 |
    |  Diameter-EAP-Request                                           |
    |  MIP6-Feature-Vector=(MIP6_INTEGRATED)                          |
    |  Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_AUTHENTICATE                       |
    |  EAP-Payload(EAP Start)                                         |
    |---------------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    :              ...more EAP Request/Response pairs...              :
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    |                                            Diameter-EAP-Answer  |
    |                                               MIP6-Agent-Info{  |
    |            MIP-Home-Agent-Address(2001:db8:6000:302::1)         |
    |                                                              }  |
    |                          MIP6-Feature-Vector=(MIP6_INTEGRATED)  |
    |                                   Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS  |
    |                                       EAP-Payload(EAP Success)  |
    |                                         EAP-Master-Session-Key  |
    |                                           (authorization AVPs)  |
    |                                                           ...   |
    |<----------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                                 |
      

                                                                Diameter
   NAS/VAAA                                                       Server
    |                                                                 |
    |  Diameter-EAP-Request                                           |
    |  MIP6-Feature-Vector=(LOCAL_HOME_AGENT_ASSIGNMENT               |
    |                       | MIP6_INTEGRATED)                        |
    |  MIP6-Agent-Info{                                               |
    |       MIP-Home-Agent-Address(2001:db8:1:c020::1)}               |
    |  }                                                              |
    |  Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_AUTHENTICATE                       |
    |  EAP-Payload(EAP Start)                                         |
    |---------------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    :              ...more EAP Request/Response pairs...              :
    |                                                                 |
    |                                                                 |
    |                                            Diameter-EAP-Answer  |
    |                                               MIP6-Agent-Info{  |
    |                  MIP-Home-Agent-Address(2001:db8:6000:302::1)}  |
    |               MIP6-Feature-Vector=(LOCAL_HOME_AGENT_ASSIGNMENT  |
    |                                    | MIP6_INTEGRATED)           |
    |                                   Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS  |
    |                                       EAP-Payload(EAP Success)  |
    |                                         EAP-Master-Session-Key  |
    |                                           (authorization AVPs)  |
    |                                                           ...   |
    |<----------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                                 |
      

                                     +-----------+
                                     |  Command  |
                                     |-----+-----+
      Attribute Name                 | Req | Ans |
      -------------------------------|-----+-----|
      MIP6-Agent-Info                | 0+  | 0+  |
      MIP6-Feature-Vector            | 0-1 | 0-1 |
                                     +-----+-----+
      

   Token                             | Value               | Description
   ----------------------------------+---------------------+------------
   MIP6_INTEGRATED                   | 0x0000000000000001  | [RFC5447]
   LOCAL_HOME_AGENT_ASSIGNMENT       | 0x0000000000000002  | [RFC5447]
   Available for Assignment via IANA | 2^x                 |
      

    Peer                                                    Server
       |                       EAP-Request/Identity             |
       |<-------------------------------------------------------|
       |                                                        |
       |  EAP-Response/Identity                                 |
       |  (Includes user's Network Access Identifier, NAI)      |
       |------------------------------------------------------->|
       |         +--------------------------------------------------+
       |         | Server determines the network name and ensures   |
       |         | that the given access network is authorized to   |
       |         | use the claimed name.  The server then runs the  |
       |         | AKA' algorithms generating RAND and AUTN, and    |
       |         | derives session keys from CK' and IK'.  RAND and |
       |         | AUTN are sent as AT_RAND and AT_AUTN attributes, |
       |         | whereas the network name is transported in the   |
       |         | AT_KDF_INPUT attribute.  AT_KDF signals the used |
       |         | key derivation function.  The session keys are   |
       |         | used in creating the AT_MAC attribute.           |
       |         +--------------------------------------------------+
       |                         EAP-Request/AKA'-Challenge     |
       |        (AT_RAND, AT_AUTN, AT_KDF, AT_KDF_INPUT, AT_MAC)|
       |<-------------------------------------------------------|
   +------------------------------------------------------+     |
   | The peer determines what the network name should be, |     |
   | based on, e.g., what access technology it is using.  |     |
   | The peer also retrieves the network name sent by     |     |
   | the network from the AT_KDF_INPUT attribute.  The    |     |
   | two names are compared for discrepancies, and if     |     |
   | necessary, the authentication is aborted.  Otherwise,|     |
   | the network name from AT_KDF_INPUT attribute is      |     |
   | used in running the AKA' algorithms, verifying AUTN  |     |
   | from AT_AUTN and MAC from AT_MAC attributes.  The    |     |
   | peer then generates RES.  The peer also derives      |     |
   | session keys from CK'/IK'.  The AT_RES and AT_MAC    |     |
   | attributes are constructed.                          |     |
   +------------------------------------------------------+     |
       | EAP-Response/AKA'-Challenge                            |
       | (AT_RES, AT_MAC)                                       |
       |------------------------------------------------------->|
       |         +-------------------------------------------------+
       |         | Server checks the RES and MAC values received    |
       |         | in AT_RES and AT_MAC, respectively.  Success     |
       |         | requires both to be found correct.               |
       |         +-------------------------------------------------+
       |                                           EAP-Success  |
       |<-------------------------------------------------------|
      

   |          n bits               |           128-n bits            |
   +-------------------------------+---------------------------------+
   |       subnet prefix           |           interface ID          |
   +-------------------------------+---------------------------------+
      

                         ________________
                        |                |
                        |  Unregistered  |<--------------------------\
                        |________________|                           |
                                |                                    |
                  /Init         |                                    |
                  ------------  |                                    |
                  snd REGREQ    |    +--------+                      |
                                |    |        | rec REGAUTH          |
                         _______V____V___     | -----------          |
                        |                |    | snd REGREQ           |
                        |   Reg Sent     +----+                      |
                        |________________+----------+                |
                                |    ^              | rec REGAUTH    |
                   rec REGACK   |    |              | /No Credentials|
                  ------------  |    | REG timeout  | -------------- |
                   snd ack      |    | -------      | snd ack        |
                                |    | REGREQ     __V___             |
                         _______V____|___        |      |            |
                        |                |       |  No  |            |
                        |   Registered   |       | Auth |            |
                        |________________|       |______|            |
                                |                   ^                |
                                |                   | rec REGAUTH    |
                                | release           | /No Credentials|
                                | -------           | -------------- |
                  +-------+     | snd REGREL        | snd ack        |
     rec REGAUTH  |       |     |                   |                |
     -----------  |      _V_____V________           |                |
     snd REGREL   |     |                |----------+                |
                  +-----+   Releasing    |---------------------------+
                        |________________|      rec ACK
                                                -------
                                                   x

                     __________
    rec  REGREJ     |          |
    ----------   *->| Rejected |
    snd   ack       |__________|
      

                                          +--------+  HANGUP/ack
                                          |        |
                             _____________|__      |
                            |                |     |
                 +--------->|    Initial     |<----+
                 |          |________________|<---------------------+
                 |                  |                               ^
                 |       start call |                               |
                 |       ---------- |                               |
                 |       send NEW   |  +-------+                    |
                 |                  |  |       |  rec AUTHREQ       |
                 |             _____V__V__     |  -----------       |
                 |            |           |    |  snd AUTHREP       |
                 +------------|  Waiting  |----+                    |
         rec REJECT           |___________|------------------------>+
         ----------                  |                              |
           ack                       |              rec HANGUP      |
                                     |              ---------       |
                                     |              snd ack         |
                                     |                              |
                       rec ACCEPT    |                              |
                       ----------    |   +------+                   |
                       snd ack       |   |      | PROCEEDING / ack  |
                            _________V___V      | RINGING / ack     |
                           |              |     |                   |
                           |     Linked   |-----+                   |
                           |______________|------------------------>+
                                    |               rec HANGUP      |
                       rec ANSWER   |               ----------      |
                       -----------  |               snd ack         |
                       snd ack      |                               |
                                    |                               |
                                    |               rec HANGUP      |
                             _______V________       ---------       |
                            |                |      snd ack         |
                            |      UP        |--------------------->+
                            |________________|--------------------->+
                                                    finish
                                                    ------
                                                    snd HANGUP
      

                                 +--------+ rec HANGUP/ack
                                 |        |
                    _____________V__      | rec NEW(no Auth)/snd AUTHREQ
                   |                |     |
                   |    Initial     |-----+ rec NEW(not Auth)/snd REJECT
                   |                |
                   |________________|<--------------------+
                           |                              |
             rec NEW       |                              |
        (valid credentials)|                              |
             ----------    |   +------+                   |
             snd ACCEPT    |   |      | snd PROCEEDING    |
                  _________V___V      | snd RINGING       |
                 |              |     |                   |
                 |     Linked   |-----+                   |
                 |              |
                 |______________|------------------------>+
                          |               rec HANGUP      |
              /answered   |               ----------      |
             -----------  |               snd ack         |
             snd ANSWER   |                               |
                          |               rec HANGUP      |
                   _______V________       ---------       |
                  |                |       snd ack        |
                  |      UP        |--------------------->+
                  |________________|--------------------->+
                                          finish
                                          ------
                                          snd HANGUP
      

   +--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------------+
   | IE           | Section        | Status      | Comments            |
   +--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------------+
   | Version      | Section 8.6.10 | Required    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Called       | Section 8.6.1  | Required    |                     |
   | Number       |                |             |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Auto Answer  | Section 8.6.24 | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Codecs Prefs | Section 8.6.35 | Required    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Calling      | Section 8.6.29 | Required    |                     |
   | Presentation |                |             |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Calling      | Section 8.6.2  | Optional    |                     |
   | Number       |                |             |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Calling TON  | Section 8.6.30 | Required    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Calling TNS  | Section 8.6.31 | Required    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Calling Name | Section 8.6.4  | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | ANI          | Section 8.6.3  | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Language     | Section 8.6.9  | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | DNID         | Section 8.6.12 | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Called       | Section 8.6.5  | Conditional | 'Default' assumed   |
   | Context      |                |             | if IE excluded      |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Username     | Section 8.6.6  | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | RSA Result   | Section 8.6.16 | Conditional | If challenged with  |
   |              |                |             | RSA                 |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | MD5 Result   | Section 8.6.15 | Conditional | If challenged with  |
   |              |                |             | MD5                 |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Format       | Section 8.6.8  | Required    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Capability   | Section 8.6.7  | Conditional |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | ADSICPE      | Section 8.6.11 | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Date Time    | Section 8.6.28 | Optional    | Suggested           |

   |              |                |             |                     |
   | Encryption   | Section 8.6.34 | Optional    |                     |
   |              |                |             |                     |
   | OSP Token    | Section 8.6.42 | Optional    |                     |
   +--------------+----------------+-------------+---------------------+
      

                                 ________________
        rec  TXREJ              |                |     rec TXREL
        ----------   *--------->|      None      |<-----------------+
        snd  TXREJ              |________________|        ack       ^
        to other                  |           |                     |
                                  |           V                     |
                                  |                                 |
                                  |           *   (From All)        |
                   /Init Transfer |           | rec TXREQ           |
                    ------------  |           | ---------           |
                      snd TXREQ   |           | snd TXCNT           |
                      to both     |           |                     |
                                 _v___________v__                   |
                                |                |                  |
                                |     Begin      |----------------->+
                                |________________|                  |
                                  |           |                     |
                        rec TXACC |           | rec TXREADY         |
                        --------- |           | ---------           |
                      snd TXREADY |           |     x               |
                                  |           |                     |
                                 _v___________v__                   |
                                |                |----------------->+
                      ----------|     Ready      |----------        |
                     |          |________________|          |       |
                     |                   |                  |       |
     /Both Legs Ready|   /Both Legs Ready|       rec TXMEDIA|       |
   and not media-only|    and media-only |                  |       |
       ------------  |    ------------   |       -----------|       |
       snd TXREL     |     snd TXMEDIA   |            x     |       |
                     |                   |                  |       |
                 ____V____          _____V___            ___V_____  |
                |         |        |         |          |         | |
                | Release |        |  Media  |          | Media   | |
                |_________|        |_________|          |  Pass   | |
                                         |              |_________| |
                                         |                  |       |
                                         V                  V       |
    rec  TXCNT                           +------------------------->+
    ----------  (In any state)
    snd  TXACC
      

           Peer A                                Peer B
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
      T    |                                        |
      i    |  ===PING============================>  |
      m    |                                        |
      e    |  <============================PONG===  |Has same time-stamp
           |                                        | as received PING.
      |    |  ===ACK=============================>  |Has same time-stamp
      |    |                                        | as received PONG
     \ /   |________________________________________| and original PING.
      

           Peer A                                Peer B
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
      T    |                                        |
      i    |  ===LAGRQ===========================>  |
      m    |                                        |
      e    |  <===========================LAGRP===  |Same time-stamp as
           |                                        | received LAGRQ.
      |    |  ===ACK=============================>  |Same time-stamp as
      |    |                                        | received LAGRP and
     \ /   |________________________________________| original LAGRQ.
      

         Registrant  A                     Registrar B
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
      T    |  ===REGREQ==========================>  |
      i    |                                        |
      m    |  <=========================REGAUTH===  |
      e    |                                        |
           |  ===REGREQ==========================>  |
      |    |                                        |
      |    |  <==========================REGACK===  |
    \ | /  |                                        |
     \|/   |  ===ACK=============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |________________________________________|
      

         Registrant A                        Registrar B
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
      T    |  ===REGREL==========================>  |
      i    |                                        |
      m    |  <=========================REGAUTH===  |
      e    |                                        |
           |  ===REGREL==========================>  |
      |    |                                        |
      |    |  <==========================REGACK===  |
    \ | /  |                                        |
     \|/   |  ===ACK=============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |________________________________________|
      

           Peer L         Peer C                Peer R
            ________________________________________
           |                 |                      |
      T    |                 |                      |
           | <== TXREQ =====[*]== TXREQ =========>  |C requests transfer
      i    |                 |                      |
           | ========================== TXCNT  ==>  |L sends to R
      m    |                 |                      |
           | <========================= TXACC  ==== |R replies
      e    |                 |                      |R sends Media
           |                 |                      | to L
      |    |                 |                      |
      |    | = TXREADY ====> |                      |L tells C 'ready'
      |    |                 |                      | C stops media to L
      |    |                 |                      |
      |    | <== TXCNT ===========================  |L sends to R
      |    |                 |                      |
      |    | === TXACC ===========================> |R replies
     \ /   |                 |                      |
           |                 | <== TXREADY ======   |R tells C 'ready'
           |                 |                      | C stops media to R
           |                 |                      |
           | <== TXREL =====[*]== TXREL =========>  |C Releases
           |                                        |
           |________________________________________|
      

           Peer A                            Peer B
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
           |  ====NEW============================>  |
      T    |  <=========================AUTHREQ===  |If authentication
           |                                        |   specified.
      i    |  ====AUTHREP========================>  |
      m    |  <==========================ACCEPT===  |
      e    |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
      |    |  <=============Voice (Full Frame)===   |
      |    |  ====ACK===========================>   |
      |    |                                        |
      |    |  <---------Voice Mini Frame (ring)--   |
      |    |  <---------Voice Mini Frame (ring)--   |
      |    |                                        |
    \ | /  |  <=========================RINGING===  |
     \|/   |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |  <---------Voice Mini Frame (ring)--   |
           |  <---------Voice Mini Frame (ring)--   |
           |                                        |
           |  <==========================ANSWER===  |
           |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |  ====Voice (Full Frame)=============>  |
           |  <=============================ACK===  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |  exchange occurs
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  ====Voice (Full Frame)=============>  |  (note 1)
           |  <===ACK=============================  |  (note 2)
           |                                        |  (every 65536 ms)
           |  <=============Voice (Full Frame)====  |  (note 3)
           |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |

           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  ====HANGUP=========================>  |  Either can hangup
           |  <=============================ACK===  |
           |________________________________________|
      

           Peer A (IAX Device)                 Peer B (Dialplan Server)
            ________________________________________
           |                                        |
           |  ====NEW============================>  |
      T    |  <=========================AUTHREQ===  |  If auth specified
      i    |  ====AUTHREP========================>  |
      m    |  <==========================ACCEPT===  |
      e    |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |  ====DPREQ==========================>  |  (Note 1)
      |    |  <===========================DPREP===  |
      |    |                                        |
      |    |  ====DIAL===========================>  |
      |    |  <========================PROGRESS===  |
      |    |  ====ACK============================>  |
    \ | /  |  <==========================ANSWER===  |
     \|/   |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |  ====Voice (Full Frame)=============>  |
           |  <=============================ACK===  |
           |  <=============Voice (Full Frame)====  |
           |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |  Media exchange
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  ====Voice (Full Frame)=============>  |  (note 2)
           |  <===ACK=============================  |  (note 3)
           |                                        |  (every 65536 ms)
           |  <=============Voice (Full Frame)====  |  (Note 4)
           |  ====ACK============================>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |

           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <---               .            --->  |
           |  <-----------Voice Mini Frames------>  |
           |                                        |
           |                                        |
           |  ====HANGUP=========================>  |  Either can hangup
           |  <=============================ACK===  |
           |________________________________________|
      

     +------------+                                  +------------+
     |  IP        |                                  |  IP        |
     |  End Host  |                                  |  End Host  |
     +-----+------+                                  +------------+
           |                                                ^
           +------------>+---------------+                  |
                         +  ULE          |                  |
           +-------------+  Encapsulator |                  |
   SI-Data |             +------+--------+                  |
   +-------+-------+            |MPEG-2 TS Logical Channel  |
   |  MPEG-2       |            |                           |
   |  SI Tables    |            |                           |
   +-------+-------+   ->+------+--------+                  |
           |          -->|  MPEG-2       |                . . .
           +------------>+  Multiplexer  |                  |
   MPEG-2 TS             +------+--------+                  |
   Logical Channel              |MPEG-2 TS Mux              |
                                |                           |
              Other    ->+------+--------+                  |
              MPEG-2  -->+  MPEG-2       |                  |
              TS     --->+  Multiplexer  |                  |
                    ---->+------+--------+                  |
                                |MPEG-2 TS Mux              |
                                |                           |
                         +------+--------+           +------+-----+
                         |Physical Layer |           |  MPEG-2    |
                         |Modulator      +---------->+  Receiver  |
                         +---------------+  MPEG-2   +------------+
                                            TS Mux
      

                                   Security Mechanism
                    -----------------------------------------------
                   |Data    |Data   |Source |Data   |Intru  |Iden  |
                   |Privacy |fresh  |Authent|Integ  |sion   |tity  |
                   |        |ness   |ication|rity   |Dete   |Prote |
                   |        |       |       |       |ction  |ction |
     Threat        |        |       |       |       |       |      |
    ---------------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|------|
   | Monitoring    |   X    |   -   |   -   |   -   |   -   |  X   |
   |---------------------------------------------------------------|
   | Masquerading  |   X    |   -   |   X   |   X   |   -   |  X   |
   |---------------------------------------------------------------|
   | Replay Attacks|   -    |   X   |   X   |   X   |   X   |  -   |
   |---------------------------------------------------------------|
   | DoS Attacks   |   -    |   X   |   X   |   X   |   X   |  -   |
   |---------------------------------------------------------------|
   | Modification  |   -    |   -   |   X   |   X   |   X   |  -   |
   | of Messages   |        |       |       |       |       |      |
    ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

   +-------+------+-------------------------------+------+
   | ULE   |SEC   |     Protocol Data Unit        |      |
   |Header |Header|                               |CRC-32|
   +-------+------+-------------------------------+------+
      

        Client                        Server
        ------                        ------
        LEASEQUERY xid 1 ----->
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-REPLY xid 1 (w/error)
        LEASEQUERY xid 2 ----->
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-REPLY xid 2
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 2
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 2
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DONE xid 2
        LEASEQUERY xid 3 ----->
        LEASEQUERY xid 4 ----->
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-REPLY xid 4
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 4
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-REPLY xid 3
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 4
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 3
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DONE xid 3
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DATA xid 4
                         <-----       LEASEQUERY-DONE xid 4
      

                        |---|        Path        |---|
                        | I |------------------->| E |
                        | n | -SENDER_TSPEC      | g |
                        | g | -ADSPEC            | r |
                        | r | -UPSTREAM_FLOWSPEC | e |
                        | e |                    | s |
                        | s |        Resv        | s |
                        | s |<-------------------|   |
                        |   | -FLOWSPEC          |   |
                        |   | -UPSTREAM_TSPEC    |   |
                        |   | -UPSTREAM_ADSPEC   |   |
                        |---|                    |---|
      

                            |---|        Path      |---|
                            | I |----------------->| E |
                            | n | -SENDER_TSPEC    | g |
                            | g | -ADSPEC          | r |
                            | r |                  | e |
                            | e |        Resv      | s |
                            | s |<-----------------| s |
                            | s | -FLOWSPEC        |   |
                            |---|                  |---|
      

           +--------------------------------------------------+
           |                 IPFIX Device                     |
           |                                          +-----+ |
           |        +------- ... ------------+--------->    | |
           |        |                        |        |     | |
           |   +----+----+              +----+----+   |     | |
           |   |Metering |              |Metering |   |  E  | |
           |   |Process 1|              |Process N|   |  x  | |
           |   +---------+              +---------+   |  p  | |
           |        ^                        ^        |  o  | |
           | +------+--------+     +---------+------+ |  r  | |
           | | Obsv Domain 1 |     | Obsv Domain N  | |  t  | |
           | |+-----+-------+|     |+-------+------+| |  i  | |
           | ||Obsv Pt 1..j || ... ||Obsv Pt j+1..M|| |  n  | |
           | |+-------------+|     |+--------------+| |  g  | | Export
   Packets | +------^--------+     +---------^------+ |     | | packets
   --->----+--------+---------- ... ---------+        |     | |   to
      In   |                                          |     +--------->
           |        . . . . .                         |     | |Collector
           |                                          |     | |
           |        +------ ... -------------+--------->    | |
           |        |                        |        |     | |
           |   +----+----+              +----+----+   |  P  | |
           |   |Metering |              |Metering |   |  r  | |
           |   |Process 1|              |Process N|   |  o  | |
           |   +---------+              +---------+   |  c  | |
           |        ^                        ^        |  e  | |
           | +------+--------+     +---------+------+ |  s  | |
           | | Obsv Domain 1 |     | Obsv Domain N  | |  s  | |
           | |+-----+-------+|     |+-------+------+| |     | |
           | ||Obsv Pt 1..k || ... ||Obsv Pt k+1..M|| |     | |
           | |+-------------+|     |+--------------+| |     | |
   Packets | +------^--------+     +---------^------+ +-----+ |
   --->----+--------+---------- ... ---------+                |
      In   |                                                  |
           +--------------------------------------------------+
      

                    Packet(s) coming into Observation Point(s)
                      |                                   |
                      v                                   v
     +----------------+-------------------------+   +-----+-------+
     |          Metering Process on an          |   |             |
     |             Observation Point            |   |             |
     |                                          |   |             |
     |   packet header capturing                |   |             |
     |        |                                 |...| Metering    |
     |   timestamping                           |   | Process N   |
     |        |                                 |   |             |
     | +----->+                                 |   |             |
     | |      |                                 |   |             |
     | |   sampling Si (1:1 in case of no       |   |             |
     | |      |          sampling)              |   |             |
     | |   filtering Fi (select all when        |   |             |
     | |      |          no criteria)           |   |             |
     | +------+                                 |   |             |
     |        |                                 |   |             |
     |        |        Timing out Flows         |   |             |
     |        |    Handle resource overloads    |   |             |
     +--------|---------------------------------+   +-----|-------+
              |                                           |
      Flow Records (identified by Observation Domain)  Flow Records
              |                                           |

              +---------+---------------------------------+
                        |
   +--------------------|----------------------------------------------+
   |                    |     Exporting Process                        |
   |+-------------------|-------------------------------------------+  |
   ||                   v       IPFIX Protocol                      |  |
   ||+-----------------------------+  +----------------------------+|  |
   |||Rules for                    |  |Functions                   ||  |
   ||| Picking/sending Templates   |  |-Packetise selected Control ||  |
   ||| Picking/sending Flow Records|->|  & data Information into   ||  |
   ||| Encoding Template & data    |  |  IPFIX export packets.     ||  |
   ||| Selecting Flows to export(*)|  |-Handle export errors       ||  |
   ||+-----------------------------+  +----------------------------+|  |
   |+----------------------------+----------------------------------+  |
   |                             |                                     |
   |                    exported IPFIX Messages                        |
   |                             |                                     |
   |                +------------+-----------------+                   |
   |                |  Anonymise export packet(*)  |                   |
   |                +------------+-----------------+                   |
   |                             |                                     |
   |                +------------+-----------------+                   |
   |                |       Transport  Protocol    |                   |
   |                +------------+-----------------+                   |
   |                             |                                     |
   +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+
                                 |
                                 v
                    IPFIX export packet to Collector
      

      Src. IP addr. | Dst. IP addr. |  DSCP  | Octets Number
      --------------+---------------+--------+--------------
      192.0.2.12    |  192.0.2.144  |   46   |   120868
      192.0.2.24    |  192.0.2.156  |   46   |   310364
      192.0.2.36    |  192.0.2.168  |   46   |   241239
      

                    +---------+  DIAMETER    +---------+
                    |  AAA-S  |------------->|  AAA-S  |
                    +---------+              +---------+
                         ^
                         | DIAMETER
                         |
                         |
                  +--+--------+--+
                  |  |  AAA-C |  |
                  +  +--------+  |
                  |              |
                  |  Collector   |
                  +--------------+
                         ^
                         | IPFIX
                         |
                   +------------+
                   |  Exporter  |
                   +------------+
      

                       +---------+  DIAMETER    +---------+
                       |  AAA-S  |------------->|  AAA-S  |
                       +---------+              +---------+
                            ^
                            |
                    +------------------+
                    |     ASM          |
                    |  +------------+  |
                    |  |  Collector |  |
                    +------------------+
                            ^
                            | IPFIX
                            |
                      +------------+
                      |  Exporter  |
                      +------------+
      

   +---------------------------+     +---------------------+
   | Common Properties         |     | Specific Properties |  Template
   | Options Template Record   |     | Template Record     |  Definition
   |                           |     |                     |
   | scope: commonPropertiesID |     | commonPropertiesID  |
   | Common Properties         |     | Specific Properties |
   +------------+--------------+     +----------+----------+
   .............|...............................|.......................
                |                               |
   +------------v-------------+      +----------v----------+
   | Common Properties        |      | Specific Properties |+  Exported
   | Data Record              |------> Data Records        ||  Data
   +--------------------------+      +---------------------+|  Records
                                      +---------------------+
      

   +--------------------------- +     +---------------------+
   | Common Properties          |     | Specific Properties | Template
   | Options Template Record    |     | Template Record     | Definition
   |                            |     |                     |
   | Scope: commonPropertiesID1 |     | commonPropertiesID1 |
   | Scope: commonPropertiesID2 |     | commonPropertiesID2 |
   | Common Properties          |     | Specific Properties |
   +------------+---------------+     +---------+-----------+
   .............|...............................|.......................
                |                               |
   +------------v-------------+      +----------v----------+
   | Common Properties        |      | Specific Properties |+  Exported
   | Data Record              |------> Data Records        ||  Data
   +------------------------- +      +---------------------+|  Records
                                      +---------------------+
      

   Flow|        dstIPv6Address                 | dst- |nPkts|nBytes
       |                                       | Port |     |
   ----------------------------------------------------------------
    A  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71 |  80  | 30  |  6000
       |                                       |      |     |
    A  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71 |  80  | 50  |  9500
       |                                       |      |     |
    B  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:00AA:00B7:AF2B | 1932 | 60  |  8000
       |                                       |      |     |
    A  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71 |  80  | 40  |  6500
       |                                       |      |     |
    A  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71 |  80  | 60  |  9500
       |                                       |      |     |
    B  |2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:00AA:00B7:AF2B | 1932 | 54  |  7600
      

   Common-      |           dstAddress                    | dst-
   PropertiesID |                                         | Port
   -------------+-----------------------------------------+-------
       101      | 2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:0800:2023:1D71  |  80
                |                                         |
       102      | 2001:DB8:80AD:5800:0058:00AA:00B7:AF2B  | 1932
      

                +------------------+
                | Metering Process |
                | +-----------+    |     +-----------+
      Observed  | | Selection |    |     | Exporting |
      Packet--->| | Process   |--------->| Process   |--->Collector
      Stream    | +-----------+    |     +-----------+
                +------------------+
      

       PSAMP Device
      +---------------------+
      |Observation Point(s) |
      |MP(s)--->EP---+      |
      |              |      |
      |Collector(3)<-+      |
      +---------------------+
      

               +------------------------------------+
               | +----------+                       |
               | |Selection |                       |
      Observed | |Process   |  Packet               |
      Packet-->| |(Primitive|-> Stream ->           |--> Report Stream
                   ^
      Stream   | | Selector)|                       |
                   ^
               | +----------+                       |
               |          Metering Process          |
               +------------------------------------+
      

               +--------------------------------------------------...
               | +-----------------------------------+
               | | +----------+         +----------+ |
               | | |Selection |         |Selection | |
      Observed | | |Process   |         |Process   | |
      Packet-->| | |(Primitive|-Packet->|(Primitive|---> Packet ...
                     ^                    ^
      Stream   | | |Selector1)| Stream  |Selector2)| |   Stream
                    ^                    ^
               | | +----------+         +----------+ |
               | |        Composite Selector         |
               | +-----------------------------------+
               |                   Metering Process
               +--------------------------------------------------...

                 ...-------------+
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |---> Report Stream
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                 ...-------------+
      

        Selection Scheme   | Deterministic | Content -| Category
                           |  Selection    | Dependent|
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Systematic             |       X       |     _    | Sampling
    Count-based            |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Systematic             |       X       |     -    | Sampling
    Time-based             |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Random                 |       -       |     -    | Sampling
    n-out-of-N             |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Random                 |       -       |     -    | Sampling
    uniform probabilistic  |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Random                 |       -       |    (X)   | Sampling
    non-uniform probabil.  |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Random                 |       -       |    (X)   | Sampling
    non-uniform Flow-State |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Property Match         |       X       |    (X)   | Filtering
    Filtering              |               |          |
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
    Hash function          |       X       |     X    | Filtering
   ------------------------+---------------+----------+----------
      

     Scheme       |   Input parameters     |     Functions
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    systematic    |    packet position     |  packet counter
    count-based   |    Sampling pattern    |
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    systematic    |      arrival time      |  clock or timer
    time-based    |     Sampling pattern   |
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    random        |  packet position       |  packet counter,
    n-out-of-N    |  Sampling pattern      |  random numbers
                  | (random number list)   |
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    uniform       |        Sampling        |  random function
    probabilistic |      probability       |
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    non-uniform   |e.g., packet position,  | selection function,
    probabilistic |  Packet Content(parts) |  probability calc.
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    non-uniform   |e.g., flow state,       | selection function,
    flow-state    |  Packet Content(parts) |  probability calc.
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    property      | Packet Content(parts)  |  filter function or
    match         | or router state        |  state discovery
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
    hash-based    |  Packet Content(parts) |  Hash Function
   ---------------+------------------------+-------------------
      

                +------------------+
                | Metering Process |
                | +-----------+    |     +-----------+
      Observed  | | Selection |    |     | Exporting |
      Packet--->| | Process   |--------->| Process   |--->Collector
      Stream    | +-----------+    |     +-----------+
                +------------------+
      

        packet header                           packet header
          capturing     \                         capturing
              |          |                            |
         timestamping    |                       timestamping
              |          |                            |
              v          |                            v
      +------>+          |  stage 1:          +------>+
      |       |           > packet            |       |
      |    packet        |  processing        |    packet
      |   selection      |                    |   selection
      |       |          |                    |       |
      +-------+          |                    +-------+
              |          |                            |
              v          |                            v
           packet       /                       Packet Report
        classification  \                          export
              |          |
              v          |
      +------>+          |
      |       |          |
      | Flow generation  |
      |   and update     |  stage 2:
      |       |           > Flow
      |       v          |  processing
      |     Flow         |
      |   selection      |
      |       |          |
      +-------+          |
              |          |
              v          |
         Flow Record    /
           export
      

                                +-----+
                                |Alice|
                                +--+--+
                                   |
                                   | INVITE (1)
                                   V
                              +----+----+
                              |  proxy  |
                              ++-+-----++
                               | ^     |
                    INVITE (2) | |     | INVITE (4)
                & redirect (3) | |     |
                               V |     V
                              ++-++   ++----+
                              |Bob|   |Carol|
                              +---+   +-----+
      

                               +-----+
                               |Alice|
                               +--+--+
                                  |
                                  | INVITE
                                  V
                            +-----+-----+
                            |   proxy   |
                            ++---------++
                             |         |
                      INVITE |         | INVITE
                             V         V
                          +--+--+   +--+--+
                          |Bob-1|   |Bob-2|
                          +-----+   +-----+
      

                                         +----+
                             A --- 1 --->|    |
                               <-- 2 ----| M  |
                                         | I  |
                             B --- 3 --->| X  |
                               <-- 4 ----| E  |
                                         | R  |
                             C --- 5 --->|    |
                               <-- 6 ----|    |
                                         +----+
      

   Minimum  | ECDSA    | Message    | Curves
   Bits of  | Key Size | Digest     |
   Security |          | Algorithms |
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   80       | 160-223  | SHA-1      | sect163k1
            |          | SHA-224    | secp163r2
            |          | SHA-256    | secp192r1
            |          | SHA-384    |
            |          | SHA-512    |
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   112      | 224-255  | SHA-224    | secp224r1
            |          | SHA-256    | sect233k1
            |          | SHA-384    | sect233r1
            |          | SHA-512    |
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   128      | 256-383  | SHA-256    | secp256r1
            |          | SHA-384    | sect283k1
            |          | SHA-512    | sect283r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   192      | 384-511  | SHA-384    | secp384r1
            |          | SHA-512    | sect409k1
            |          |            | sect409r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   256      | 512+     | SHA-512    | secp521r1
            |          |            | sect571k1
            |          |            | sect571r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
      

   Minimum  | ECDSA    | Message    | Curves
   Bits of  | Key Size | Digest     |
   Security |          | Algorithms |
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   80       | 192      | SHA-256    | secp192r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   112      | 224      | SHA-256    | secp224r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   128      | 256      | SHA-256    | secp256r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   192      | 384      | SHA-384    | secp384r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
   256      | 512      | SHA-512    | secp521r1
   ---------+----------+------------+-----------
      

                          |                 |
                         4|                4|
                          |                 |
                         3|                3|         H
                          |                 |         H
                         2|                2|         H
                          |                 |         H
                  H   H  1|   H   H        1|H        H   H
                  H   H   |   H   H         |H        H   H
                 ---------+--------         +---------------
                -10  -5   0   5  10          0   5   10  15
      

         N ^        ,.__
           | a(s)  /     `-.
           | 20   /         `-.
           |--.  /             `.
           |   `/                \
           |   /__                \
           |  .   `-.              \
           | .       `.             \
           |. \        \             .
        ---c-- a(o) -- |             | -->
           |.  / 120   '             |   E
           |  .       /              '
           |    .    /              ;
                  .,'              /
               r(i)`.             /
            (3594m)  `.          /
                       `.      ,'
                         `.  ,'
                       r(o)`'
                     (4148m)
      

                  \
                _.-\""""^"""""-._
              .'    \   |        `.
             /       v  m          \
            |         \ |           |
            |          -c ----M---->|
            |                       |
             \                     /
              `._               _.'
                 `-...........-'
      

          +-----+  Path  +-----+  Path  +-----+  Path  +-----+
          | PSB |------->| PSB |------->| PSB |------->| PSB |
          |     |        |     |        |     |        |     |
          | RSB |<-------| RSB |<-------| RSB |<-------| RSB |
          +-----+  Resv  +-----+  Resv  +-----+  Resv  +-----+
          Node A         Node B         Node C         Node D
      

     N1               N2
     |                |
     |                X (Restart start)
     | HELLO          |
     |--------------->|
     |                |
     | SRefresh       |
     |--------------->|
     |                |
     | HELLO          |
     |--------------->|
     |                |
     |                X (Restart complete)
     | SRefresh       |
     |--------------->|
     | NACK           |
     |<---------------|
     | Path without   |
     | recovery label |
     |--------------->|
     |                X (resource allocation failed because the
     |                | resources are in use)
     |  PathErr       |
     |<---------------|
     |  PathTear      |
     |--------------->|
     X(LSP deletion)  X (LSP deletion)
     |                |
      

               ------------------ BGP -----------------
              |                                        |
   [S]---( Edge 1)--(Core 1)---( Core )--(Core 2)---( Edge 2 )---[R]
                  <--- (S,G) Join
      

        +--------------------+
        |  generator matrix  |
        |         GM         |
        |       (k x n)      |
        +--------------------+
      

            +-----------------------------------------------+
            |       Endpoint Address (Variable)             |
            +-----------------------------------------------+
      

      Acronym   Expansion                             Reference
      --------+-------------------------------------+-----------
      TLA       Two Letter Acronym                    [RFC5513]
      TBD       Two Be Deleted                        [RFC5513]
      RFC       Ready for Compost                     [RFC5513]
      PoS       Not particularly good                 [RFC5513]
      VPN       Very possibly no use                  [RFC5513]
      TCP       Totally bad proposal                  [RFC5513]
      USA       Universal Source of Acronyms          [RFC5513]
      NBG       This document                         [RFC5513]
      BCP       Badly construed proposal              [RFC5513]
      

                                     -----------
                                     |    R    |
                                     -----------
                                          |
                                          |
                                          |
                 ----------------------------------------
                 |                        p1            |
                 |                                      |
            =====| t1                                   |
                 |                switch                |
                 |                                      |
                 |                                      |
                 |i1         i2          c1          c2 |
                 ----------------------------------------
                  |          |           |           |
                  |          |           |           |
                  |          |           |           |
                  A          B           C           D
      

   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   |             | isolat-| promis-| commu-| commu-| interswitch |
   |             | ted    | cuous  | nity1 | nity2 | link port   |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   | isolated    | deny   | permit | deny  | deny  | permit      |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   | promiscuous | permit | permit | permit| permit| permit      |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   | community1  | deny   | permit | permit| deny  | permit      |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   | community2  | deny   | permit | deny  | permit| permit      |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   | interswitch |        |        |       |       |             |
   | link port   | deny(*)| permit | permit| permit| permit      |
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

     <Vp,Vs>   Vp is the primary VLAN ID               ------
               Vs is the secondary VLAN ID             | Vp |
                                                       ------
               where Vs can be:                       /      \
                  - Vi (an isolated VLAN)            /        \
                  - Vc (a community VLAN)           /          \
                                                 ------       ------
                                                 | Vi |       | Vc |
                                                 ------       ------
                                                 <Vp,Vi>      <Vp,Vc>
      

       -----------------------------    ----------------------------
      |     -------                 |  |    -------                 |
      |    | PCE-1 |<---------------+--+-->| PCE-2 |                |
      |     -------                 |  |    -------                 |
      |      ^                      |  |    ^                       |
      |      |                      |  |    |                       |
      |      v                      |  |    v                       |
      |  -------              ----  |  |  ----                      |
      | |  PCC  |   -    -   |ASBR| |  | |ASBR|   -    -    ------  |
      | |Ingress|--|A|--|B|--|  1 |-+--+-|  2 |--|C|--|D|--|Egress| |
      |  -------    -    -    ----- |  |  ----    -    -    ------  |
      |                             |  |                            |
       -----------------------------    ----------------------------
      

      Type           Subobject
      -------------+-------------------------------
      1              IPv4 prefix
      2              IPv6 prefix
      4              Unnumbered Interface ID
      32             Autonomous system number
      34             SRLG
      

   +------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   |         NFS            |            NFS + RDMA             |
   +------------------------+----------------------+------------+
   |           Operations / Procedures             |            |
   +-----------------------------------------------+            |
   |                   RPC/XDR                     |            |
   +--------------------------------+--------------+            |
   |       Stream Transport         |      RDMA Transport       |
   +--------------------------------+---------------------------+
      

               No Offload   TCP Offload   RDMA Offload
               -----------+-------------+-------------
                  1.00x        1.25x         2.00x
      

                          -------------- -------------    IP endpoint
                          | Frag/reass | | Dest opts |    sub-layer
                          -------------- -------------
      

    ----------------------------          ----------------------------
    | Sender A                 |          | Receiver B               |
    |                          |          |                          |
    |     ULP                  |          |     ULP                  |
    |      | src ULID(A)=L1(A) |          |      ^                   |
    |      | dst ULID(B)=L1(B) |          |      | src ULID(A)=L1(A) |
    |      v                   |          |      | dst ULID(B)=L1(B) |
    |   multihoming shim       |          |   multihoming shim       |
    |      | src L2(A)         |          |      ^                   |
    |      | dst L3(B)         |          |      | src L2(A)         |
    |      v                   |          |      | dst L3(B)         |
    |      IP                  |          |      IP                  |
    ----------------------------          ----------------------------
           |                                     ^
           ------- cloud with some routers -------
      

          IDLE                               IDLE
               ------------- I1 -------------->
          I1-SENT
               <------------ R1 ---------------
                                             IDLE
               ------------- I2 -------------->
          I2-SENT
               <------------ R2 ---------------
          ESTABLISHED                        ESTABLISHED
      

          IDLE                               IDLE
               -\
          I1-SENT---\
                     ---\                  /---
                         --- I1 ---\   /---  I1-SENT
                                    ---\
                        /--- I1 ---/    ---\
                   /---                     -->
               <---

               -\
          I1-SENT---\
                     ---\                  /---
                         --- R2 ---\   /---  I1-SENT
                                    ---\
                        /--- R2 ---/    ---\
                   /---                     -->
               <---                          ESTABLISHED
          ESTABLISHED
      

               -\
          I2-SENT---\
                     ---\                  /---
                         --- I2---\   /---   I1-SENT
                                    ---\
                        /--- I1 ---/    ---\
                   /---                     -->
               <---                          ESTABLISHED

               -\
          I2-SENT---\
                     ---\                  /---
                         --- R2 ---\   /---
                                    ---\
                        /--- R2 ---/    ---\
                   /---                     -->
               <---                          ESTABLISHED
          ESTABLISHED
      

               ------------- I2bis ----------->
          I2BIS_SENT
               <------------ R2 ---------------
          ESTABLISHED                        ESTABLISHED
      

        Finds  <------------ I1 --------------- Tries to set up
        existing                                for ULIDs A1, B1
        context,
        but CT(peer)                         I1-SENT
        doesn't match
               ------------- R1 --------------->
        Left old context
        in ESTABLISHED

               <------------ I2 ---------------
        Re-create context
        with new CT(peer)                    I2-SENT
        and Ls(peer).

          ESTABLISHED
               ------------- R2 -------------->
          ESTABLISHED                        ESTABLISHED
      

    Peer A                                        Peer B
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |<--------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |                                             |
      

    Peer A                                        Peer B
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |              Keepalive Nonce=p              |
      |<--------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |
      |              payload packet                 |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |                                             |
      

    Peer A                                        Peer B
      |                                             |
   State:                                           | State:
   Operational                                      | Operational
      |            (A,B1) payload packet            |
      |-------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |
      |            (B1,A) payload packet            |
      |<--------------------------------------------| At time T1
      |                                             | path A<->B1
      |            (A,B1) payload packet            | becomes
      |----------------------------------------/    | broken.
      |                                             |
      |           ( B1,A) payload packet            |
      |   /-----------------------------------------|
      |                                             |
      |            (A,B1) payload packet            |
      |----------------------------------------/    |
      |                                             |
      |            (B1,A) payload packet            |
      |   /-----------------------------------------|
      |                                             |
      |            (A,B1) payload packet            |
      |----------------------------------------/    |
      |                                             |
      |                                             | Send Timeout
      |                                             | seconds after
      |                                             | T1, B happens to
      |                                             | see the problem
      |             (B1,A) Probe Nonce=p,           | first and sends a
      |                          state=exploring    | complaint that
      |   /-----------------------------------------| it is not
      |                                             | receiving
      |                                             | anything.
      |                                             | State:
      |                                             | Exploring
      |                                             |
      |             (B2,A) Probe Nonce=q,           |
      |                          state=exploring    | But it's lost,
      |<--------------------------------------------| retransmission
      |                                             | uses another pair
   A realizes                                       |
   that it needs                                    |
   to start the                                     |
   exploration.                                     |
   It picks B2 as the                               | most likely candidate,                           |
   as it appeared in the                            |
   Probe.                                           |
   State: InboundOk                                 |
      |                                             |
      |       (A, B2) Probe Nonce=r,                |
      |                     state=inboundok,        |
      |                     received probe q        | This one gets
      |-------------------------------------------->| through.
      |                                             | State:
      |                                             | Operational
      |       (B2,A) Probe Nonce=s,                 |
      |                    state=operational,       | B now knows
      |                    received probe r         | that A has no
      |<--------------------------------------------| problem receiving
      |                                             | its packets.
   State: Operational                               |
      |                                             |
      |            (A,B2) payload packet            |
      |-------------------------------------------->| Payload packets
      |                                             | flow again.
      |            (B2,A) payload packet            |
      |<--------------------------------------------|
      

 Peer A                                        Peer B
   |                                             |
State:                                           | State:
Operational                                      | Operational
   |                                             |
   |           (A1,B1) payload packet            |
   |-------------------------------------------->|
   |                                             |
   |           (B1,A1) payload packet            |
   |<--------------------------------------------|
   |                                             |
   |           (A1,B1) payload packet            | At time T1
   |----------------------------------------/    | path A1->B1
   |                                             | becomes
   |                                             | broken.
   |           (B1,A1) payload packet            |
   |<--------------------------------------------|
   |                                             |
   |           (A1,B1) payload packet            |
   |----------------------------------------/    |
   |                                             |
   |           (B1,A1) payload packet            |
   |<--------------------------------------------|
   |                                             |
   |           (A1,B1) payload packet            |
   |----------------------------------------/    |
   |                                             |
   |                                             | Send Timeout
   |                                             | seconds after
   |                                             | T1, B notices
   |                                             | the problem and
   |          (B1,A1) Probe Nonce=p,             | sends a
   |                        state=exploring      | complaint that
   |<--------------------------------------------| it is not
   |                                             | receiving
   |                                             | anything.
A responds.                                      | State: Exploring
State: InboundOk                                 |
   |                                             |
   |      (A1, B1) Probe Nonce=q,                |
   |                     state=inboundok,        |
   |                     received probe p        |
   |----------------------------------------/    | A's response
   |                                             | is lost.
   |         (B2,A2) Probe Nonce=r,              |
   |                       state=exploring       | Next, try a different

   |<--------------------------------------------| locator pair.
   |                                             |
   |     (A2, B2) Probe Nonce=s,                 |
   |                    state=inboundok,         |
   |                    received probes p, r     | This one gets
   |-------------------------------------------->| through.
   |                                             | State: Operational
   |                                             |
   |                                             | B now knows
   |                                             | that A has no
   |      (B2,A2) Probe Nonce=t,                 | problem receiving
   |                    state=operational,       | its packets and
   |                    received probe s         | that A's probe
   |<--------------------------------------------| gets to B.  It
   |                                             | sends a
State: Operational                               | confirmation to A.
   |                                             |
   |           (A2,B2) payload packet            |
   |-------------------------------------------->| Payload packets
   |                                             | flow again.
   |           (B1,A1) payload packet            |
   |<--------------------------------------------|
      

                  +-------+
                  | Host2 |
                  |IPHost2|
                  +-------+
                      |
                      |
                  (Internet)
                   /      \
                  /        \
            +------+      +------+
            | ISPA |      | ISPB |
            |      |      |      |
            +------+      +------+
               |             |
                \            /
                 \          /
            +---------------------+
            | multihomed site     |
            | PA::/nA             |
            | PB::/nB    +------+ |
            |            |Host1 | |
            |            +------+ |
            +---------------------+
      

      +------------------+------------+----------------------------+
      | Property         | Status     | Reference                  |
      +------------------+------------+----------------------------+
      | CALSCALE         | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.7.1    |
      | METHOD           | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.7.2    |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | PRODID           | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.7.3    |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | VERSION          | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.7.4    |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | ATTACH           | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.1  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | CATEGORIES       | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.2  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | CLASS            | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.3  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | COMMENT          | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.4  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | DESCRIPTION      | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.5  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | GEO              | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.6  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | LOCATION         | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.7  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | PERCENT-COMPLETE | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.8  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | PRIORITY         | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.9  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | RESOURCES        | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.10 |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | STATUS           | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.11 |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | SUMMARY          | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.12 |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | COMPLETED        | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.2.1  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | DTEND            | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.2.2  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | DUE              | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.2.3  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | DTSTART          | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.2.4  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | DURATION         | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.2.5  |
      

      |                  |            |                            |
      | SEQUENCE         | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.7.4  |
      |                  |            |                            |
      | REQUEST-STATUS   | Current    | RFC 5545, Section 3.8.8.3  |
      +------------------+------------+----------------------------+
      

          +----------------+---------+--------------------------+
          | Parameter      | Status  | Reference                |
          +----------------+---------+--------------------------+
          | ALTREP         | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.1  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | CN             | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.2  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | CUTYPE         | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.3  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | DELEGATED-FROM | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.4  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | DELEGATED-TO   | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.5  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | DIR            | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.6  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | ENCODING       | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.7  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | FMTTYPE        | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.8  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | FBTYPE         | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.9  |
          |                |         |                          |
          | LANGUAGE       | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.10 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | MEMBER         | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.11 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | PARTSTAT       | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.12 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | RANGE          | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.13 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | RELATED        | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.14 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | RELTYPE        | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.15 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | ROLE           | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.16 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | RSVP           | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.17 |
          |                |         |                          |

          | SENT-BY        | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.18 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | TZID           | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.19 |
          |                |         |                          |
          | VALUE          | Current | RFC 5545, Section 3.2.20 |
          +----------------+---------+--------------------------+
      

           +----------+                +----------+
           |          |      iTIP      |          |
           |  Sender  |<-------------->| Receiver |
           |          |                |          |
           +----------+                +----------+
      

      +--------------------------------------------------------+
      |                     iTIP Protocol                      |
      +--------------------------------------------------------+
      |                       Transport                        |
      +  -  -  -  -  -  +  -  -  -  -  -  -  +  -  -  -  -  -  +
      | Real-Time       | Store-and-Forward  | Others          |
      +-----------------+--------------------+-----------------+
      

          +-----------------------------------------------------+
          | Constraints for Properties in a VCALENDAR Component |
          +-----------------------------------------------------+
      

                 +--------------------------------------+
                 | Constraints for VTIMEZONE Components |
                 +--------------------------------------+
      

                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | Constraints for VALARM Components |
                   +-----------------------------------+
      

             +----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:PUBLISH of a VEVENT |
             +----------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST equal PUBLISH.               |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   UID              | 1        |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if value is       |
   |                    |          | greater than 0; MAY be present if |
   |                    |          | 0.                                |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | TENTATIVE/CONFIRMED/CANCELLED.    |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |

   |   ATTENDEE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

             +----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:REQUEST of a VEVENT |
             +----------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REQUEST.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1+       | All components MUST have the same |
   |                    |          | UID.                              |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if value is       |
   |                    |          | greater than 0; MAY be present if |
   |                    |          | 0.                                |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   UID              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |

   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | TENTATIVE/CONFIRMED.              |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +--------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:REPLY of a VEVENT |
              +--------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REPLY.                    |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1+       | All components MUST have the same |
   |                    |          | UID.                              |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1        | MUST be the address of the        |
   |                    |          | Attendee replying.                |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST be the UID of the original   |
   |                    |          | REQUEST.                          |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | If non-zero, MUST be the sequence |
   |                    |          | number of the original REQUEST.   |
   |                    |          | MAY be present if 0.              |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |

   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

               +------------------------------------------+
               | Constraints for a METHOD:ADD of a VEVENT |
               +------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be ADD.                      |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        | MUST be greater than 0.           |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST match that of the original   |
   |                    |          | event.                            |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | TENTATIVE/CONFIRMED.              |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |

   |   EXDATE           | 0        |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +---------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:CANCEL of a VEVENT |
              +---------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be CANCEL.                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1+       | All must have the same UID.       |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0+       | MUST include some or all          |
   |                    |          | Attendees being removed from the  |
   |                    |          | event.  MUST include some or all  |
   |                    |          | Attendees if the entire event is  |
   |                    |          | cancelled.                        |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST be the UID of the original   |
   |                    |          | REQUEST.                          |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |

   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MUST be set to CANCELLED to       |
   |                    |          | cancel the entire event.  If      |
   |                    |          | uninviting specific Attendees,    |
   |                    |          | then MUST NOT be included.        |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

             +----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:REFRESH of a VEVENT |
             +----------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REFRESH.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1        | MUST be the address of requester. |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST be the UID associated with   |
   |                    |          | original REQUEST.                 |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0        |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0        |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0        |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0        |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0        |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0        |                                   |
   |   DTEND            | 0        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0        |                                   |
   |   DURATION         | 0        |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0        |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0        |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0        |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0        |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0        |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0        |                                   |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0        |                                   |
   |   TRANSP           | 0        |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |

   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

             +----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:COUNTER of a VEVENT |
             +----------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be COUNTER.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
      

   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

          +-----------------------------------------------------+
          | Constraints for a METHOD:DECLINECOUNTER of a VEVENT |
          +-----------------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be DECLINECOUNTER.           |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 1+       | All components MUST have the same |
   |                    |          | UID.                              |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1+       | MUST for all Attendees.           |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        | MUST echo the original SEQUENCE   |
   |                    |          | number.                           |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST echo original UID.           |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTEND            | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |

   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DTEND MUST NOT be     |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | TENTATIVE/CONFIRMED.              |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   TRANSP           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

            +-------------------------------------------------+
            | Constraints for a METHOD:PUBLISH of a VFREEBUSY |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
      

            +-------------------------------------------------+
            | Constraints for a METHOD:REQUEST of a VFREEBUSY |
            +-------------------------------------------------+
      

             +-----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:REPLY of a VFREEBUSY |
             +-----------------------------------------------+
      

              +---------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:PUBLISH of a VTODO |
              +---------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be PUBLISH.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if value is       |
   |                    |          | greater than 0; MAY be present if |
   |                    |          | 0.                                |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   UID              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |

   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | COMPLETED/NEEDS-ACTION/           |
   |                    |          | IN-PROCESS/CANCELLED.             |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +---------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:REQUEST of a VTODO |
              +---------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REQUEST.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1+       | All components must have the same |
   |                    |          | UID.                              |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if value is       |
   |                    |          | greater than 0; MAY be present if |
   |                    |          | 0.                                |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |

   |   UID              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null                       |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | COMPLETED/NEEDS-ACTION/           |
   |                    |          | IN-PROCESS.                       |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

               +-------------------------------------------+
               | Constraints for a METHOD:REPLY of a VTODO |
               +-------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REPLY.                    |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1+       | All components MUST have the same |
   |                    |          | UID.                              |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1        | MUST be the address of the        |
   |                    |          | Attendee replying.                |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0+       |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST be the UID of the original   |
   |                    |          | REQUEST.                          |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be the sequence number of    |
   |                    |          | the original REQUEST if greater   |
   |                    |          | than 0.  MAY be present if 0.     |

   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

                +-----------------------------------------+
                | Constraints for a METHOD:ADD of a VTODO |
                +-----------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be ADD.                      |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        | MUST be greater than 0.           |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST match that of the original   |
   |                    |          | to-do.                            |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | COMPLETED/NEEDS-ACTION/           |
   |                    |          | IN-PROCESS.                       |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0        |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0        |                                   |

   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +--------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:CANCEL of a VTODO |
              +--------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be CANCEL.                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0+       | MUST include some or all          |
   |                    |          | Attendees being removed from the  |
   |                    |          | to-do.  MUST include some or all  |
   |                    |          | Attendees if the entire to-do is  |
   |                    |          | cancelled.                        |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST echo original UID.           |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |

   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MUST be set to CANCELLED to       |
   |                    |          | cancel the entire VTODO.  If      |
   |                    |          | removing specific Attendees, then |
   |                    |          | MUST NOT be included.             |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +---------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:REFRESH of a VTODO |
              +---------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be REFRESH.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST echo original UID.           |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0        |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0        |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0        |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0        |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0        |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0        |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0        |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0        |                                   |
   |   DUE              | 0        |                                   |
   |   DURATION         | 0        |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0        |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0        |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0        |                                   |
   |   LOCATION         | 0        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 0        |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0        |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0        |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0        |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0        |                                   |

   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +---------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:COUNTER of a VTODO |
              +---------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be COUNTER.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 1        |                                   |
   |   SUMMARY          | 1        | Can be null.                      |
      

   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

          +----------------------------------------------------+
          | Constraints for a METHOD:DECLINECOUNTER of a VTODO |
          +----------------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be DECLINECOUNTER.           |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 1+       | MUST for all ATTENDEEs.           |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        | MUST echo the original SEQUENCE   |
   |                    |          | number.                           |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST echo original UID.           |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   COMPLETED        | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DUE              | 0 or 1   | If present, DURATION MUST NOT be  |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   DURATION         | 0 or 1   | If present, DUE MUST NOT be       |
   |                    |          | present.                          |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   GEO              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |

   |   LOCATION         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PERCENT-COMPLETE | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   PRIORITY         | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RESOURCES        | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | COMPLETED/NEEDS-ACTION/           |
   |                    |          | IN-PROCESS.                       |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

            +------------------------------------------------+
            | Constraints for a METHOD:PUBLISH of a VJOURNAL |
            +------------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be PUBLISH.                  |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 1+       |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        |                                   |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |

   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if non-zero.  MAY |
   |                    |          | be present if zero.               |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | DRAFT/FINAL/CANCELLED.            |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

              +--------------------------------------------+
              | Constraints for a METHOD:ADD of a VJOURNAL |
              +--------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be ADD.                      |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 1        |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 1        | Can be null.                      |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        | MUST be greater than 0.           |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST match that of the original   |
   |                    |          | journal.                          |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be one of                     |
   |                    |          | DRAFT/FINAL/CANCELLED.            |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   | Can be null.                      |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0        |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0        |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0        |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0+       |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0 or 1   | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |

   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

             +-----------------------------------------------+
             | Constraints for a METHOD:CANCEL of a VJOURNAL |
             +-----------------------------------------------+

   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | Component/Property | Presence | Comment                           |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
   | METHOD             | 1        | MUST be CANCEL.                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VJOURNAL           | 1+       | All MUST have the same UID.       |
   |   DTSTAMP          | 1        |                                   |
   |   ORGANIZER        | 1        |                                   |
   |   SEQUENCE         | 1        |                                   |
   |   UID              | 1        | MUST be the UID of the original   |
   |                    |          | REQUEST.                          |
   |   ATTACH           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   ATTENDEE         | 0        |                                   |
   |   CATEGORIES       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CLASS            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   COMMENT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CONTACT          | 0+       |                                   |
   |   CREATED          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DESCRIPTION      | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   DTSTART          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   EXDATE           | 0+       |                                   |
   |   LAST-MODIFIED    | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   RDATE            | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RECURRENCE-ID    | 0 or 1   | Only if referring to an instance  |
   |                    |          | of a recurring calendar           |
   |                    |          | component.  Otherwise, it MUST    |
   |                    |          | NOT be present.                   |
   |   RELATED-TO       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   RRULE            | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   STATUS           | 0 or 1   | MAY be present; MUST be CANCELLED |
   |                    |          | if present.                       |
   |   SUMMARY          | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   URL              | 0 or 1   |                                   |
   |   IANA-PROPERTY    | 0+       |                                   |
   |   X-PROPERTY       | 0+       |                                   |
   |   REQUEST-STATUS   | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   |   VALARM           | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTIMEZONE          | 0+       | MUST be present if any date/time  |
   |                    |          | refers to a timezone.             |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | IANA-COMPONENT     | 0+       |                                   |
   | X-COMPONENT        | 0+       |                                   |

   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VEVENT             | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VFREEBUSY          | 0        |                                   |
   |                    |          |                                   |
   | VTODO              | 0        |                                   |
   +--------------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
      

                      \                |             |               |
                       \ file selector |  different  |     same      |
     'file-transfer-id' \              |    file     |     file      |
     ==================================+=============+===============+
                                       |  new file   |   new file    |
      changed                          |  transfer   |   transfer    |
                                       |  operation  |   operation   |
     ----------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
                                       |             | existing file |
      unchanged                        |   error     |   transfer    |
                                       |             |   operation   |
     ----------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
      

                        File sender            File receiver
                            |                        |
                            |\                       |
                            | \                      |
                            |  \                     |
                            |   \                    |
                            |    \                   |
                            |     \                  |
                     abort->|      \  MSRP SEND (#)  |
                            |       +--------------->|
                            | MSRP 200               |
                            |<-----------------------|
                            | re-INVITE (SDP offer)  |
                            |----------------------->|
                            | SIP 200 OK (SDP answer)|
                            |<-----------------------|
                            | SIP ACK                |
                            |----------------------->|
                            |                        |
      

                     File sender            File receiver
                         |                        |
                         |\                       |
                         | \  MSRP SEND           |
                         |  \ Failure-Report: yes |
                         |   \                    |
                         |    \                   |
                         |     \                  |
                         |      \                 |
                         |       \                |
                         |        \               |
                         | MSRP 413               |<-abort
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |          \   (#)       |
                         |           +----------->|
                         | re-INVITE (SDP offer)  |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         | SIP 200 OK (SDP answer)|
                         |----------------------->|
                         | SIP ACK                |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
      

                     File sender            File receiver
                         |                        |
                         |\                       |
                         | \  MSRP SEND           |
                         |  \ Failure-Report: no  |
                         |   \                    |
                         |    \                   |
                         |     \                  |
                         |      \                 |
                         |       \                |
                         |        \               |
                         | re-INVITE (SDP offer)  |<-abort
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |          \   (#)       |
                         |           +----------->|
                         | MSRP 200               |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         | SIP 200 OK (SDP answer)|
                         |----------------------->|
                         | SIP ACK                |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
      

                   Alice's UAC                 Bob's UAS
                         |                        |
                         |(1) (SIP) INVITE        |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(2) (SIP) 200 OK        |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(3) (SIP) ACK           |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |                        |
                         |(4) (MSRP) SEND (chunk) |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(5) (MSRP) SEND (chunk) |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(6) (MSRP) 200 OK       |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(7) (MSRP) 200 OK       |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
                         |(8) (SIP) BYE           |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(9) (SIP) 200 OK        |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
                         |                        |
      

                   Alice's UAC                 Bob's UAS
                         |                        |
                         |(1) (SIP) INVITE        |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(2) (SIP) 200 OK        |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(3) (SIP) ACK           |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |                        |
                         |(4) (MSRP) SEND (file)  |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(5) (MSRP) 200 OK       |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |                        |
                         |(6) (SIP) INVITE        |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(7) (SIP) 200 OK        |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(8) (SIP) ACK           |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |                        |
                         |(9) (MSRP) SEND (file)  |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(10) (MSRP) 200 OK      |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
                         |(11) (SIP) BYE          |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |(12) (SIP) 200 OK       |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |                        |
                         |                        |
      

                   Alice's UAC                 Bob's UAS
                         |                        |
                         |(1) (SIP) OPTIONS       |
                         |----------------------->|
                         |(2) (SIP) 200 OK        |
                         |          with SDP      |
                         |<-----------------------|
                         |                        |
                         |                        |
      

        +--------------------+               +--------------+
        |                    | <------------ |              |
        |     MUA (M)        |               | IMAPv4Rev1   |
        |                    |               |  Server      |
        |                    | ------------> | (Server I)   |
        +--------------------+               +--------------+
               ^    |                              ^     |
               |    |                              |     |
               |    |                              |     |
               |    |                              |     |
               |    |                              |     |
               |    |                              |     |
               |    |                              |     v
               |    |                        +--------------+
               |    |----------------------> |   SMTP       |
               |                             |   Submit     |
               |-----------------------------|   Server     |
                                             |  (Server S)  |
                                             +--------------+
      

                     +--------------+
                     |              |....
           +=========| Notification |.NF.
           !         |    Server    |....
           !         |              |^ ^               NOTE:
           !         +--------------+! !               NF is either in
     Notif-!                         ! !               Notification
   ications!       Filter Protocol   ! !               Server or IMAP
   Protocol!  !======================! !               Store, not both
           !  !                        !
           !  !    Filter Protocol   ....
           !  !=====================>.  .            +---------+
           !  !          +-----------.NF.---+        |         |
           V  !          |           ....   |        |   MTA   |
        +-----+   IMAP   |....              |  LMTP/ |....     |<==SMTP
        |     | <======> |.VF.  IMAP    ....|  SMTP  |.AF.     |
        | MUA |\   ME-2a |....  Store   .DF.|<=======|....     |
        |     | \        |              ....|        |         |
        +-----+  \       +------------------+        +---------+
                  \              !
                   \             !URLAUTH
              SUBMIT\            !
                     \      +----v-----+
                      \     |          |                +-----+
                       \    | LEMONADE |       SMTP     |     |==>SMTP
                        ===>| Submit   |===============>| MTA |
                    ME-2b   | Server   |                |     |
                            |          |                +-----+
                            +----------+
      

   +----------------+       +---------------+            +------------+
   |    COMPLETE    | (VF)  |   VIEW        |    (NF)    |   PUSH     |
   |   REPOSITORY   | View  |  REPOSITORY   |Notification| REPOSITORY |
   |                |Filters|               |  Filters   |            |
   |   all email    |       |  email to be  |            | important  |
   | in the account |=======|synched by the |=====<?>====| email /    |
   |                |       | mobile client |      |     | events     |
   |                |       |   (CONTEXT)   |      |     |            |
   +----------------+       +---------------+      |     +------------+
                                                   |            |
                                                 IDLE /         |
                                                 NOTIFY    Out-of-IMAP
                                                   |      Notifications
                                                   |            |
                                                   V            V
      

                              +--------------+
                              |              |
                              |  Application |\
                              |    Server    | \
                              |              |  \ HTTP
                         SIP  +--------------+   \
                              /               \   \
             +-------------+ /             SIP \ +--------------+
             |             |/                   \|              |
             |     SIP     |                     |   VoiceXML   |
             | User Agent  |      RTP/SRTP       | Media Server |
             |             |=====================|              |
             +-------------+                     +--------------+
      

             +-------------+         SIP         +--------------+
             |             |---------------------|              |
             |   IP/PSTN   |                     |   VoiceXML   |
             |   Gateway   |      RTP/SRTP       | Media Server |
             |             |=====================|              |
             +-------------+                     +--------------+
      

                         SIP               VoiceXML              HTTP
   User              Application            Media            Application
   Agent               Server               Server              Server
    |                    |                    |                    |
    |(1) INVITE [offer]  |                    |                    |
    |------------------->|(2) INVITE [offer]  |                    |
    |(3) 100 Trying      |------------------->|                    |
    |<-------------------|(4) 100 Trying      |                    |
    |                    |<-------------------|                    |
    |                    |                    |                    |
    |                    |                    |(5) GET             |
    |                    |                    |------------------->|
    |                    |                    |(6) 200 OK [VXML]   |
    |                    |                    |<-------------------|
    |                    |                    |                    |
    |                    |(7) 200 OK [answer] |                    |
    |(8) 200 OK [answer] |<-------------------|                    |
    |<-------------------|                    |                    |
    |(9) ACK             |                    |                    |
    |------------------->|(10) ACK            |                    |
    |                    |------------------->| (execute           |
    |(11) RTP/SRTP       |                    |  VoiceXML          |
    |.........................................|  application)      |
    |                    |                    |                    |
      

                         SIP               VoiceXML              HTTP
   User              Application            Media            Application
   Agent               Server               Server              Server
    |                    |                     |                    |
    |                    |(1) INVITE           |                    |
    |                    |-------------------->|                    |
    |                    |(2) 100 Trying       |                    |
    |                    |<--------------------|                    |
    |                    |                     |                    |
    |                    |                     |(3) GET             |
    |                    |                     |------------------->|
    |                    |                     |(4) 200 OK [VXML]   |
    |                    |                     |<-------------------|
    |                    |                     |                    |
    |                    |(5) 200 OK [offer1]  |                    |
    |                    |<--------------------|                    |
    |                    |(6) ACK [answer1:0]  |                    |
    |(7) INVITE          |-------------------->|                    |
    |<-------------------|                     |                    |
    |(8) 200 OK [offer2] |                     |                    |
    |------------------->|(9) INVITE [offer2'] |                    |
    |                    |-------------------->|                    |
    |                    |(10) 100 Trying      |                    |
    |                    |<--------------------|                    |
    |                    |(11) 200 OK [answer2]|                    |
    |(12) ACK [answer2]  |<--------------------|                    |
    |<-------------------|(13) ACK             |                    |
    |                    |-------------------->| (execute           |
    |(14) RTP/SRTP                             |  VoiceXML          |
    |..........................................|  application)      |
    |                    |                     |                    |
      

                       VoiceXML                                  HTTP
   User                Media                 MRCPv2          Application
   Agent               Server                Server             Server
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |(1) INVITE [offer1] |                      |                  |
    |------------------->|                      |                  |
    |(2) 100 Trying      |                      |                  |
    |<-------------------|(3) GET               |                  |
    |                    |---------------------------------------->|
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |                    |(4) 200 OK [VXML]     |                  |
    |                    |<----------------------------------------|
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |                    |(5) INVITE [offer2]   |                  |
    |                    |--------------------->|                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |                    |(6) 200 OK [answer2]  |                  |
    |                    |<---------------------|                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |                    |(7) ACK               |                  |
    |                    |--------------------->|                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |                    |(8) MRCP connection   |                  |
    |                    |<-------------------->|                  |
    |(9) 200 OK [answer1]|                      |                  |
    |<-------------------|                      |                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |(10) ACK            |                      |                  |
    |------------------->|                      |                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
    |(11) RTP/SRTP       |                      |                  |
    |...........................................|                  |
    |                    |                      |                  |
      

                         SIP               VoiceXML              HTTP
   User              Application            Media            Application
   Agent               Server               Server              Server
    |                      |                   |                   |
    |..(existing session)..|                   |                   |
    |                      |(1) INVITE         |                   |
    |                      |------------------>|                   |
    |                      |                   |(2) HTTP GET       |
    |                      |                   |------------------>|
    |                      |(3) 183 [offer]    |                   |
    |(4) re-INVITE [offer] |<------------------|                   |
    |<---------------------|                   |                   |
    |(5) 200 OK [answer]   |                   |                   |
    |--------------------->|                   |                   |
    |(6) ACK               |                   |                   |
    |<---------------------|                   |                   |
    |                      | (7) PRACK [answer]|                   |
    |                      |------------------>|                   |
    |                      | (8) PRACK 200 OK  |                   |
    |                      |<------------------|                   |
    |(9) RTP/SRTP          |                   |                   |
    |..........................................|                   |
    |                      |                   |(10) 200 OK [VXML] |
    |                      |                   |<------------------|
    |                      |                   |                   |
    |                      |(11) 200 OK        |                   |
    |                      |<------------------|                   |
    |                      |(12) ACK           |                   |
    |                      |------------------>| (execute          |
    |                      |                   |  VoiceXML         |
    |                      |                   |  application)     |
    |                      |                   |                   |
      

    +----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |<exit> Usage                  | Result Content                  |
    |------------------------------|---------------------------------|
    |<exit/>                       | __reason=exit                   |
    |<exit expr="5"/>              | __exit=5&__reason=exit          |
    |<exit expr="'done'"/>         | __exit="done"&__reason=exit     |
    |<exit expr="userAuthorized"/> | __exit=true&__reason=exit       |
    |<exit namelist="pin errors"/> | pin=1234&errors=0&__reason=exit |
    +----------------------------------------------------------------+
    assuming the following VoiceXML variables and values:
        userAuthorized = true
        pin = 1234
        errors = 0
      

   User Agent 1        VoiceXML        User Agent 2
     (Caller)        Media Server        (Callee)
        |                 |                 |
        |(0) RTP/SRTP     |                 |
        |.................|                 |
        |                 |                 |
        |(1) REFER        | <transfer>      |
        |<----------------|                 |
        |(2) 202 Accepted |                 |
        |---------------->|                 |
        |(3) BYE          |                 |
        |<----------------|                 |
        |(4) 200 OK       |                 |
        |---------------->|                 |
        |                 | Stop RTP (0)    |
        |(5) INVITE                         |
        |---------------------------------->|
        |(6) 200 OK                         |
        |<----------------------------------|
        |(7) NOTIFY       |                 |
        |---------------->|                 |
        |(8) 200 OK       |                 |
        |<--------------- |                 |
        |(9) ACK                            |
        |---------------------------------->|
        |(10) RTP/SRTP                      |
        |...................................|
        |                 |                 |
      

   User Agent 1         VoiceXML          User Agent 2
     (Caller)         Media Server          (Callee)
       |                   |                   |
       |(0)RTP/SRTP        |                   |
       |...................|                   |
       |                   |                   |
       |         <transfer>|(1)INVITE [offer]  |
       |                   |------------------>|
       |                   |(2) 200 OK [answer]|
       |                   |<------------------|
       |                   |(3) ACK            |
       |                   |------------------>|
       |                   |(4) RTP/SRTP       |
       |              mix  |...................|
       |            (0)+(4)|                   |
      

   User Agent 1        VoiceXML       User Agent 2
     (Caller)        Media Server       (Callee)
        |                 |                 |
        |(0) RTP/SRTP     |                 |
        |.................|(4) RTP/SRTP     |
        |                 |.................|
        |(5) REFER        |                 |
        |<----------------|                 |
        |(6) 202 Accepted |                 |
        |---------------->|                 |
        |(7) INVITE Replaces:ms1.example.com|
        |---------------------------------->|
        |(8) 200 OK                         |
        |<----------------------------------|
        |(9) ACK                            |
        |---------------------------------->|
        |(10) RTP/SRTP                      |
        |...................................|
        |                 |(11) BYE         |
        |                 |<----------------|
        |                 |(12) 200 OK      |
        |                 |---------------->| Stop
        |(13) NOTIFY      |                 | RTP (4)
        |---------------->|                 |
        |(14) 200 OK      |                 |
        |<----------------|                 |
        |(15) BYE         |                 |
        |<----------------|                 |
        |(16) 200 OK      |                 |
        |---------------->| Stop            |
        |                 | RTP (0)         |
      

    -----------------------------    ----------------------------
   |                       AS-1  |  |                      AS-2  |
   |                             |  |                            |
   |     -------                 |  |    -------                 |
   |    | PCE-1 |<---------------+--+-->| PCE-2 |                |
   |     -------                 |  |    -------                 |
   |      ^                      |  |    ^                       |
   |      |                      |  |    |                       |
   |      v                      |  |    v                       |
   |  -------              ----  |  |  ----                      |
   | |  PCC  |   -    -   |ASBR| |  | |ASBR|   -    -    ------  |
   | |Ingress|--|A|--|B|--|  1 |-+--+-|  2 |--|C|--|D|--|Egress| |
   |  -------    -    -    ----- |  |  ----    -    -    ------  |
   |                             |  |                            |
    -----------------------------    ----------------------------
      

                   [R]----[A]----[B]----[C]----[D]----[E]
                           |                           |
                           +--------[F]-----[G]--------+
      

                                         -----------
                  Application           |   -----   |
                    Request             |  | TED |  |
                       |                |   -----   |
                       v                |     |     |
                 ------------- Request/ |     v     |
                |     PCC     | Response|   -----   |
                | (NMS/Server)|<--------+> | PCE |  |
                |             |         |   -----   |
                 -------------           -----------
               Service |
               Request |
                       v
                  ----------  Signaling   ----------
                 | Head-End | Protocol   | Adjacent |
                 |  Node    |<---------->|   Node   |
                  ----------              ----------
      

                         Provider-Edge Interfaces
                              x   x        x
                              |   |        |
         +--------------------+---+--------+----------+    E
         |                    |   |        |          |    n
         |    I               |   |  ....  |          |    t
         |    n           +---+---+--------+---+      |    e
         |    t           |   +--------+      /|      |    r
         |    e  I   x----+   |  Host  |   I /*+------+--< p  I
         |    r  n        |   |Function|   n|**|      |    r  n
         |    n  t        |   +--------+   t|**|      |    i  t
         |    a  e   x----+              V e|**+------+--< s  e
         |    l  r      . |              E r|**|  .   |    e  r
         |       f      . |              T f|**|  .   |       f
         |    V  a      . |   +--------+   a|**|  .   |    I  a
         |    i  c      . |   | Router |   c|**|  .   |    n  c
         |    r  e   x----+   |Function|   e \*+------+--< t  e
         |    t  s        |   +--------+      \|      |    e  s
         |    u           +---+---+--------+---+      |    r
         |    a               |   |  ....  |          |    i
         |    l               |   |        |          |    o
         +--------------------+---+--------+----------+    r
                              |   |        |
                              x   x        x
                       Enterprise-Edge Interfaces
      

   +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
   | Type  |Length |      TTL      |        IPv4 Address           |
   +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
      

                          ==   Metering &    ==
                          ==Marking behaviour==       ==PCN mechanisms==
                       ^
           Rate of     ^
      PCN-traffic on   |
     bottleneck link   |
                       |
                       |       Some pkts                  Terminate some
                       |  excess-traffic-marked           admitted flows
                       |           &                            &
                       |     Rest of pkts                Block new flows
                       |   threshold-marked
                       |
     PCN-excess-rate  -|------------------------------------------------
(=PCN-supportable-rate)|
                       |       All pkts                  Block new flows
                       |   threshold-marked
                       |
   PCN-threshold-rate -|------------------------------------------------
 (=PCN-admissible-rate)|
                       |        No pkts                  Admit new flows
                       |      PCN-marked
                       |
      

   ___    ___    _______________________________________    ____    ___
  |   |  |   |  | PCN-             PCN-            PCN- |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |ingress         interior         egress|  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  | -node           -nodes          -node |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |-------+  +-------+  +-------+  +------|  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |       |  | PCN   |  | PCN   |  |      |  |    |  |   |
  |   |..|   |..|Ingress|..|meter &|..|meter &|..|Egress|..|    |..|   |
  |   |..|   |..|Policer|..|marker |..|marker |..|Meter |..|    |..|   |
  |   |  |   |  |-------+  +-------+  +-------+  +------|  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |  \                                 /  |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |   \                               /   |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |    \  PCN-feedback-information   /    |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |     \  (for admission control)  /     |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |      --<-----<----<----<-----<--      |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |       PCN-feedback-information        |  |    |  |   |
  |   |  |   |  |        (for flow termination)         |  |    |  |   |
  |___|  |___|  |_______________________________________|  |____|  |___|

  Sx     Access               PCN-domain                   Access    Rx
  End    Network                                          Network   End
  Host                                                              Host
                  <---- signalling across PCN-domain--->
                (for admission control & flow termination)

  <-------------------end-to-end QoS signalling protocol--------------->
      

                          ==   Metering &    ==
                          ==Marking behaviour==       ==PCN mechanisms==
                       ^
           Rate of     ^
      PCN-traffic on   |
     bottleneck link   |                                  Terminate some
                       |                                  admitted flows
                       |                                         &
                       |                                 Block new flows
                       |
                       |       Some pkts
   U*PCN-excess-rate  -|  excess-traffic-marked        -----------------
(=PCN-supportable-rate)|
                       |                                 Block new flows
                       |
                       |
     PCN-excess-rate  -|------------------------------------------------
 (=PCN-admissible-rate)|
                       |         No pkts                 Admit new flows
                       |       PCN-marked
                       |
      

                                       +---------+   Result
                                    +->|Threshold|-------+
                                    |  |  Meter  |       |
                                    |  +---------+       V
         +----------+   +- - - - -+  |                +------+
         |   BA     |   |         |  |                |      |    Marked
Packet =>|Classifier|==>| Dropper |==?===============>|Marker|==> Packet
Stream   |          |   |         |  |                |      |    Stream
         +----------+   +- - - - -+  |                +------+
                                    |  +---------+       ^
                                    |  | Excess  |       |
                                    +->| Traffic |-------+
                                       |  Meter  |   Result
                                       +---------+
      

                               <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, possibly ECT
                                                 3-second timer set
                             SYN/ACK dropped               .
                                                           .
                                                           .
                                             3-second timer expires
                                    <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, not ECT
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK
         Data/ACK --->
                                                      Data/ACK --->
                                   <--- Data (one to four segments)
      ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

                                       <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, ECT
                                                3-second timer set
                            <--- Sets CE on SYN/ACK
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, CE

         ACK, ECN-Echo --->
                                                ACK, ECN-Echo --->
                                    Window reduced to one segment.
                                   <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, not ECT
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK

         Data/ACK, ECT --->
                                                Data/ACK, ECT --->
                                 <--- Data, ECT (one segment only)
      ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

                                       <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, ECT
                            <--- Sets CE on SYN/ACK
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, CE
      

                                    <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, not ECT
                                                 3-second timer set
                             SYN/ACK dropped               .
                                                           .
                                                           .
                                             3-second timer expires
                                    <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, not ECT
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, not ECT
         Data/ACK, ECT --->
                                                 Data/ACK, ECT --->
                                  <--- Data, ECT (one segment only)
      ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

                                       <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, ECT
                            <--- Sets CE on SYN/ACK
         <--- ECN-setup SYN/ACK, CE

         Data/ACK, No ECN-Echo --->
                                                    Data/ACK --->
                                   <--- Data (up to four packets)
      ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

                +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                |    |        | AR /  |      |       |      |     |
                | MN |        | PMA   |      |  AAA  |      |  HA |
                |    |        |       |      |       |      |     |
                +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                   |               |             |             |
                   |     1a        |     1b      |             |
   Authentication  |<------------->|<----------->|             |
                   |               |             |             |
                   |     2         |             |             |
              +->  |-------------->|             |             |
              |    |               |       3     |             |
              |    |               |-------------------------->| <-+
   Address    |    |               |             |             |   |PMIP
   Acquisition|    |               |       4     |             |   |
              |    |               |<--------------------------| <-+
              |    |     5         |             |             |
              +->  |<--------------|             |             |
                   |               |             |             |
                   |     6         |             |             |
   Data Forwarding |<------------->|<=========================>|
                   |               |             |             |
      

                    +----+        +-------+                  +-----+
                    |    |        | AR /  |                  |     |
                    | MN |        | PMA   |                  |  HA |
                    |    |        |       |                  |     |
                    +----+        +-------+                  +-----+
                       |               |                        |
                       |               |       1                |
                       |               |----------------------->|
     PMIPv4            |               |                        |
     Renewal           |               |       2                |
                       |               |<-----------------------|
                       |               |                        |
                       |               |                        |
      

                    +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                    |    |        | New   |      |  Old  |      |     |
                    | MN |        | AR /  |      |  AR / |      |  HA |
                    |    |        | PMA   |      |  PMA  |      |     |
                    +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                       |               |             |             |
                       |     1         |             |             |
     Authentication    |<------------->|             |             |
                       |               |             |             |
                       |               |       2     |             |
                  +->  |               |-------------------------->|
     PMIPv4       |    |               |             |             |
                  |    |               |       3     |             |
                  +->  |               |<--------------------------|
                       |               |             |             |
                       |     4         |             |             |
     Data Forwarding   |<------------->|<=========================>|
                       |               |             |             |
      

                    +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                    |    |        | New   |      |  Old  |      |     |
                    | MN |        | AR /  |      |  AR / |      |  HA |
                    |    |        | PMA   |      |  PMA  |      |     |
                    +----+        +-------+      +-------+      +-----+
                       |               |             |             |
                       |               |             |      1      |
                  +->  |               |             |<------------|
                  |    |               |             |             |
     Revocation   |    |               |             o 2           |
                  |    |               |             |             |
                  |    |               |             |      3      |
                  +->  |               |             |------------>|
                       |               |             |             |
      

                                            |
                                            |            CSN
                                            |
                                            |
                     +-------+              |            +-------+
                     |       |              |            |       |
                     |AAAV   |--------------|------------| AAAH  |
                     |       |              |            |       |
                     |       |              |            |       |
                     +-------+              |            +-------+
                          |                 |                |
                          |                 |                |
                          |                 |                |
                  +------------------+      |                |
                  |   +-------+      |      |                |
                  |   | NAS   |      |      |                |
                  |   | PMIP  | ASN1 |      |                |
                  |   | Client|      |      |                |
                  |   +-------+      |      |                |
                  |       |          |      |                |
                  |       | R4       |      |                |
                  |   +-------+      |      |             +------+
         +----+   |   | FA,   |      |      |    PMIPv4   |      |
         | MN |-------| DHCP  |---------------------------|  HA  |
         +----+   |   | Relay/|      |      |     R3      |      |
                  |   | Server| ASN2 |      |             +------+
                  |   +-------+      |      |
                  |                  |      |
                  +------------------+
                     Split PMA
      

                     Split PMA
                     +-----------------------------------+
            +----+   | +------+     +------+     +-----+ |    +-----+
            |    |   | | NAS/ |     |  Old |     | New | |    |     |
            | MN |   | | PMIP |     |  FA  |     |  FA | |    | HA  |
            |    |   | |Client|     |      |     |     | |    |     |
            +----+   | +------+     +------+     +-----+ |    +-----+
               |     +----|------------|------------|----+       |
               |          |            |       PMIP Tunnel       |
               |          |            |<=======================>|
               |          |            |            |            |
               |          |            |  R4 tunnel |            |
               |          |            |<==========>|            |
               |          |       1    |            |            |
               |<---------------------------------->|            |
               |          |            |            |            |
               |          |            |     2      |            |
               |          |            |<---------->|            |
               |          |       3    |            |            |
               |          |<----------------------- |            |
               |          |            |            |            |
               |          |       4    |            |            |
          +->  |          |------------------------>|            |
          |    |          |            |            |     5      |
          |    |          |            |            |----------->|
          |    |          |            |            |            |
   PMIP   |    |          |            |            |     6      |
          |    |          |            |            |<-----------|
          |    |          |            |            |            |
          |    |          |       7    |            |            |
          +->  |          |<------------------------|            |
               |          |            |            |            |
               |          |            |     8      |            |
               |          |            |<---------->|            |
               |          |            |            |            |
               |     9    |            |            |PMIP Tunnel |
   Data        |<---------------------------------->|<==========>|
   Forwarding  |          |            |            |            |
      

                  +-------+                       +------+
      +----+      | BS/   |             PMIPv4    |      |
      | MN |------| PMA   |-----------------------| AGW/ |
      +----+      |       |                       |  HA  |
                  |       |                       +------+
                  +-------+
      

                  +-------+                       +------+
      +----+      | AGW/  |             PMIPv4    |      |
      | MN |------| PMA   |-----------------------|  HA  |
      +----+      |       |                       |      |
                  |       |                       +------+
                  +-------+
      

                           RAN                    Core
                 -----------^------------   -------^-------------
                |                        | |                     |
                V                        V V                     V

                  +------+            +------+           +-----+
      +----+      |      |  PMIPv4    |      |  PMIPv4   |     |
      | MN |------| BS   |------------| AGW  |-----------| HA  |
      +----+      |      |            |      |           |     |
                  +------+            +------+           +-----+
      

         +----+        +-------+      +-------+   +------+
         |    |        |       |      |       |   |      |
         | MN |        |  BS/  |      | HAAA  |   | AGW/ |
         |    |        |  PMA  |      |       |   | HA   |
         +----+        +-------+      +-------+   +------+
           |               |             |          |
           |     1a        |     1b      |          |
           |<------------->|<----------->|          |
           |               |             |          |
           |     2         |             |          |
           |-------------->|             |          |
           |               |       3     |          |
           |               |----------------------->|
           |               |             |          |
           |               |       4     |          |
           |               |<-----------------------|
           |     5         |             |          |
           |<--------------|             |          |
           |               |             |          |
           |     6         |             |          |
           |<======================================>|
           |               |             |          |
      

      +----+        +-------+      +-------+   +-------+
      |    |        |       |      |       |   |       |
      | MN |        | New   |      |  AGW/ |   | Old   |
      |    |        | PMA/BS|      |  HA   |   | PMA/BS|
      +----+        +-------+      +-------+   +-------+
        |               |              |          |
        |               |      1       |          |
        |               |------------->|          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              o 2        |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |      3       |          |
        |               |<-------------|          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |         4    |          |
        |               |<----------------------->|
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          o  5
        |               |              |          |
        |               |              |          |
      

             +---------+-------------------------------------+
             | Unicode | Character Name                      |
             +---------+-------------------------------------+
             | 0621    | ARABIC LETTER HAMZA                 |
             | 0622    | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE |
             | 0623    | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE |
             | 0624    | ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE  |
             | 0625    | ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW |
             | 0626    | ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE  |
             | 0627    | ARABIC LETTER ALEF                  |
             | 0628    | ARABIC LETTER BEH                   |
             | 0629    | ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA           |
             | 062A    | ARABIC LETTER TEH                   |
             | 062B    | ARABIC LETTER THEH                  |
             | 062C    | ARABIC LETTER JEEM                  |
             | 062D    | ARABIC LETTER HAH                   |
             | 062E    | ARABIC LETTER KHAH                  |
             | 062F    | ARABIC LETTER DAL                   |
             | 0630    | ARABIC LETTER THAL                  |
             | 0631    | ARABIC LETTER REH                   |
             | 0632    | ARABIC LETTER ZAIN                  |
             | 0633    | ARABIC LETTER SEEN                  |
             | 0634    | ARABIC LETTER SHEEN                 |
             | 0635    | ARABIC LETTER SAD                   |
             | 0636    | ARABIC LETTER DAD                   |
             | 0637    | ARABIC LETTER TAH                   |

             | 0638    | ARABIC LETTER ZAH                   |
             | 0639    | ARABIC LETTER AIN                   |
             | 063A    | ARABIC LETTER GHAIN                 |
             | 0641    | ARABIC LETTER FEH                   |
             | 0642    | ARABIC LETTER QAF                   |
             | 0643    | ARABIC LETTER KAF                   |
             | 0644    | ARABIC LETTER LAM                   |
             | 0645    | ARABIC LETTER MEEM                  |
             | 0646    | ARABIC LETTER NOON                  |
             | 0647    | ARABIC LETTER HEH                   |
             | 0648    | ARABIC LETTER WAW                   |
             | 0649    | ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA          |
             | 064A    | ARABIC LETTER YEH                   |
             | 0660    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO             |
             | 0661    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE              |
             | 0662    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO              |
             | 0663    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE            |
             | 0664    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR             |
             | 0665    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE             |
             | 0666    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX              |
             | 0667    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN            |
             | 0668    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT            |
             | 0669    | ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE             |
             +---------+-------------------------------------+
      

           +-------------+                         +--------------+
           |             | SIP (MS Control Dialog) |              |
           | Application |<----------------------->|     Media    |
           |   Server    |                         |    Server    |
           |             |<----------------------->|              |
           +-------------+ SIP (MS Media Dialog)   +--------------+
                       ^                               ^
                        \                              | RTP/SRTP
                         \                             |  audio/
                          \                            | video/etc)
                           \                           |
                            \                          v
                             \                 +--------------+
                              \     SIP        |              |
                               +-------------->|      SIP     |
                                               |  User Agent  |
                                               |              |
                                               +--------------+
      

      +-------------+             SIP              +-------------+
      | Application |<---------------------------->|   Media     |
      |    Server   | (media & MS Control dialogs) |   Server    |
      |             |                              |             |
      |             |  MS Control Protocol (IVR)   |             |
      |             |<---------------------------->| (IVR media  |
      | (App logic) |       (CtrlChannel)          | functions)  |
      +-------------+                              +-------------+
             ^                                            ^^
              \                                           ||  R
               \                                          ||  T
                \                                         ||  P
                 \                                        ||  /
                  \                                       ||  S
                   \                                      ||  R
                    \                                     ||  T
                     \                                    ||  P
                      \                                   vv
                       \    call signaling           +-----------+
                        ---------------------------->|   User    |
                              (e.g., SIP)            | Equipment |
                                                     +-----------+
      

                +------------+             +------------+
                |            | SIP (2m+1c) |            |
                | Application|-------------|   Media    |
                |   Server   |             |   Server   |
                |  (Focus)   |-------------|  (Mixer)   |
                |            | CtrlChannel |            |
                +------------+             +------------+
                    |      \                    .. .
                    |       \\            RTP...   .
                    |         \\           ..      .
                    |     H.323  \\      ...       .
                SIP |             \\ ...           .RTP
                    |              ..\             .
                    |           ...   \\           .
                    |        ...        \\         .
                    |      ..             \\       .
                    |   ...                 \\     .
                    | ..                      \    .
               +-----------+              +-----------+
               |Participant|              |Participant|
               +-----------+              +-----------+
      

                  +------------+                  +------------+
                  |            | 'Include audio   |            |
                  | Application|  sent by user X  |   Media    |
                  |   Server   |  in conf Y mix'  |   Server   |
                  |  (Focus)   |----------------->|  (Mixer)   |
                  |            |   (MS CtrlChn)   |            |
                  +------^-----+                  +------------+
                         |                          ..
                         |                       ...
                         | 'Unmute me'        ... RTP
                         |   (XCON)        ...
                         |              ...
                         |           ...
                  +-----------+   ...
                  |Participant|...
                  +-----------+
      

     UA                                   AS                         MS
     (Floor Participant)                 (FCS)
     |                                     |                          |
     |<===================== One-way RTP stream ======================|
     |                                     |                          |
     | FloorRequest(BFCP)                  |                          |
     |------------------------------------>|                          |
     |                                     |                          |
     |   FloorRequestStatus[PENDING](BFCP) |                          |
     |<------------------------------------|                          |
     |                                     |--+ apply                 |
     |                                     |  | policies              |
     |                                     |<-+ to request            |
     |                                     |                          |
     |  FloorRequestStatus[ACCEPTED](BFCP) |                          |
     |<------------------------------------|                          |
     |                                     |                          |
     .                                     .                          .
     .                                     .                          .
     |                                     |                          |
     |   FloorRequestStatus[GRANTED](BFCP) |                          |
     |<------------------------------------|                          |
     |                                     | 'Unmute UA' (CtrlChn)    |
     |                                     |------------------------->|
     |                                     |                          |
     |<==================== Bidirectional RTP stream ================>|
     |                                     |                          |
     .                                     .                          .
     .                                     .                          .
      

     UA                          AS                                  MS
     (Floor Participant)   (Floor Chair)                          (FCS)
     |                           |                                    |
     |<===================== One-way RTP stream ======================|
     |                           |                                    |
     | FloorRequest(BFCP)        |                                    |
     |--------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                           |                                    |
     |                           |  FloorRequestStatus[PENDING](BFCP) |
     |<---------------------------------------------------------------|
     |                           |  FloorRequestStatus[PENDING](BFCP) |
     |                           |<-----------------------------------|
     |                           |                                    |
     |                           | ChairAction[ACCEPTED] (BFCP)       |
     |                           |----------------------------------->|
     |                           |       ChairActionAck (BFCP)        |
     |                           |<-----------------------------------|
     |                           |                                    |
     |                           | FloorRequestStatus[ACCEPTED](BFCP) |
     |<---------------------------------------------------------------|
     |                           |                                    |
     .                           .                                    .
     .                           .                                    .
     |                           |                                    |
     |                           |  FloorRequestStatus[GRANTED](BFCP) |
     |<---------------------------------------------------------------|
     |                           | 'Floor has been granted' (CtrlChn) |
     |                           |<-----------------------------------|
     |                           |                                    |
     |<==================== Bidirectional RTP stream ================>|
     |                           |                                    |
     .                           .                                    .
     .                           .                                    .
      

                  MN                    PAR                    NAR
                   |                     |                      |
                   |------RtSolPr------->|                      |
                   |<-----PrRtAdv--------|                      |
                   |                     |                      |
                   |------FBU----------->|----------HI--------->|
                   |                     |<--------HAck---------|
                   |          <--FBack---|--FBack--->           |
                   |                     |                      |
                disconnect             forward                  |
                   |                   packets  ===============>|
                   |                     |                      |
                   |                     |                      |
              connect                    |                      |
                   |                     |                      |
                   |------------UNA --------------------------->|
                   |<=================================== deliver packets
                   |                                            |
      

                  MN                    PAR                    NAR
                   |                     |                      |
                   |------RtSolPr------->|                      |
                   |<-----PrRtAdv--------|                      |
                   |                     |                      |
                disconnect               |                      |
                   |                     |                      |
                   |                     |                      |
                connect                  |                      |
                   |-------UNA-----------|--------------------->|
                   |-------FBU-----------|---------------------)|
                   |                     |<-------FBU----------)|
                   |                     |----------HI--------->|
                   |                     |<-------HAck----------|
                   |                     |(HI/HAck if necessary)|
                   |                   forward                  |
                   |              packets(including FBAck)=====>|
                   |                     |                      |
                   |<=================================== deliver packets
                   |                                            |
      

              +---------------//-------.------------------------------+
              | 6rd-relays IPv6 prefix |         IPv4 address         |
              |        of the ISP      |     of the customer site     |
              +---------------//-------'------------------------------+
              <-- less or equal to 32 -><------------ 32 ------------->
              <-- less or equal to  64 ------------------------------->
      

          IPv4 AND IPv6 customer site
          |
          |   6rd CPEs                         6rd relays
          | (modified 6to4)                  (modified 6to4)
          |     |                                   |
          |     |    __________________________     |
          |     |   |                          |    |
          |     |   | ISP IPV4 INFRASTRUCTURE  |    V    GLOBAL
          V     V   |                          |   ___    IPV6
              ___   |                          |  |   | INTERNET
          |  |   |  |        .-----------------|--|   |---
          |--|   |--|-.     /                  |  |___|
          |  |___|  |  \   /                   |
                    |   \ /      IPv4          |      IPv6 Prefix
                    |    O  anycast address => |  <= of 6rd relays
          |   ___   |   / \  of 6rd relays     |      of the ISP
          |  |   |  |  /   \                   |   ___
          |--|   |--|-'     \                  |  |   |
          |  |___|  |        '-----------------|--|   |---
          |         |                          |  |___|
                    |      IPv4 addresses      |
                    | <= of customer sites     |
                    |__________________________|
      

                     ______________________________
                   |                              |
                   | 10.x.x.x/8 private addresses |
                   |  <==                         |
             <-----|         IPv4 anycast address |----->
                   |            of 6rd relays     |
          6rd-CPEs |                      ==>     |  6rd-relays
                   |                              |
             <-----|          0.0.0.0/0           |----->
                   |              :               |
                   |______________V_______________|
                                __|__
          ISP-supported NAT(s) |     |
                               |_____|
                                  |
                                  V
                       IPv4 public addresses
      

             IPv6 or dual-stack      IPv4-only      dual-stack
            |------------------||-----------------||----------|

      I                    SC                          SI
      N                  +-----+                   +----------+
      T                  |     |                   |  v4/v6   |
      E  <==[ IPv6  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv4-only]....| host CPE |
      R     [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |          |
      N                  | LNS |                   |LAC Client|
      E                  +-----+                   +----------+
      T                          _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                               ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <-- IPv6 traffic
                             PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv4          (SPH)
                                      Softwire

                               <------------------>
                    IPV6CP: capable of /64 Intf-Id assignment or
                                 uniqueness check

                               |------------------>/64 prefix
                                        RA
                               |------------------>DNS, etc.
                                      DHCPv6
      

          IPv6 or dual-stack      IPv4-only           dual-stack
         |------------------||-----------------||---------------------|

   I                    SC                          SI
   N                  +-----+                   +----------+
   T                  |     |                   |  v4/v6   |    +-----+
   E  <==[ IPv6  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv4-only]....|   CPE    |----|v4/v6|
   R     [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |          |    | host|
   N                  | LNS |                   |LAC Client|    +-----+
   E                  +-----+                   +----------+
   T                          _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                            ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <-------- IPv6 traffic
                          PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv4                (SPH)
                                   Softwire
      

                            |------------------>/64 prefix
                                     RA
                            |------------------>/48 prefix,
                                   DHCPv6       DNS, etc.
      

          IPv6 or dual-stack            IPv4-only           dual-stack
         |------------------||----------------------------||----------|

    I                   SC                                    SI
    N                 +-----+                              +----------+
    T                 |     |                   +-------+  |   v4/v6  |
    E <==[ IPv6  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv4-only]....|v4-only|--|   host   |
    R    [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |  CPE  |  |          |
    N                 | LNS |                   +-------+  |LAC Client|
    E                 +-----+                              +----------+
    T                         _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                            ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <--  IPv6
                               PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv4        traffic
                                        Softwire                 (SPH)

                            <------------------------------>
                     IPV6CP: capable of /64 Intf-Id assignment or
                                   uniqueness check

                            |------------------------------>/64 prefix
                                           RA
                            |------------------------------>DNS, etc.
                                         DHCPv6
      

         IPv6 or dual-stack           IPv4-only          dual-stack
        |------------------||-------------------------||-------------|

   I                   SC                                 SI
   N                 +-----+                           +----------+
   T                 |     |               +-------+   |  v4/v6   |
   E <==[ IPv6  ]....|v4/v6|..[IPv4-only]..|v4-only|---|  router  |
   R    [network]    |     |  [ network ]  |  CPE  | | |          |
   N                 | LNS |               +-------+ | |LAC Client|
   E                 +-----+                         | +----------+
   T                                                 |
                                                     ---------+-----+
                                                              |v4/v6|
                                                              | host|
                             _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _        +-----+
                           ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <--  IPv6
                              PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv4      traffic
                                       Softwire               (SPH)

                           <--------------------------->
                  IPV6CP: capable of /64 Intf-Id assignment or
                                 uniqueness check

                           |--------------------------->/64 prefix
                                         RA
                           |--------------------------->/48 prefix,
                                       DHCPv6           DNS, etc.
      

             IPv4 or dual-stack      IPv6-only      dual-stack
            |------------------||-----------------||----------|

       I                   SC                          SI
       N                 +-----+                   +----------+
       T                 |     |                   |  v4/v6   |
       E <==[ IPv4  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv6-only]....| host CPE |
       R    [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |          |
       N                 | LNS |                   |LAC Client|
       E                 +-----+                   +----------+
       T                         _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                               ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <-- IPv4 traffic
                             PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv6          (SPH)
                                      Softwire

                               <------------------>
                       IPCP: capable of global IP assignment
                                    and DNS, etc.
      

         IPv4 or dual-stack      IPv6-only        dual-stack Home
        |------------------||-----------------||-------------------|

   I                   SC                          SI
   N                 +-----+                   +----------+
   T                 |     |                   |  v4/v6   |  +-----+
   E <==[ IPv4  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv6-only]....|   CPE    |--|v4/v6|
   R    [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |          |  | host|
   N                 | LNS |                   |LAC Client|  +-----+
   E                 +-----+                   +----------+
   T                         _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                           ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <--------- IPv4 traffic
                         PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv6                 (SPH)
                                  Softwire

                           <------------------>
                   IPCP: capable of global IP assignment
                               and DNS, etc.
      

          IPv4 or dual-stack            IPv6-only           dual-stack
         |------------------||----------------------------||----------|

    I                   SC                                      SI
    N                 +-----+                              +----------+
    T                 |     |                   +-------+  |   v4/v6  |
    E <==[ IPv4  ]....|v4/v6|....[IPv6-only]....|v6-only|--|   host   |
    R    [network]    |     |    [ network ]    |  CPE  |  |          |
    N                 | LNS |                   +-------+  |LAC Client|
    E                 +-----+                              +----------+
    T                         _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                            ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <--  IPv4
                               PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv6        traffic
                                        Softwire                 (SPH)

                            <------------------------------>
                        IPCP: capable of global IP assignment
                                    and DNS, etc.
      

         IPv4 or dual-stack          IPv6-only           dual-stack
        |------------------||-------------------------||------------|

   I                   SC                                 SI
   N                 +-----+                           +----------+
   T                 |     |               +-------+   |  v4/v6   |
   E <==[ IPv4  ]....|v4/v6|..[IPv6-only]..|v6-only|---|  router  |
   R    [network]    |     |  [ network ]  |  CPE  | | |          |
   N                 | LNS |               +-------+ | |LAC Client|
   E                 +-----+                         | +----------+
   T                                                 |
                                                     --------+-----+
                                                             |v4/v6|
                                                             | host|
                             _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _       +-----+
                           ()_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _() <---  IPv4
                             PPP o L2TPv2 o UDP o IPv4        traffic
                                      Softwire                 (SPH)

                           <--------------------------->
                   IPCP: assigns global IP address and DNS, etc.
      

      SC                                 SI
       |                                 |
       |<-------------IKEv1------------->| Step 0
       |                                 | IPsec SA establishment
       |                                 | (optional)
       |                                 |
       |<-------------L2TPv2------------>| Step 1
       |                                 | L2TPv2 Tunnel establishment
       |                                 |
       |<--------------PPP-------------->| Step 2
       |<-----Endpoint Configuration---->| PPP and Endpoint
       |                                 | configuration
       |                                 |
       |<------Router Configuration----->| Step 3
       |                                 | Additional configuration
       |                                 | (optional)
      

         SC                                 SI
          |                                 |
          |                                 | Step 0
          |<------------IKEv1-------------->| = IKEv1 (Optional)
          |                                 |
          |                                 | Step 1
          |<------------SCCRQ---------------| -
          |-------------SCCRP-------------->| |
          |<------------SCCCN---------------| |
          |<------------ICRQ----------------| | L2TPv2
          |-------------ICRP--------------->| |
          |<------------ICCN----------------| -
          |                                 |
          |                                 | Step 2
          |<-----Configuration-Request------| -
          |------Configuration-Request----->| | PPP
          |--------Configuration-Ack------->| | LCP
          |<-------Configuration-Ack--------| -
          |                                 |
          |-----------Challenge------------>| - PPP Authentication
          |<----------Response--------------| | (Optional - CHAP)
          |------------Success------------->| -
          |                                 |
          |<-----Configuration-Request------| -
          |------Configuration-Request----->| | PPP NCP
          |--------Configuration-Ack------->| | (IPV6CP or IPCP)
          |<-------Configuration-Ack--------| -
          |                                 |
          |<------Router-Solicitation-------| - Neighbor Discovery
          |-------Router-Advertisement----->| | (IPv6 only)
          |                                 | -
          |                                 |
          |                                 | Step3
          |                                 | DHCP (Optional)
          |<-----------SOLICIT--------------| -
          |-----------ADVERTISE------------>| | DHCPv6
          |<---------- REQUEST--------------| | (IPv6 SW, Optional)
          |-------------REPLY-------------->| -
          |                                 | or
          |<---------DHCPDISCOVER-----------| -
          |-----------DHCPOFFER------------>| | DHCPv4
          |<---------DHCPREQUEST------------| | (IPv4 SW, Optional)
          |------------DHCPACK------------->| -
      

                              _______________
                             | TUNNEL BROKER |--> Databases (DNS)
                             |               |
                             |  TSP          |
                             | SERVER        |
                             |_______________|
                                 |     |
            __________           |     |          ________
           |           |         |     |         |        |
           |   TSP     |--[TSP]--      +---------|        |
           |  CLIENT   |                         | TUNNEL |--[NETWORK]--
   [HOST]--|           |<==[CONFIGURED TUNNEL]==>| SERVER |
           |___________|                         |        |
                                                 |________|
      

            ___________                           ________
           |           |                         |  TSP   |
           |   TSP     |-----------[TSP]---------| SERVER |
           |  CLIENT   |                         |        |--[NETWORK]--
   [HOST]--|           |<==[CONFIGURED TUNNEL]==>| TUNNEL |
           |___________|                         | SERVER |
                                                 |________|
      

           tunnel                              tunnel
           client                              broker
             +|         Send version              +
             ||---------------------------------> ||
             ||         Send capabilities         ||
             ||<--------------------------------- +| Authentication
             ||         SASL authentication       || phase
             ||<--------------------------------> ||
    TSP      ||         Authentication OK         ||
    signaling||<--------------------------------- +
             ||         Tunnel request            || Command
             ||---------------------------------> || phase
             ||         Tunnel response           +
             ||<--------------------------------- || Response
             ||         Tunnel acknowledge        || phase
             ||---------------------------------> +
             +|                                   |
             ||         Tunnel established        |
    Data     ||===================================|
    phase    ||                                   |
             +|           (keep-alive)            |
      

                      +------+-----------+----------+
                      |  IP  | TCP       | TSP data |
                      |      | port 3653 |          |
                      +------+-----------+----------+
                      where IP is IPv4 or IPv6
      

                   +------+-----------+------------+----------+
                   | IPv4 | UDP       | TSP header | TSP data |
                   |      | port 3653 |            |          |
                   +------+-----------+------------+----------+
      

                   +------+-----------+--------+
                   | IPv4 | UDP       |  IPv6  |
                   | hdr. | port 3653 |        |
                   +------+-----------+--------+
      

                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     | e | a |  len  | 0 |lt |gt |eq |
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     | e | a |  len  | 0 | 0 |not| m |
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                       0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     |   Reserved    |LF |FF |IsF|DF |
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                       40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                     |        reserved       | S | T |
                     +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

   +--------+       +-------+          +-------+       +--------+
   | Router |=======| Radio |{~~~~~~~~}| Radio |=======| Router |
   | Server |       | Client|          | Client|       | Server |
   +--------+       +-------+          +-------+       +--------+

            |       |       |          |       |       |
            |-PPPoE-|       |----RLP---|       |-PPPoE-|
            |                                          |
            |-----------PPP IPCP  (IP Address)---------|
            |                                          |
            |-------------PPP Data Session-------------|
      

   Server                    Client
   ====================================================================
   <------------PADI--------------    Initiate
    ------------PADO-------------->   Offer

   <------------PADR--------------    Credits TLV:
                                      FCN represents the initial
                                      Client credit grant to the
                                      Server in 64-byte units.
                                      BCN is set to 0.

    ------------PADS-------------->   Credits TLV:
                                      FCN represents the initial
                                      Server credit grant to the
                                      Client in 64-byte units.
                                      BCN represents an echo of
                                      initial Client credits.
      

   <------------PADG--------------    Credits TLV: (out-of-band)
                                      FCN represents an incremental
                                      Client credit grant to the
                                      Server, in 64-byte units.
                                      BCN represents the remaining
                                      Server credits that were granted
                                      to the Client, in 64-byte units.

    ------------PADC-------------->   Credits TLV: (out-of-band)
                                      FCN represents an incremental
                                      Server credit grant to the
                                      Client, in 64-byte units.
                                      BCN represents the remaining
                                      Client credits that were granted
                                      to the Server, in 64-byte units.
      

   Server                    Client
   ====================================================================
   <------------PADI--------------    Initiate
    ------------PADO-------------->   Offer

   <------------PADR--------------    Credits TLV:
                                      FCN represents the initial
                                      Client credit grant to the
                                      Server, in Credit Scale Factor
                                      TLV units.
                                      BCN is set to 0.

    ------------PADS-------------->   Credits TLV:
                                      FCN represents the initial
                                      Server credit grant to the
                                      Client, in Credit Scale Factor
                                      TLV units.
                                      BCN represents an echo of the
                                      initial Client credits, in
                                      Credit Scale Factor TLV units.
      

   <------------PADG--------------    Credits TLV: (out-of-band)
                                      FCN represents an incremental
                                      Client credit grant to the Server,
                                      in Credit Scale Factor TLV units.
                                      BCN represents the remaining
                                      Server credits that were granted
                                      to the Client, in Credit Scale
                                      Factor TLV units.

    ------------PADC-------------->   Credits TLV: (out-of-band)
                                      FCN represents an incremental
                                      Server credit grant to the Client,
                                      in Credit Scale Factor TLV units.
                                      BCN represents the remaining
                                      Client credits that were granted
                                      to the Server, in Credit Scale
                                      Factor TLV units.
      

   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
   |  239  |  OLS  | DST2  | DST3  |
   +-------+-------+-------+-------+
      

    +---------+             +---------+                   +---------+
    |         |             | Network |                   |  RADIUS |
    | User    |             | Access  |                   |  Server |
    |         |             | Server  |                   |         |
    +---------+             +---------+                   +---------+
        |                       |                              |
        | Authentication phase  |                              |
        | begin                 |                              |
        |---------------------->|                              |
        |                       |                              |
        |                       | Access-Request               |
        |                       | + Location-Information       |
        |                       | + Location-Data              |
        |                       | + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules|
        |                       | + Operator-Name              |
        |                       |----------------------------->|
        |                       |                              |
        |                       | Access-Accept                |
        |                       |<-----------------------------|
        | Authentication        |                              |
        | Success               |                              |
        |<----------------------|                              |
        |                       |                              |
      

   +---------+             +---------+                       +---------+
   |         |             | Network |                       |  RADIUS |
   | User    |             | Access  |                       |  Server |
   |         |             | Server  |                       |         |
   +---------+             +---------+                       +---------+
       |                       |                                  |
       | Authentication phase  |                                  |
       | begin                 |                                  |
       |---------------------->|                                  |
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Access-Request                   |
       |                       | + Location-Capable               |
       |                       |--------------------------------->|
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Access-Challenge                 |
       |                       |  + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules   |
       |                       |  + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules|
       |                       |  + Requested-Location-Info       |
       |                       |<---------------------------------|
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Access-Request                   |
       |                       |  + Location-Information          |
       |                       |  + Location-Data                 |
       |                       |  + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules   |
       |                       |  + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules|
       |                       |--------------------------------->|
       |                       |                                  |
       :                       :                                  :
       :       Multiple Protocol Exchanges to perform             :
       :    Authentication, Key Exchange, and Authorization       :
       :                  ...continued...                         :
       :                       :                                  :
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Access-Accept                    |
       |                       |<---------------------------------|
       | Authentication        |                                  |
       | Success               |                                  |
       |<----------------------|                                  |
       |                       |                                  |
      

  +---------------+                        +---------------+    +------+
  | Dynamic       |                        | Dynamic       |    |RADIUS|
  | Authorization |                        | Authorization |    |Server|
  | Server/NAS    |                        | Client        |    |      |
  +---------------+                        +---------------+    +------+
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Request                             |              |
      |  + Location-Capable                         |              |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Challenge                           |              |
      |   + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules             |              |
      |   + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |   + Requested-Location-Info                 |              |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Request                             |              |
      |   + Location-Information                    |              |
      |   + Location-Data                           |              |
      |   + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules             |              |
      |   + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|

      |                                             |              |
      |                                             |              |
      :                                             |              :
      :       Multiple Protocol Exchanges to perform               :
      :    Authentication, Key Exchange, and Authorization         :
      :                  ...continued...            |              :
      :                                             |              :
      |                                             |              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Accept                              |              |
      |      + Requested-Location-Info              |              |
               (FUTURE_REQUESTS,...)                |              |
      |      + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |      + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules       |              |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |              |
      :                                             :              :
      :                <<Some time later>>          :              :
      :                                             :              :
      |                                             |              |
      | CoA + Service-Type "Authorize Only" + State |              |
      |<--------------------------------------------|              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  CoA NAK + Service-Type "Authorize Only"    |              |
      |          + State                            |              |
      |          + Error-Cause  "Request Initiated" |              |
      |-------------------------------------------->|              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Request                             |              |
      |          + Service-Type "Authorize Only"    |              |
      |          + State                            |              |
      |          + Location-Information             |              |
      |          + Location-Data                    |              |
      |          + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules      |              |
      |          + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules   |              |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|
      |  Access-Accept                              |              |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |              |
      

  +---------------+                        +---------------+    +------+
  | Dynamic       |                        | Dynamic       |    |RADIUS|
  | Authorization |                        | Authorization |    |Server|
  | Server/NAS    |                        | Client        |    |      |
  +---------------+                        +---------------+    +------+
      |                                             |              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Request                             |              |
      |  + Location-Capable                         |              |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Challenge                           |              |
      |   + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules             |              |
      |   + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |   + Requested-Location-Info                 |              |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Request                             |              |
      |   + Location-Information                    |              |
      |   + Location-Data                           |              |
      |   + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules             |              |
      |   + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |----------------------------------------------------------->|
      |                                             |              |
      |                                             |              |
      :                                             |              :
      :       Multiple Protocol Exchanges to perform               :
      :    Authentication, Key Exchange, and Authorization         :
      :                  ...continued...            |              :
      :                                             |              :
      |                                             |              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  Access-Accept                              |              |
      |      + Requested-Location-Info              |              |
      |      + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |      + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules       |              |
      |<-----------------------------------------------------------|

      |                                             |              |
      :                                             :              :
      :                <<Some time later>>          :              :
      :                                             :              :
      |                                             |              |
      |  CoA                                        |              |
      |      + Requested-Location-Info              |              |
      |      + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules          |              |
      |      + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules       |              |
      |<--------------------------------------------|              |
      |                                             |              |
      |  CoA ACK                                    |              |
      |-------------------------------------------->|              |
      |                                             |              |
      :                                             :              :
      :           <<Further exchanges later>>       :              :
      :                                             :              :
      

   +---------+             +---------+                       +---------+
   |         |             | Network |                       | RADIUS  |
   | User    |             | Access  |                       | Server  |
   |         |             | Server  |                       |         |
   +---------+             +---------+                       +---------+
       |                       |                                  |
       :                       :                                  :
       :          Initial Protocol Interaction                    :
       :          (details omitted)                               :
       :                       :                                  :
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Access-Accept                    |
       |                       |  + Requested-Location-Info       |
       |                       |  + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules   |
       |                       |  + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules|
       |                       |<---------------------------------|
       | Authentication        |                                  |
       | Success               |                                  |
       |<----------------------|                                  |
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Accounting-Request               |
       |                       |  + Location-Information          |
       |                       |  + Location-Data                 |
       |                       |  + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules   |
       |                       |  + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules|
       |                       |--------------------------------->|
       |                       |                                  |
       |                       | Accounting-Response              |
       |                       |<---------------------------------|
       |                       |                                  |
      

    +---------+                        +---------+
    | RADIUS  |                        | RADIUS  |
    | Client  |                        | Server  |
    +---------+                        +---------+
         |                                  |
         |                                  |
         | Access-Request                   |
         | + Location-Capable               |
         |   ('CIVIC_LOCATION',             |
         |    'GEO_LOCATION',               |
         |    'NAS_LOCATION',               |
         |    'USERS_LOCATION')             |
         |--------------------------------->|
         |                                  |
         | Access-Challenge                 |
         | + Requested-Location-Info        |
         |   ('CIVIC_LOCATION',             |
         |    'USERS_LOCATION')             |
         | + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules    |
         | + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules |
         |<---------------------------------|
         |                                  |
         | Access-Request                   |
         | + Location-Information           |
         | + Location-Data                  |
         | + Basic-Location-Policy-Rules    |
         | + Extended-Location-Policy-Rules |
         |--------------------------------->|
         |                                  |
         |        ....                      |
      

                                     +---------------------+
                                     |    AVP Flag rules   |
                                     +----+-----+------+-----+----+
                                     |    |     |SHOULD| MUST|    |
    Attribute Name        Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT  |  NOT|Encr|
   +---------------------------------+----+-----+------+-----+----+
   |Operator-Name         OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Location-Information  OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Location-Data         OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Basic-Location-                  |    |     |      |     |    |
   |   Policy-Rules       OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Extended-Location-               |    |     |      |     |    |
   |   Policy-Rules       OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Requested-                       |    |     |      |     |    |
   |   Location-Info      OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   |Location-Capable      OctetString|    |  P  |      | V,M | Y  |
   +---------------------------------+----+-----+------+-----+----+
      

          /-\        /-\        +-----+                 +-----+
         | S +******* R *********  FG *-----------------+  FG |
          \-/        \-/        |     |*                |     |
                                +--+--+  *              +--+--+
                                   |      *                |
                                   |       *               |
                                   |        *              |
                                   |        *              |
                     /-\        +--+--+     *           +--+--+
                    | R +------>+  FG +-----*-----------+  FG |
                     \-/        |     |     *           |     |
                                +--+--+    *            +--+--+
                                   |      *                |
                                   |     *                 |
                                   |    *                  |
                                   |***                    ^
                                  / \                     / \
                                 /   \                   /   \
                                /     \                 /     \
                               /       \               /       \
                              -----------             -----------
                                tree                     tree
      

   +----------------+  +----------------+  +----------------+
   |Base|Enhancement|--|Base|Enhancement|--|Base|Enhancement| ...
   +----------------+  +----------------+  +----------------+
           N                   N+1                 N+2        : Packet
      

         Session 1:
         +------+  +------+  +------+  +------+
         | Base |--| Base |--| Base |--| Base | ...
         +------+  +------+  +------+  +------+
            N         N+1       N+2       N+3     : Packet

         Session 2:
         +-------------+  +-------------+  +-------------+
         | Enhancement |--| Enhancement |--| Enhancement | ...
         +-------------+  +-------------+  +-------------+
               N                N+1              N+2         : Packet
      

            +------+--------------+-----------------------------+
            |RTP   | ATRAC Header |   ATRAC Frames Section      |
            |Header| Section      | (including redundant data)  |
            +------+--------------+-----------------------------+
            < ---------------- RTP Packet Payload ------------- >
      

       +--------+                            +--------+    +--------+
       | ADMD#1 |                            | ADMD#3 |    | ADMD#4 |
       | ------ |                            | ------ |    | ------ |
       |        |   +----------------------->|        |    |        |
       | User   |   |                        |--Edge--+--->|--User  |
       |  |     |   |                   +--->|        |    |        |
       |  V     |   |                   |    +--------+    +--------+
       | Edge---+---+                   |
       |        |   |    +----------+   |
       +--------+   |    |  ADMD#2  |   |
                    |    |  ------  |   |
                    |    |          |   |
                    +--->|-Transit--+---+
                         |          |
                         +----------+
      

        +---+             +---+             +---+             +---+
        | A |-------------| B |-------------| C |-------------| D |
        +---+             +---+             +---+             +---+
      

   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Mech Attr Name          | Purpose                                 |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | GSS_C_MA_MECH_CONCRETE  | Indicates that a mech is neither a      |
   |                         | pseudo-mechanism nor a composite        |
   |                         | mechanism.                              |
   | GSS_C_MA_MECH_PSEUDO    | Indicates that a mech is a              |
   |                         | pseudo-mechanism.                       |
   | GSS_C_MA_MECH_COMPOSITE | Indicates that a mech is a composite of |
   |                         | other mechanisms.  This is reserved for |
   |                         | a specification of "stackable"          |
   |                         | pseudo-mechanisms.                      |
   | GSS_C_MA_MECH_NEGO      | Indicates that a mech negotiates other  |
   |                         | mechs (e.g., SPNEGO has this            |
   |                         | attribute).                             |
   | GSS_C_MA_MECH_GLUE      | Indicates that the OID is not for a     |
   |                         | mechanism but for the GSS-API itself.   |
   | GSS_C_MA_NOT_MECH       | Indicates that the OID is known, yet it |
   |                         | is also known not to be the OID of any  |
   |                         | GSS-API mechanism (or of the GSS-API    |
   |                         | itself).                                |
   | GSS_C_MA_DEPRECATED     | Indicates that a mech (or its OID) is   |
   |                         | deprecated and MUST NOT be used as a    |
   |                         | default mechanism.                      |
   | GSS_C_MA_NOT_DFLT_MECH  | Indicates that a mech (or its OID) MUST |
   |                         | NOT be used as a default mechanism.     |
   | GSS_C_MA_ITOK_FRAMED    | Indicates that the given mechanism's    |
   |                         | initial context tokens are properly     |
   |                         | framed as per Section 3.1 of [RFC2743]. |
   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_INIT      | Indicates support for authentication of |
   |                         | initiator to acceptor.                  |
   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_TARG      | Indicates support for authentication of |
   |                         | acceptor to initiator.                  |
   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_INIT_INIT | Indicates support for "initial"         |
   |                         | authentication of initiator to          |
   |                         | acceptor.  "Initial authentication"     |
   |                         | refers to the use of passwords, or keys |
   |                         | stored on tokens, for authentication.   |
   |                         | Whether a mechanism supports initial    |
   |                         | authentication may depend on IETF       |
   |                         | consensus (see Security                 |
   |                         | Considerations).                        |
   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_TARG_INIT | Indicates support for initial           |
   |                         | authentication of acceptor to           |
   |                         | initiator.                              |
   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_INIT_ANON | Indicates support for                   |
   |                         | GSS_C_NT_ANONYMOUS as an initiator      |
   |                         | principal name.                         |

   | GSS_C_MA_AUTH_TARG_ANON | Indicates support for                   |
   |                         | GSS_C_NT_ANONYMOUS as a target          |
   |                         | principal name.                         |
   | GSS_C_MA_DELEG_CRED     | Indicates support for credential        |
   |                         | delegation.                             |
   | GSS_C_MA_INTEG_PROT     | Indicates support for per-message       |
   |                         | integrity protection.                   |
   | GSS_C_MA_CONF_PROT      | Indicates support for per-message       |
   |                         | confidentiality protection.             |
   | GSS_C_MA_MIC            | Indicates support for Message Integrity |
   |                         | Code (MIC) tokens.                      |
   | GSS_C_MA_WRAP           | Indicates support for WRAP tokens.      |
   | GSS_C_MA_PROT_READY     | Indicates support for per-message       |
   |                         | protection prior to full context        |
   |                         | establishment.                          |
   | GSS_C_MA_REPLAY_DET     | Indicates support for replay detection. |
   | GSS_C_MA_OOS_DET        | Indicates support for out-of-sequence   |
   |                         | detection.                              |
   | GSS_C_MA_CBINDINGS      | Indicates support for channel bindings. |
   | GSS_C_MA_PFS            | Indicates support for Perfect Forward   |
   |                         | Security.                               |
   | GSS_C_MA_COMPRESS       | Indicates support for compression of    |
   |                         | data inputs to GSS_Wrap().              |
   | GSS_C_MA_CTX_TRANS      | Indicates support for security context  |
   |                         | export/import.                          |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |          INVITE F1 |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |          200 OK F2 |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |            ACK     |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  INVITE (hold)     |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  REFER F3 (Target-Dialog:1)             |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  202 Accepted      |                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  | NOTIFY (100 Trying) F4                  |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |                    |  INVITE F5         |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |                    |  200 OK            |
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |  ACK               |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |  NOTIFY (200 OK) F6|                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  BYE               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |                    |             BYE    |
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |             200 OK |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |         INVITE F1  |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |         200 OK F2  |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |            ACK     |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  INVITE (hold)     |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  REFER F3          |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  202 Accepted      |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  | NOTIFY (100 Trying) F4                  |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |                    |  INVITE F5         |
          dialog2 |                    |------------------->|
                  |                    |  200 OK            |
          dialog2 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |  ACK               |
          dialog2 |                    |------------------->|
                  |  NOTIFY (200 OK) F6|                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  BYE               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |                    |             BYE    |
          dialog2 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |             200 OK |
          dialog2 |                    |------------------->|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
                  |            INVITE  |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |            ACK     |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  INVITE (hold)     |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  REFER (Target-Dialog:1)                |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  202 Accepted      |                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |                    |  INVITE            |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |                    |  486 Busy Here     |
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |  ACK               |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  | NOTIFY (486 Busy Here)                  |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  INVITE (unhold)   |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  BYE               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |            INVITE  |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |            ACK     |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  INVITE (hold)     |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  REFER             |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  202 Accepted      |                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |                    |  INVITE            |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |                    |  180 Ringing       |
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |          (Transferee gets tired of waiting)
                  |                    |  CANCEL            |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |                    |  200 OK (CANCEL)   |
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                 487 Request Cancelled (INVITE)
          dialog3 |                    |<-------------------|
                  |                    |  ACK               |
          dialog3 |                    |------------------->|
                  |    NOTIFY (487 Request Cancelled)       |
          dialog2 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |            200 OK  |                    |
          dialog2 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  INVITE (unhold)   |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
                  |  ACK               |                    |
          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  BYE               |                    |

          dialog1 |------------------->|                    |
                  |  200 OK            |                    |
          dialog1 |<-------------------|                    |
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
          dialog1 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
          dialog1 | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
          dialog2 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
          dialog2 | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
          dialog3 | REFER              |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
          dialog3 | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
          dialog3 | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
          dialog3 |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
          dialog4 |                    |  INVITE/200 OK/ACK |
                  |                    |------------------->|
          dialog3 | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
          dialog3 |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
          dialog1 | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
          dialog4 |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
        dialog1   | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2                 |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
        dialog1   | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
        dialog2   | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F3 F4                 |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
        dialog2   | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
        dialog3   | REFER (Target-Dialog:2,                 |
                  |  Refer-To:sips:Transferee?Replaces=1) F5|
                  |---------------------------------------->|
        dialog3   | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
        dialog3   | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
        dialog3   |                    |            200 OK  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
        dialog4   |         INVITE (Replaces:dialog1)/200 OK/ACK F6
                  |                    |<-------------------|
        dialog1   | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
        dialog3   | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
        dialog3   |                    |            200 OK  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
        dialog2   | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
                  |              (Transferee and target converse)
        dialog4   |                    |  BYE/200 OK        |
                  |                    |------------------->|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2                 |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F3 F4                 |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog3  | REFER (Target-Dialog:1,                 |
                  |  Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget?Replaces=2) F5
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |        INVITE (Replaces:dialog2)/200 OK/ACK F6
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog2  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog3  | REFER (Target-Dialog:1,                 |
                  |    Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget?Replaces=2)
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  | 501 Not Implemented                     |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog4  | REFER (Refer-To:sips:Transferee?Replaces=dialog1)
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog4  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog4  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog4  |                    |            200 OK  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog5  |             INVITE (Replaces:dialog1)/200 OK/ACK
                  |                    |<-------------------|
         dialog4  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog4  |                    |            200 OK  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog2  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog5  |                    |  BYE/200 OK        |
                  |                    |------------------->|
      

          Transferor           Transferee  Screening       Transfer
              |                  |           Proxy         Target
              |                  |             |             |
      dialog1 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK|             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK       |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog2 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2        |             |
              |--------------------------------|------------>|
      dialog2 | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                     |
              |--------------------------------|------------>|
      dialog1 | REFER (Refer-To:sips:TargetAOR               |
              |         ?Replaces=dialog2&Require=replaces) F3
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 | 202 Accepted     |             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (100 Trying)            |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog4 |INVITE (Replaces:dialog2,Require:replaces)/200 OK/ACK F6
              |                  |------------>|------------>|
      dialog2 | BYE/200 OK       |             |             |
              |<-------------------------------|<------------|
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (200 OK) F7             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 | BYE/200 OK       |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog3 |                  |             |  BYE/200 OK |
              |                  |<------------|-------------|
      

          Transferor           Transferee  Screening      Transfer
              |                  |           Proxy         Target
              |                  |             |             |
      dialog1 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK|             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK       |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog2 | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2        |             |
              |--------------------------------|------------>|
      dialog2 | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                     |
              |--------------------------------|------------>|
      dialog1 | REFER (Refer-To:sips:TargetAOR?              |
              |       Replaces=dialog2&Require=replaces) F3  |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 | 202 Accepted     |             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (100 Trying)            |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog3 |                  |INVITE (Replaces:dialog2,  |
              |                  | Require:replaces)/403/ACK |
              |                  |------------>|             |
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (403 Forbidden) F4      |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 |REFER(Refer-To:sips:TargetContact?Replaces=dialog2) F5
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 | 202 Accepted     |             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (100 Trying)            |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog4 |                INVITE (Replaces:dialog2)/200 OK/ACK F6
              |                  |------------>|------------>|
      dialog2 | BYE/200 OK       |             |             |
              |<-------------------------------|<------------|
      dialog1 | NOTIFY (200 OK) F7             |             |
              |<-----------------|             |             |
      dialog1 |          200 OK  |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog1 | BYE/200 OK       |             |             |
              |----------------->|             |             |
      dialog3 |                  |             |  BYE/200 OK |
              |                  |<------------|-------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee            Transfer
                  |                    |                 Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2                 |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE             |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  |                    |       180 Ringing  |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
               Transferor hangs up but wants transfer to continue
                  |                    |                    |
                  | User Agent continues transfer operation |
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog2  |                    |           200 OK   |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  | ACK                |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | Media Played to keep Target from hanging up
                  |========================================>|
         dialog3  | REFER (Target-Dialog:1,                 |
                  |  Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget?Replaces=2)
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |             INVITE (Replaces:dialog2)/200 OK/ACK
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog2  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee            Transfer
                  |                    |                 Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE                                  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | 180 Ringing                             |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
                  |                                         |
                  |  Transferor gives up waiting            |
                  |                                         |
         dialog2  | CANCEL                                  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | 200 OK                                  |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  | 487 Request Terminated                  |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  | ACK                                     |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog3  | REFER (Target-Dialog:1) F3              |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                INVITE/200 OK/ACK        |
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee            Transfer
                  |                    |                 Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE                                  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | 180 Ringing                             |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
                  |                                         |
                  |Transferor gives up waiting but Target answers
                  |                                         |
         dialog2  | CANCEL                                  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | 200 OK (CANCEL)                         |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  | 200 OK (INVITE) F1                      |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  | ACK                                     |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
                  |  Tones or media played avoid silence F2 |
                  |========================================>|
         dialog1  |REFER (Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget      |
                  |                      ?Replaces=dialog2) |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  |         INVITE (Replaces:dialog2)/200 OK/ACK F3
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog2  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog1  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |   OPTIONS/200 OK   |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE (Require:replaces)               |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  |                     420 Bad Extension   |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog2  |    ACK                                  |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog1  | REFER (Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget)    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  |    202 Accepted    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  |                    |  INVITE/200 OK/ACK |
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog1  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  |   OPTIONS/200 OK   |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK  |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | OPTIONS/200 OK     |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  |    BYE/200 OK      |                    |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog3  |REFER (Target-Dialog:1,                  |
                  |          Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget)  |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  |    202 Accepted    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |  INVITE/200 OK/ACK |
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

             Transferor           Transferee             Transfer
                  |                    |                  Target
                  |                    |                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F1 F2                 |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog1  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog2  | INVITE/200 OK/ACK F3 F4                 |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog2  | INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK                |
                  |---------------------------------------->|
         dialog3  | REFER (Target-Dialog:1, Referred-By:Transferor,
                  |  Refer-To:sips:TransferTarget?Replaces=2) F5
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog3  | 202 Accepted       |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (100 Trying)|                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |        INVITE (Replaces:dialog2,        |
                  |         Referred-By:Transferor )/200 OK/ACK F6
                  |                    |------------------->|
         dialog2  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |<----------------------------------------|
         dialog3  | NOTIFY (200 OK)    |                    |
                  |<-------------------|                    |
         dialog3  |            200 OK  |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog1  | BYE/200 OK         |                    |
                  |------------------->|                    |
         dialog4  |                    |         BYE/200 OK |
                  |                    |<-------------------|
      

   Alice                  Bob                 Carol
      |                    |                    |
      | INVITE             |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |   180 Ringing      |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |        ACK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |        RTP         |                    |
      |<==================>|                    |
      |                    |                    |
   Bob places Alice on hold and begins acting like a focus
      |                    |                    |
      | INVITE (hold) Contact:Conf-ID;isfocus   |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |    200 OK          |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |        ACK         |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |                    |                    |
      | Alice subscribes to the conference package
      |                    |                    |
      | SUBSCRIBE sip:Conf-ID                   |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |                    |                    |
      |       Bob begins consultation operation |
      |                    |                    |
      |INVITE Require:replaces Contact:Conf-ID;isfocus
      |                    |------------------->|

      |                    |   180 Ringing      |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |     200 OK         |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |       ACK          |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |        RTP         |
      |                    |<==================>|
      |                    |                    |
      |Carol subscribes to the conference package
      |                - learns Bob is on hold  |
      |                    |                    |
      |                    |SUBSCRIBE sip:Conf-ID
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |      200 OK        |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |      200 OK        |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |                    |
      | Alice learns that Bob is talking to Carol
      |                    |                    |
      | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |                    |  INVITE (hold)     |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |      200 OK        |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |      ACK           |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |                    |
      | Alice learns that Carol is now on hold  |
      |                    |                    |
      | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |                    |                    |
      |           Bob begins transfer operation |
      |                    |                    |
      |     REFER Refer-To: Carol               |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     202 Accepted   |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      | NOTIFY (Refer)     |                    |

      |------------------->|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |  INVITE Replaces:B-C Contact:Alice      |
      |---------------------------------------->|
      |                 200 OK                  |
      |<----------------------------------------|
      |                   ACK                   |
      |---------------------------------------->|
      |                    RTP                  |
      |<=======================================>|
      |                    |       BYE          |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |      200 OK        |
      |                    |------------------->|
      | NOTIFY (Refer)     |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |                    |                    |
      | Bob terminates the ad-hoc conference    |
      |                    |                    |
      |       BYE          |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      |                    | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |
      |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |      200 OK        |
      |                    |<-------------------|
      | NOTIFY (Conf-Info) |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |
      |     200 OK         |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |
      

       Originator   Facilitator   Screener   Recipient
      |            |            |          |
   1  |INVITE/200 OK/ACK        |          |"Get Fred for me!"
      |----------->|            |          |     "Right away!"
   2  |INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK |          |
      |<-----------|            |          |
   2  |            |INVITE/200 OK/ACK      |"I have a call
      |            |----------->|          |from Mary for Fred"
   2  |            |INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK   "Hold please"
      |            |<-----------|          |
   3  |            |            |INVITE/200 OK/ACK
      |            |            |--------->|"You have a call
      |            |            |          |from Mary"
      |            |            |          |  "Put her through"
   3  |            |            |INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK
      |            |            |--------->|
   4  |            |REFER       |          |
      |            |<-----------|          |
   4  |            |202 Accepted|          |
      |            |----------->|          |
   4  |            |NOTIFY (100 Trying)    |
      |            |----------->|          |
   4  |            |200 OK      |          |
      |            |<-----------|          |
   5  |            |INVITE/200 OK/ACK      |
      |            |---------------------->|"This is Fred"
   4  |            |NOTIFY (200 OK)        |  "Please hold for
      |            |----------->|          |              Mary"
   4  |            |200 OK      |          |
      |            |<-----------|          |
   2  |            |BYE/200 OK  |          |
      |            |<-----------|          |
   3  |            |            |BYE/200 OK|
      |            |            |--------->|
   5  |            |INVITE (hold)/200 OK/ACK
      |            |---------------------->|
   6  |REFER       |            |          |
      |<-----------|            |          |
   6  |202 Accepted|            |          |
      |----------->|            |          |
   6  |NOTIFY (100 Trying)      |          |
      |----------->|            |          |
   6  |200 OK      |            |          |
      |<-----------|            |          |
   7  |INVITE/200 OK/ACK        |          |
      |----------------------------------->| "Hey Fred"

   6  |NOTIFY (200 OK)          |          |    "Hello Mary"
      |----------->|            |          |
   6  |200 OK      |            |          |
      |<-----------|            |          |
   1  |BYE/200 OK  |            |          |
      |<-----------|            |          |
   5  |            |BYE/200 OK  |          |
      |            |---------------------->|
   7  |BYE/200 OK  |            |          |
      |<-----------------------------------| "See you later"
      

   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |  SNMP entity                                                      |
   |                                                                   |
   |  +-------------------------------------------------------------+  |
   |  |  SNMP engine (identified by snmpEngineID)                   |  |
   |  |                                                             |  |
   |  |  +------------+                                             |  |
   |  |  | Transport  |                                             |  |
   |  |  | Subsystem  |                                             |  |
   |  |  +------------+                                             |  |
   |  |                                                             |  |
   |  |  +------------+ +------------+ +-----------+ +-----------+  |  |
   |  |  | Dispatcher | | Message    | | Security  | | Access    |  |  |
   |  |  |            | | Processing | | Subsystem | | Control   |  |  |
   |  |  |            | | Subsystem  | |           | | Subsystem |  |  |
   |  |  +------------+ +------------+ +-----------+ +-----------+  |  |
   |  +-------------------------------------------------------------+  |
   |                                                                   |
   |  +-------------------------------------------------------------+  |
   |  |  Application(s)                                             |  |
   |  |                                                             |  |
   |  |  +-------------+  +--------------+  +--------------+        |  |
   |  |  | Command     |  | Notification |  | Proxy        |        |  |
   |  |  | Generator   |  | Receiver     |  | Forwarder    |        |  |
   |  |  +-------------+  +--------------+  +--------------+        |  |
   |  |                                                             |  |
   |  |  +-------------+  +--------------+  +--------------+        |  |
   |  |  | Command     |  | Notification |  | Other        |        |  |
   |  |  | Responder   |  | Originator   |  |              |        |  |
   |  |  +-------------+  +--------------+  +--------------+        |  |
   |  +-------------------------------------------------------------+  |
   |                                                                   |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

   +------------------------------+
   |    Network                   |
   +------------------------------+
      ^       ^              ^
      |       |              |
      v       v              v
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | +--------------------------------------------------+              |
   | |  Transport Subsystem                             |              |
   | | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+       +-------+  |              |
   | | | UDP | | TCP | | SSH | | TLS | . . . | other |  |              |
   | | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+       +-------+  |              |
   | +--------------------------------------------------+              |
   |              ^                                                    |
   |              |                                                    |
   | Dispatcher   v                                                    |
   | +-------------------+ +---------------------+  +----------------+ |
   | | Transport         | | Message Processing  |  | Security       | |
   | | Dispatch          | | Subsystem           |  | Subsystem      | |
   | |                   | |     +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |
   | |                   | |  +->| v1MP       |<--->| | USM        | | |
   | |                   | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |
   | |                   | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |
   | |                   | |  +->| v2cMP      |<--->| | Transport  | | |
   | | Message           | |  |  +------------+  |  | | Security   | | |
   | | Dispatch    <--------->|  +------------+  |  | | Model      | | |
   | |                   | |  +->| v3MP       |<--->| +------------+ | |
   | |                   | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |
   | | PDU Dispatch      | |  |  +------------+  |  | | Other      | | |
   | +-------------------+ |  +->| otherMP    |<--->| | Model(s)   | | |
   |              ^        |     +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |
   |              |        +---------------------+  +----------------+ |
   |              v                                                    |
   |      +-------+-------------------------+---------------+          |
   |      ^                                 ^               ^          |
   |      |                                 |               |          |
   |      v                                 v               v          |
   | +-------------+   +---------+   +--------------+  +-------------+ |
   | |   COMMAND   |   | ACCESS  |   | NOTIFICATION |  |    PROXY    | |
   | |  RESPONDER  |<->| CONTROL |<->|  ORIGINATOR  |  |  FORWARDER  | |
   | | Application |   |         |   | Applications |  | Application | |
   | +-------------+   +---------+   +--------------+  +-------------+ |
   |      ^                                 ^                          |
   |      |                                 |                          |
   |      v                                 v                          |
   | +----------------------------------------------+                  |
   | |             MIB instrumentation              |      SNMP entity |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

           unspecified remote   +--------+   fully specified remote
          +---------------------| CLOSED |---------------------+
          |                     +--------+   send DCCP-Listen  |
          |                                                    |
          v                                                    v
     +--------+                                  timeout  +---------+
     | LISTEN |                           +---+-----------| INVITED |
     +--------+                           |   |           +---------+
          |                               |   |  1st / 2nd  ^  |
          |                 more than 2   |   |  retransm.  |  | receive
          |               retransmissions |   +-------------+  | Request
          |                               |    resend Listen   v
          |                               |               +---------+
          |                               +-------------->| LISTEN1 |
          |                                               +---------+
          |                                                    |
          |  receive Request   +---------+    receive Request* |
          +------------------->| RESPOND |<--------------------+
             send Response     +---------+    send Response
      

    DCCP A                                        DCCP B
    ------               NA      NB               ------
    +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
    |                 |  | |    | |  |                 | State = CLOSED
    | SDP -->         |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = INVITED
    |                 |  | |X---+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen  |
    |(State=REQUEST)  |  | |    | |  |                 |
    |DCCP-Request --> |--+-+----+-+->|                 |
    |(State=PARTOPEN) | <+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response| State = RESPOND
    |DCCP-Ack -->     |--+-+----+-+> |                 |
    |                 |  | |    | |  |                 |
    |                 |  | |    | |  |                 |
    |DCCP-Data -->    |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = OPEN
    +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
      

                DCCP A                           DCCP B
                ------  NA      NB               ------
                +----+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
                |    |  | |    | |  |                 | State = CLOSED
                | -->|--+-+----+-+--|--> SDP          |
                |    |  | |    | |  |                 | State = INVITED
                |    |  | |    | |  |                 |
                |    |  | |X---+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen  | Timer Starts
                |    |  | |    | |  |                 |      |
   DCCP-Request | -->|--->+--X | |  |   (dropped)     |      |
   Timer Starts |    |  | |    | |  |                 |      |
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 | 1st Timer Expiry
         |      |    |<-+-+----+++--|<-- DCCP-Listen  |
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 | Timer Starts
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 |       |
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 | 2nd Timer Expiry
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 |
         |      |    |<-+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen  | Timer Starts
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 |       |
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 | 3rd Timer Expiry
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 |
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 | State = LISTEN1
         |      ~    ~  ~ ~    ~ ~  ~                 ~
         |      |    |  | |    | |  |                 |
   Timer Expiry | -->|--+-+----+-+--|--> DCCP-Request |
                |    |  | |    | |  |                 | State = RESPOND
                | <--|--+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
                +----+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
      

   DCCP A                                         DCCP B
   ------               NA      NB               ------
   +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
   |                 |  | |    | |  |                 | State = CLOSED
   |SDP              |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = INVITED
   |(State= REQUEST) |  | |    | |  |                 |
   |                 |  | |    | |X-|<-- DCCP-Listen  |
   |DCCP-Request --> |--+-+---X| |  |                 |
   |                 | <+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen  |(retransmit)
   |                 |  | |    | |  |                 |
   |DCCP-Request --> |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = RESPOND
   |  (Triggered)    |  | |    | |  |                 |
   |                 |<-+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
   |(State= PARTOPEN)|  | |    | |  |                 |
   |DCCP-Ack -->     |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = OPEN
   +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
      

   DCCP A                                        DCCP B
   ------                NA     NB              ------
   +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
   |                 |  | |    | |  |                 | State = CLOSED
   |SDP              |--+-+----+-+->|                 | State = INVITED
   |(State = REQUEST)|  | |    | |  |                 |
   |DCCP-Request --> |--+-+-  -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen  |
   |                 |  | | \/ | |  |                 |
   |                 |  | | /\ | |  |                 |
   |                 |<-+-+-  -+-+->|                 |
   |DCCP-Request --> |--+-+-  -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response| State = RESPOND
   |  (Triggered)    |  | | \/ | |  |                 |
   |                 |  | | /\ | |  |                 |
   |                 |<-+-+-  -+-+->|                 |
   |(State= PARTOPEN)|  | |    | |  |                 |
   |DCCP-Ack     --> |--+-+-  -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
   |  (Triggered)    |  | | \/ | |  |                 |
   |                 |  | | /\ | |  |                 |
   |  (Ignored)      |<-+-+-  -+-+->|                 | State = OPEN
   |                 |  | |    | |  |                 |
   +-----------------+  +-+    +-+  +-----------------+
      

                                         +--------+
                      ++================>|  User  |
                      ||                 +--------+
                      ||                      ^
          +--------+  ||          +--------+  .
          |  User  +==++=========>|  User  |  .
          +---+----+  ||          +--------+  .
              .       ||               ^      .
              .       ||   +--------+  .      .
              .       ++==>|  User  |  .      .
              .            +--------+  .      .
              .                 ^      .      .
              .                 .      .      .
              V                 .      .      .
          +---+-----------------+------+------+---+
          |   .                 .      .      .   |
          |   .................>.      .      .   |
          |   .                        .      .   |
          |   ........................>.      .   |
          |   .                               .   |
          |   ...............................>.   |
          |                                       |
          |     Message Handling Service (MHS)    |
          +---------------------------------------+
      

           ++==========++
           ||  Author  ||<..................................<..
           ++=++=++=++=++                                     .
              || || ||     ++===========++                    .
              || || ++====>|| Recipient ||                    .
              || ||        ++=====+=====++                    .
              || ||               .                           .
              || ||               ..........................>.+
              || ||                                           .
              || ||               ...................         .
              || ||               .                 .         .
              || ||               V                 .         .
              || ||         +-----------+    ++=====+=====++  .
              || ++========>| Mediator  +===>|| Recipient ||  .
              ||            +-----+-----+    ++=====+=====++  .
              ||                  .                 .         .
              ||                  ..................+.......>.+
              ||                                              .
              ||    ..............+..................         .
              ||    .             .                 .         .
              \/    V             V                 '         .
           +-----------+    +-----------+    ++=====+=====++  .
           | Mediator  +===>| Mediator  +===>|| Recipient ||  .
           +-----+-----+    +-----+-----+    ++=====+=====++  .
                 .                .                 .         .
                 .................+.................+.......>..
      

           ++==========++                        ++===========++
           ||  Author  ||                        || Recipient ||
           ++====++====++   +--------+           ++===========++
                 ||         | Return |                  /\
                 ||         +-+------+                  ||
                 \/           .    ^                    ||
             +---------+      .    .                +---++---+
             |         |      .    .                |        |
          /--+---------+----------------------------+--------+----\
          |  |         |      .    .      MHS       |        |    |
          |  | Origin  +<......    .................+  Recv  |    |
          |  |         |           ^                |        |    |
          |  +---++----+           .                +--------+    |
          |      ||                .                    /\        |
          |      ||  ..............+..................  ||        |
          |      \/  .             .                 .  ||        |
          |  +-------+-+        +--+------+        +-+--++---+    |
          |  |  Relay  +=======>|  Relay  +=======>|  Relay  |    |
          |  +---------+        +----++---+        +---------+    |
          |                          ||                           |
          |                          ||                           |
          |                          \/                           |
          |                     +---------+                       |
          |                    | Gateway +-->...                  |
          |                     +---------+                       |
          \-------------------------------------------------------/
      

         +--------+     +---------+     +-------+     +-----------+
         |  ADMD1 |<===>|  ADMD2  |<===>| ADMD3 |<===>|   ADMD4   |
         |  ----- |     |  -----  |     | ----- |     |   -----   |
         |        |     |         |     |       |     |           |
         | Author |     |         |     |       |     | Recipient |
         |   .    |     |         |     |       |     |     ^     |
         |   V    |     |         |     |       |     |     .     |
         |  Edge..+....>|.Transit.+....>|-Edge..+....>|..Consumer |
         |        |     |         |     |       |     |           |
         +--------+     +---------+     +-------+     +-----------+
      

                     ++========++
                     ||        ||                             +-------+
          ...........++  aMUA  ||<............................+ Disp  |
          .          ||        ||                             +-------+
          .          ++=+==+===++                                 ^
          .  local,imap}|  |{smtp,submission                      .
          .  +-----+    |  |                          +--------+  .
          .  | aMS |<---+  | ........................>| Return |  .
          .  +-----+       | .                        +--------+  .
          .                | .    *****************       ^       .
          .          +-----V-.----*------------+  *       .       .
          .      MSA | +-------+  *   +------+ |  *       .       .
          .          | | aMSA  +-(S)->| hMSA | |  *       .       .
          .          | +-------+  *   +--+---+ |  *       .       .
          V          +------------*------+-----+  *       .       .
    //==========\\                *      V {smtp  *       .       .
    || MESSAGE  ||                *   +------+    *  //===+===\\  .
    ||----------||            MHS *   | MTA  |    *  ||  dsn  ||  .
    || ENVELOPE ||                *   +--+---+    *  \\=======//  .
    ||  smtp    ||                *      V {smtp  *     ^   ^     .
    || CONTENT  ||                *   +------+    *     .   . //==+==\\
    ||  imf     ||                *   | MTA  +....*......   . || mdn ||
    ||  mime    ||                *   +--+---+    *         . \\=====//
    \\==========//                * smtp}| {local *         .     ^
          .           MDA         *      | {lmtp  *         .     .
          .      +----------------+------V-----+  *         .     .
          .      | +----------+   *   +------+ |  *         .     .
          .      | |          |   *   |      | +..*..........     .
          .      | |   rMDA   |<-(D)--+ hMDA | |  *               .
          .      | |          |   *   |      | |<.*........       .
          .      | +-+------+-+   *   +------+ |  *       .       .
          .      +------+---------*------------+  *       .       .
          .  smtp,local}|         *****************       .       .
          .             V                                 .       .
          .          +-----+                         //===+===\\  .
          .          | rMS |                         || sieve ||  .
          .          +--+--+                         \\=======//  .
          .             |{imap,pop,local                  ^       .
          .             V                                 .       .
          .       ++==========++                          .       .
          .       ||          ||                          .       .
          .......>||   rMUA   ++...........................       .
                  ||          ++...................................
                  ++==========++
      

       +---- (edge) LSR-M ---+   +--------- LSR-N ---------+   + LSR-P
       |---+                 |   |                         |   |
       |   |      XC         |   |           XC            |   |
       +   |  A1 (M<-N) +----+   +----+   A2 (M<-P)   +----+   +----+
       |   |     <------|    |   |    |<--------------|    |   |    |
   <-->| N |PWin  inSeg |MPLS|   |MPLS| outSeg  inSeg |MPLS|   |MPLS|
   N S |   | <---X<-----| IF |   | IF |<------X<------| IF |   | IF |
   A E | S |       |    |<-->|   |    |               |<-->|   |    |
   T R |   | --->X----->|    |   |    |------>X------>|    |   |    |
   I V | P |PWout outSeg|    |   |    | inSeg  outSeg |    |   |    |
   V I |   |     ------>|    |   |    |-------------->|    |   |    |
   E C +   |     XC     +----+   +----+      XC       +----+   +----+
     E |---+  B1 (M->N)      |   |        B2 (M->P)        |   |
       |                     |   |                         |   |
       +---------------------+   +-------------------------+   +-----
      

            - - - - - - - - - - -  | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
             Generic      +-------------------+
               PW         | Generic PW MIBS   |  PW-TC-MIB,
              Layer       +-------------------+  PW-MIB
            - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                          +-------------------+
              PSN VC      |   MPLS VC MIBS    |  PW-MPLS-MIB
              Layer       +-------------------+
            - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                          +-------------------+
               PSN        |    MPLS MIBs      |  MPLS-TE-STD-MIB,
              Layer       +-------------------+  MPLS-LSR-STD-MIB
      

              - - - - - - - - - - -  | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
               Generic      +-------------------+
                 PW         | Generic PW MIBS   |  PW-TC-MIB,
                Layer       +-------------------+  PW-STD-MIB
              - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                            +-------------------+
                PSN VC      |   MPLS VC MIBS    |  PW-MPLS-MIB
                Layer       +-------------------+
              - - - - - - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                            +-------------------+
                 PSN        |    MPLS MIBs      |  MPLS-TE-STD-MIB,
                Layer       +-------------------+  MPLS-LSR-STD-MIB
      

                                    +---------------------+
                                    |    AVP Flag rules   |
                                    |----+-----+----+-----|----+
                                    |    |     SHOULD MUST|    |
   Attribute Name        Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT|  NOT|Encr|
   ---------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
   Service-Type                     |    |     |    |     |    |
                         Enumerated | M  |  P  |    |  V  | Y  |
   Framed-Management-Protocol       |    |     |    |     |    |
                         Enumerated | M  |  P  |    |  V  | Y  |
   Management-Transport-Protection  |    |     |    |     |    |
                         Enumerated | M  |  P  |    |  V  | Y  |
   Management-Policy-Id             |    |     |    |     |    |
                         UTF8String | M  |  P  |    |  V  | Y  |
   Management-Privilege-Level       |    |     |    |     |    |
                         Integer    | M  |  P  |    |  V  | Y  |
   ---------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
      

                                         +--------+
              +......................... |RADIUS  |....+
              .                          |Server  |    .
            Shared                       +--------+    .
            User                             |         .
            Credentials             RADIUS   |      Shared
              .                              |      RADIUS
              .                              |      Secret
              .                              |         .
     +-------------+                  +-----------------+
     | Network     |                  | RADIUS Client / |
     | Management  |       SNMP       | SNMP Engine /   |
     | Application |------------------| Network Device  |
     +-------------+       SSH        +-----------------+
      

                     Peer             |EAP            Auth
                     EAP    <---------|------------>  EAP
                    ^ |               |              ^ |
                    | |               | EAP-Message  | |  EAP-Message
       EAP-Message    | |EAP-Message  |                | |
                      | v             |PANA            | v
                     PaC    <---------|------------>  PAA
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - (Re-transmissions)- - - - - - - - - -
   RTX_TIMEOUT &&           Retransmit();              (no change)
   RTX_COUNTER<
   RTX_MAX_NUM
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - (Reach maximum number of transmissions)- - - - - -
   (RTX_TIMEOUT &&          Disconnect();              CLOSED
    RTX_COUNTER>=
    RTX_MAX_NUM) ||
   SESS_TIMEOUT
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - (liveness test initiated by peer)- - - - - -
   Rx:PNR[P]                Tx:PNA[P]();               (no change)
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - (liveness test response) - - - - - - - -
   Rx:PNA[P]                None();                    (no change)
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - -(Catch all event on closed state) - - - - - - - -
   ANY                      None();                    CLOSED
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+-----------
   - - - - - - - - - - (PaC-initiated Handshake) - - - - - - - - -
   AUTH_USER                Tx:PCI[]();                INITIAL
                            RtxTimerStart();
                            SessionTimerReStart
                              (FAILED_SESS_TIMEOUT);
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(PAR-PAN exchange) - - - - - - - -
   Rx:PAR[] &&              RtxTimerStop();            WAIT_EAP_MSG
   !eap_piggyback()         TxEAP();
                            EAP_RespTimerStart();
                            if (NONCE_SENT==Unset) {
                              NONCE_SENT=Set;
                              Tx:PAN[]("Nonce");
                            }
                            else
                              Tx:PAN[]();
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - (Return PAN/PAR from EAP) - - - - - - - - -
   EAP_RESPONSE &&          EAP_RespTimerStop()        WAIT_PAA
   eap_piggyback()          if (NONCE_SENT==Unset) {
                              Tx:PAN[]("EAP-Payload",
                                       "Nonce");
                              NONCE_SENT=Set;
                            }
                            else
                              Tx:PAN[]("EAP-Payload");
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - (EAP Result) - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   EAP_SUCCESS             if (PAR.exist_avp           OPEN
                              ("Key-Id"))
                             Tx:PAN[C]("Key-Id");
                           else
                             Tx:PAN[C]();
                           Authorize();
                           SessionTimerReStart
                             (LIFETIME_SESS_TIMEOUT);
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - (EAP Result) - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   EAP_SUCCESS ||          if (EAP_SUCCESS &&         CLOSED
   EAP_FAILURE               PAR.exist_avp("Key-Id"))
                             Tx:PAN[C]("Key-Id");
                           else
                             Tx:PAN[C]();
                           SessionTimerStop();
                           Disconnect();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - (liveness test initiated by PaC)- - - - - -
   PANA_PING                Tx:PNR[P]();               WAIT_PNA_PING
                            RtxTimerStart();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - - (re-authentication initiated by PaC)- - - - - -
   REAUTH                   NONCE_SENT=Unset;          WAIT_PNA_REAUTH
                            Tx:PNR[A]();
                            RtxTimerStart();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - -(re-authentication initiated by PaC) - - - - -
   Rx:PNA[A]                RtxTimerStop();            WAIT_PAA
                            SessionTimerReStart
                              (FAILED_SESS_TIMEOUT);
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - -(Session termination initiated by PAA) - - - - - -
   Rx:PTR[]                 RtxTimerStop();            CLOSED
                            Tx:PTA[]();
                            SessionTimerStop();
                            Disconnect();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - -(liveness test initiated by PaC) - - - - - - -
   Rx:PNA[P]                RtxTimerStop();            OPEN
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - -(Session termination initiated by PaC) - - - - -
   Rx:PTA[]                 Disconnect();              CLOSED
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
    - - - - - - - - (PCI and PAA initiated PANA) - - - - - - - - -
   (Rx:PCI[] ||             if (OPTIMIZED_INIT ==      INITIAL
    PAC_FOUND)                  Set) {
                              EAP_Restart();
                              SessionTimerReStart
                               (FAILED_SESS_TIMEOUT);
                            }
                            else {
                              if (generate_pana_sa())
                                   Tx:PAR[S]("PRF-Algorithm",
                                      "Integrity-Algorithm");
                              else
                                   Tx:PAR[S]();
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - -(Receiving EAP-Request)- - - - - - - - -
   EAP_REQUEST              if (NONCE_SENT==Unset) {   WAIT_PAN_OR_PAR
                              Tx:PAR[]("Nonce",
                                       "EAP-Payload");
                              NONCE_SENT=Set;
                            }
                            else
                              Tx:PAR[]("EAP-Payload");
                            RtxTimerStart();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - - - -(Receiving EAP-Success/Failure) - - - - -
   EAP_FAILURE              PAR.RESULT_CODE =          WAIT_FAIL_PAN
                              PANA_AUTHENTICATION_
      

   Event/Condition          Action                     Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - (PAN Processing)- - - - - - - - - - -
   Rx:PAN[C]                RtxTimerStop();            OPEN
                            SessionTimerReStart
                              (LIFETIME_SESS_TIMEOUT);
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (PAN Processing)- - - - - - - - - -
      

   Event/Condition          Action                     Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - (re-authentication initiated by PaC) - - - - - -
   Rx:PNR[A]                NONCE_SENT=Unset;          WAIT_EAP_MSG
                            EAP_Restart();
                            Tx:PNA[A]();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - (re-authentication initiated by PAA)- - - - - -
   REAUTH ||                NONCE_SENT=Unset;          WAIT_EAP_MSG
   REAUTH_TIMEOUT           EAP_Restart();
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(PNA processing) - - - - - - - - - -
   Rx:PNA[P]                RtxTimerStop();            OPEN
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - (re-authentication initiated by PaC) - - - - - -
   Rx:PNR[A]                RtxTimerStop();            WAIT_EAP_MSG
                            NONCE_SENT=Unset;
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - (PAR Processing)- - - - - - - - - - -
   Rx:PAR[]                 TxEAP();                   WAIT_EAP_MSG
                            RtxTimerStop();
                            Tx:PAN[]();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - (Pass EAP Response to the EAP authenticator)- - - -
   Rx:PAN[] &&              TxEAP();                   WAIT_EAP_MSG
   PAN.exist_avp            RtxTimerStop();
   ("EAP-Payload")
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - - - (PAN without an EAP response) - - - - - - -
   Rx:PAN[] &&              RtxTimerStop();            WAIT_PAN_OR_PAR
   !PAN.exist_avp
   ("EAP-Payload")
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - - - - - -(EAP retransmission) - - - - - - - - - -
   EAP_REQUEST              RtxTimerStop();            WAIT_PAN_OR_PAR
                            Tx:PAR[]("EAP-Payload");
                            RtxTimerStart();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
   - - - - - - - (EAP authentication timeout or failure)- - - - -
   EAP_FAILURE ||           RtxTimerStop();            CLOSED
   EAP_TIMEOUT ||           SessionTimerStop();
   EAP_DISCARD              Disconnect();
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
      

   Exit Condition           Exit Action                Exit State
   ------------------------+--------------------------+------------
      

   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   | IE                            | Description                       |
   +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
   | informationElementId [scope]  | The Information Element           |
   |                               | identifier of the Information     |
   |                               | Element described by this type    |
   |                               | record.  This Information Element |
   |                               | MUST be defined as a Scope Field. |
   |                               | See the PSAMP Information Model   |
   |                               | [RFC5477] for a definition of     |
   |                               | this field.                       |
   | privateEnterpriseNumber       | The Private Enterprise number of  |
   | [scope]                       | the Information Element described |
   |                               | by this type record.  This        |
   |                               | Information Element MUST be       |
   |                               | defined as a Scope Field.         |
   | informationElementDataType    | The storage type of the specified |
   |                               | Information Element.              |
   | informationElementSemantics   | The semantic type of the          |
   |                               | specified Information Element.    |
   | informationElementUnits       | The units of the specified        |
   |                               | Information Element.  This        |
   |                               | element SHOULD be omitted if the  |
   |                               | Information Element is a unitless |
   |                               | quantity, or a not a quantity or  |
   |                               | counter.                          |
      

             +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
             | * | O | DC| L |N/P| MC| E | * |
             +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+-+-+
      

       ..........................................
       .                                  Area 1.
       .     +                                  .
       .     |                                  .
       .     |  2+---+1                      1+---+
       .  N1 |---|RT1|----+               +---|RT4|----
       .     |   +---+    |\             /    +---+
       .     |            | \           /       .
       .     +            |  \   N3    /        .
       .                  |   \       /         .
       .     +            |    \     /          .
       .     |            |     \   /           .
       .     |  2+---+1   |      \ /            .
       .  N2 |---|RT2|----+-------+             .
       .     |   +---+            |1            .
       .     |                  +---+           .
       .     |                  |RT3|----------------
       .     +                  +---+           .
       .                          |2            .
       .                   +------------+       .
       .                      |1   N4           .
       .                    +---+               .
       .                    |RT5|               .
       .                    +---+               .
       ..........................................
      

   Client                     IMAP Server                   Media Server
     |   FETCH (BODYSTRUCTURE)     |                              |
     |---------------------------->|                              |
     |           OK                |                              |
     |<----------------------------|                              |
     |   GENURLAUTH                |                              |
     |---------------------------->|                              |
     |           OK                |                              |
     |<----------------------------|                              |
     |                             |                              |
     |                          SIP INVITE                        |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                             |                              |
     |                             |          URLFETCH            |
     |                             |<-----------------------------|
     |                             |             OK               |
     |                             |----------------------------->|
     |                             |                              |
     |                          200 OK                            |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                          ACK                               |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                             |                              |
     |                    Stream Message Part (RTP)               |
     |<+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
     |                             |                              |
     |                            BYE                             |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                          200 OK                            |
     |===========================================================>|
      

   Client                     IMAP Server                   Media Server
     |   FETCH (BODYSTRUCTURE)     |                              |
     |---------------------------->|                              |
     |           OK                |                              |
     |<----------------------------|                              |
     |   GENURLAUTH                |                              |
     |---------------------------->|                              |
     |           OK                |                              |
     |<----------------------------|                              |
     |                             |                              |
     |                          SIP INVITE                        |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                             |                              |
     |                          200 OK                            |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                          ACK                               |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                             |                              |
     |                          SIP INFO (playcollect)            |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                             |                              |
     |                          200 OK                            |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                             |                              |
     |                             |          URLFETCH            |
     |                             |<-----------------------------|
     |                             |             OK               |
     |                             |----------------------------->|
     |                             |                              |
     |                    Stream Message Part (RTP)               |
     |<+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
     |                             |                              |
     |                          SIP INFO (e.g., DTMF ff)          |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                          200 OK                            |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                             |                              |
     |                    Continue streaming (RTP)                |
     |<+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
     |                             |                              |
     |                (Streaming Ends or is terminated)           |
     |                             |                              |
     |                     SIP INFO (playcollect response)        |
     |<===========================================================|
     |                            BYE                             |
     |===========================================================>|
     |                           200 OK                           |
     |<===========================================================|
      

   --------------------------------------------------------
   Protocol | Permissible Mode Combinations (Modes bit set)
   --------------------------------------------------------
   Control  |    Unauth.(0)|  Auth. == Encrypted (1,2,3)
   --------------------------------------------------------
            |    Unauth.(0)|         Unauth.  (3)
            -----------------------------------------------
   Test     |              |          Auth.(1)
            -----------------------------------------------
            |              |        Encrypted (2)
   --------------------------------------------------------
      

              ------     -----     ------     ---------
   Stream    |      |   |     |   |      |   |Community|
   Pro-      | IETF |   | IAB |   | IRTF |   |   at    |
   ducers    |      |   |     |   |      |   |  Large  |
              --^---     --^--     ---^--     ----^----
                |          |          |           |
                |          |          |           |             -------
                |          |          |           |            | Indep.|
              --v---    ---v---    ---v--     ----v------      | Stream|
   Stream    |      |   |     |   |      |   |Independent|     | Edi-  |
   Appro-    | IESG |   | IAB |   | IRSG |   |Submission |.....| torial|
   vers      |      |   |     |   |      |   |  Editor   |     | Board |
              ----^-    ---^---   ----^---    ----^------       -------
                  |        |          |           |
                  |        |          |           |             -------
                  |        |          |           |            | RFC   |
    ------      --v--------v----------v-----------v-----       | Series|
   |      |    |                                        |      | Adv.  |
   | IANA | <->|        RFC Production Center           <---.  | Group |
   |      |    |                                        |   |   -------
    ------      -----------------^----------------------    |     |
                                 |                          |     |
                                 |                    ------v-------
                           ------v---------          |              |
                          |                |         |  RFC Series  |
                          |  RFC Publisher |<------->|    Editor    |
                          |                |         |              |
                           ----------------           --------------
      

      +--------+--------+-------...-------+--------+-------
      |11000011| Length |   Drop Count    | More Drop Counts...
      +--------+--------+-------...-------+--------+-------
       Type=195               3 bytes
      

      Sequence
       Numbers: 0         10        20        30        40  44
                |         |         |         |         |   |
                ----------*--------***-*--------*----------*-
      

      0         10        20        30        40  44
      |         |         |         |         |   |
      ----------*--------***-*--------*----------*-
      \________/\_______/\___________/\_________/
          L0       L1         L2          L3
      

       -----    -----                  -----    -----
      | LSR |--| LSR |................| LSR |--| LSR |
      | H1  |  | H2  |                | H3  |  | H4  |
       -----    -----\                /-----    -----
                      \-----    -----/
                      | LSR |--| LSR |
                      | L1  |  | L2  |
                       -----    -----
      

                           -----
                          | PCE |
                           -----
       -----    -----                  -----    -----
      | LSR |--| LSR |................| LSR |--| LSR |
      | H1  |  | H2  |                | H3  |  | H4  |
       -----    -----\                /-----    -----
                      \-----    -----/
                      | LSR |--| LSR |
                      | L1  |  | L2  |
                       -----    -----
      

                                -----
                               | PCE |
                               | Hi  |
                                --+--
                                  |
       -----    -----             |            -----    -----
      | LSR |--| LSR |............|...........| LSR |--| LSR |
      | H1  |  | H2  |            |           | H3  |  | H4  |
       -----    -----\          --+--         /-----    -----
                      \        | PCE |       /
                       \       | Lo  |      /
                        \       -----      /
                         \                /
                          \-----    -----/
                          | LSR |--| LSR |
                          | L1  |  | L2  |
                           -----    -----
      

                                -----
                               | PCE |
                               | Hi  |
                                -----
       -----    -----                          -----    -----
      | LSR |--| LSR |........................| LSR |--| LSR |
      | H1  |  | H2  |                        | H3  |  | H4  |
       -----    -----\          -----         /-----    -----
                      \        | PCE |       /
                       \       | Lo  |      /
                        \       -----      /
                         \                /
                          \-----    -----/
                          | LSR |--| LSR |
                          | L1  |  | L2  |
                           -----    -----
      

         -----      ------
        | PCE |--->| VNTM |
         -----      ------
           ^           :
           :           :
           :           :
           v           V
          -----      -----                  -----      -----
         | LSR |----| LSR |................| LSR |----| LSR |
         | H1  |    | H2  |                | H3  |    | H4  |
          -----      -----\                /-----      -----
                           \-----    -----/
                           | LSR |--| LSR |
                           | L1  |  | L2  |
                            -----    -----
      

         -----
        | PCE |
         -----
           ^
           :
           :
           v
          -----      -----                  -----    -----
         | LSR |----| LSR |................| LSR |--| LSR |
         | H1  |    | H2  |                | H3  |  | H4  |
          -----      -----\                /-----    -----
                           \-----    -----/
                           | LSR |--| LSR |
                           | L1  |  | L2  |
                            -----    -----
      

      ------      -----
     | NMS  |<-->| PCE |
     |      |     -----
     | ---- |
     ||VNTM||
     | ---- |
      ------
       :  :
       :   ---------
       :            :
       V            V
       -----      -----                  -----      -----
      | LSR |----| LSR |................| LSR |----| LSR |
      | H1  |    | H2  |                | H3  |    | H4  |
       -----      -----\                /-----      -----
                        \-----    -----/
                        | LSR |--| LSR |
                        | L1  |  | L2  |
                         -----    -----
      

       -----
      | NMS |
      |     |   -----
       -----   | PCE |
       ^   ^   | Hi  |
       :   :    -----
       :   :    ^
       :   :    :
       :   :    :
       :   v    v
       :   ------    -----                          -----    ------
       :  | LSR  |--| LSR |........................| LSR |--| LSR  |
       :  | H1   |  | H2  |                        | H3  |  | H4   |
       :   ------    -----\                        /-----    ------
       :             ^     \                      /
       :             :      \                    /
       :     --------        \                  /
       v    :                 \                /
       ------      -----       \-----    -----/
      | VNTM |<-->| PCE |      | LSR |--| LSR |
      |      |    | Lo  |      | L1  |  | L2  |
       ------      -----        -----    -----
      

    ------------------------------------------------------
   | Path computation    | Single | Multiple  | Multiple  |
   |      \              | PCE    | PCE with  | PCE w/o   |
   | Path control        |        | inter-PCE | inter-PCE |
   |---------------------+--------------------------------|
   | PCE-VNTM            |  Yes   | Yes       | Yes       |
   | cooperation         |        |           |           |
   |---------------------+--------+-----------+-----------|
   | Higher-layer        |  Yes   | Yes       | Yes       |
   | signaling trigger   |        |           |           |
   |---------------------+--------+-----------+-----------|
   | NMS-VNTM            |  Yes   | Yes       | No        |
   | cooperation         |        |           |           |
   | (integrated flavor) |        |           |           |
   |---------------------+--------+-----------+-----------|
   | NMS-VNTM            |  No*   | No        | Yes       |
   | cooperation         |        |           |           |
   | (separate flavor)   |        |           |           |
    ---------------------+--------+-----------+-----------
      

      +-----------+
      | Registrar |
      | Proxy     |
      +-----+-----+
            |
            |
       +----+--+
       | User  |
       | Agent |
       +-------+
      

       +-------------------+
       | Domain            |
       | Logical Proxy/Reg |
       |                   |
       |+-----+     +-----+|
       ||Host1|     |Host2||
       |+-----+     +-----+|
       +---\------------/--+
            \          /
             \        /
              \      /
               \    /
              +------+
              | User |
              | Agent|
              +------+
      

                +---------+
                |Registrar|
                |Proxy    |
                +---------+
                 /      \
                /        \
               /          \
            +-----+     +-----+
            |Edge1|     |Edge2|
            +-----+     +-----+
               \           /
                \         /
        ----------------------------NAT/FW
                  \     /
                   \   /
                  +------+
                  |User  |
                  |Agent |
                  +------+
      

     [----example.com domain-------------------------]
     Bob         EP1   EP2     Proxy             Config
      |           |     |        |                  |
    1)|SUBSCRIBE->|     |        |                  |
    2)|           |---SUBSCRIBE Event: ua-profile ->|
    3)|           |<--200 OK -----------------------|
    4)|<--200 OK--|     |        |                  |
    5)|           |<--NOTIFY------------------------|
    6)|<--NOTIFY--|     |        |                  |
    7)|---200 OK->|     |        |                  |
    8)|           |---200 OK ---------------------->|
      |           |     |        |                  |
      

     Bob         EP1   EP2     Proxy     Alice
      |           |     |        |         |
    9)|-REGISTER->|     |        |         |
   10)|           |---REGISTER-->|         |
   11)|           |<----200 OK---|         |
   12)|<-200 OK---|     |        |         |
   13)|----REGISTER---->|        |         |
   14)|           |     |--REG-->|         |
   15)|           |     |<-200---|         |
   16)|<----200 OK------|        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
      |  about 120 seconds later...        |
      |           |     |        |         |
   17)|--2CRLF--->|     |        |         |
   18)|<--CRLF----|     |        |         |
   19)|------2CRLF----->|        |         |
   20)|<------CRLF------|        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
      

     Bob         EP1   EP2     Proxy     Alice
      |           |     |        |         |
      |    CRASH  X     |        |         |
      |        Reboot   |        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
   21)|           |     |        |<-INVITE-|
   22)|           |<---INVITE----|         |
   23)|           |----430------>|         |
   24)|           |     |<-INVITE|         |
   25)|<---INVITE-------|        |         |
   26)|----200 OK------>|        |         |
   27)|           |     |200 OK->|         |
   28)|           |     |        |-200 OK->|
   29)|           |     |<----------ACK----|
   30)|<---ACK----------|        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
   31)|           |     |<----------BYE----|
   32)|<---BYE----------|        |         |
   33)|----200 OK------>|        |         |
   34)|           |     |--------200 OK--->|
      |           |     |        |         |
      

     Bob         EP1   EP2     Proxy     Alice
      |           |     |        |         |
   35)|------2CRLF----->|        |         |
   36)|<------CRLF------|        |         |
   37)|--2CRLF->X |     |        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
   38)|-REGISTER->|     |        |         |
   39)|           |---REGISTER-->|         |
   40)|           |<----200 OK---|         |
   41)|<-200 OK---|     |        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
      

     Bob         EP1   EP2     Proxy     Alice
      |           |     |        |         |
   42)|--INVITE-->|     |        |         |
   43)|           |---INVITE---->|         |
   44)|           |     |        |-INVITE->|
   45)|           |     |        |<--200---|
   46)|           |<----200 OK---|         |
   47)|<-200 OK---|     |        |         |
   48)|--ACK----->|     |        |         |
   49)|           |-----ACK--------------->|
      |           |     |        |         |
   50)|-- BYE---->|     |        |         |
   51)|           |-----------BYE--------->|
   52)|           |<----------200 OK-------|
   53)|<--200 OK--|     |        |         |
      |           |     |        |         |
      

       Caller                 Proxy                Callee
       |                     |(1) REGISTER         |
       |                     |<--------------------|
       |                     |(2) 200 OK           |
       |                     |-------------------->|
       |(3) INVITE           |                     |
       |-------------------->|                     |
       |                     |(4) INVITE           |
       |                     |-------------------->|
       |                     |(5) 200 OK           |
       |                     |<--------------------|
       |(6) 200 OK           |                     |
       |<--------------------|                     |
       |(7) ACK              |                     |
       |-------------------->|                     |
       |                     |(8) ACK              |
       |                     |-------------------->|
       |(9) SUBSCRIBE        |                     |
       |-------------------->|                     |
       |                     |(10) SUBSCRIBE       |
       |                     |-------------------->|
       |                     |(11) 200 OK          |
       |                     |<--------------------|
       |(12) 200 OK          |                     |
       |<--------------------|                     |
       |                     |(13) NOTIFY          |
       |                     |<--------------------|
       |(14) NOTIFY          |                     |
       |<--------------------|                     |
       |(15) 200 OK          |                     |
       |-------------------->|                     |
       |                     |(16) 200 OK          |
       |                     |-------------------->|
       |                     |                     |Crashes,
       |                     |(17) REGISTER        | Reboots
       |                     |<--------------------|
       |                     |(18) 200 OK          |
       |                     |-------------------->|
      

         +---+            +---+            +---+             +---+
         |   |            |   |            |   |             |   |
         |   |            | U |            | U |             | A |
         |   |   Input    | s |   Input    | s |   Results   | p |
         |   | ---------> | e | ---------> | e | ----------> | p |
         | U |            | r |            | r |             | l |
         | s |            |   |            |   |             | i |
         | e |            | D |            | I |             | c |
         | r |   Output   | e |   Output   | f |   Update    | a |
         |   | <--------- | v | <--------- | a | <.......... | t |
         |   |            | i |            | c |             | i |
         |   |            | c |            | e |             | o |
         |   |            | e |            |   |             | n |
         |   |            |   |            |   |             |   |
         +---+            +---+            +---+             +---+
      

                    +-------------+
                /---| Application |
               /    +-------------+
              /
       SUB/  / REFER/
       NOT  /  HTTP
           /
      +--------+    SIP (INVITE)    +-----+
      |   UI   A--------------------X     |
      |........|                    | SIP |
      |  User  |        RTP         | UA  |
      | Device B--------------------Y     |
      +--------+                    +-----+
      

      +--------+    SIP (INVITE)    +-----+
      |  User  A--------------------X SIP |
      | Device |        RTP         | UA  |
      |........B--------------------Y     |
      |        |    SUB/NOT         | App)|
      |  UI    A'-------------------X'    |
      +--------+    REFER/HTTP      +-----+
      

                                               +-------------+
                                           /---| Application |
                                          /    +-------------+
                                         /
                                   SUB/ /  REFER/
                                   NOT /   HTTP
                                      /
      +-----+        SIP         +---M----+        SIP         +-----+
      |     V--------------------C        A--------------------X     |
      | SIP |                    |   UI   |                    | SIP |
      | UAa |        RTP         |        |        RTP         | UAb |
      |     W--------------------D        B--------------------Y     |
      +-----+                    +--------+                    +-----+
       User                         User
       Device                      Device
                                   Proxy
      

             A                  Recording App                  B
             |(1) INVITE              |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |                        |(2) INVITE              |
             |                        |----------------------->|
             |                        |(3) 200 OK              |
             |                        |<-----------------------|
             |(4) 200 OK              |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
             |(5) ACK                 |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |                        |(6) ACK                 |
             |                        |----------------------->|
             |(7) REFER               |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
             |(8) 200 OK              |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |(9) NOTIFY              |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |(10) 200 OK             |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
             |(11) HTTP GET           |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |(12) 200 OK             |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
             |(13) NOTIFY             |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |(14) 200 OK             |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
             |(15) HTTP POST          |                        |
             |----------------------->|                        |
             |(16) 200 OK             |                        |
             |<-----------------------|                        |
      

        ..........................         ...........................
        .                        .         .                         .
        .              +-------+ .         . +-------+               .
        .              |       | .         . |       |               .
        .              | Proxy |-----TLS---- | Proxy |               .
        .              |   A   | .         . |  B    |               .
        .              |       | .         . |       |               .
        .            / +-------+ .         . +-------+ \             .
        .           /            .         .            \            .
        .          /             .         .             \           .
        .        TLS             .         .        Policy-based     .
        .        /               .         .               \         .
        .       /                .         .                \        .
        .      /                 .         .                 \       .
        .   +-------+            .         .              +-------+  .
        .   |       |            .         .              |       |  .
        .   | UAC a |            .         .              | UAS b |  .
        .   |       |            .         .              |       |  .
        .   +-------+            .         .              +-------+  .
        .             Domain A   .         .   Domain B              .
        ..........................         ...........................
      

        ..........................         ...........................
        .                        .         .                         .
        .              +-------+ .         . +-------+               .
        .              |       | .         . |       |               .
        .              | Proxy |-----TLS---- | Proxy |               .
        .              |   A   | .         . |  B    |               .
        .              |       | .         . |       |               .
        .            / +-------+ .         . +-------+ \             .
        .           /            .         .            \            .
        .          /             .         .             \           .
        .        TLS             .         .             TLS         .
        .        /               .         .               \         .
        .       /                .         .                \        .
        .      /                 .         .                 \       .
        .   +-------+            .         .              +-------+  .
        .   |       |            .         .              |       |  .
        .   | UAC a |            .         .              | UAS b |  .
        .   |       |            .         .              |       |  .
        .   +-------+            .         .              +-------+  .
        .             Domain A   .         .   Domain B              .
        ..........................         ...........................
      

                         example.com       .      example.net
                                           .
                       |-------------|     .    |------------|
                       | Registrar/  |__________|  Proxy  A  |
                       | Auth. Proxy |     .    |  (proxya)  |
                       |    (pb)     |     .    |------------|
                       |-------------|     .          |
                             |             .          |
                             |             .          |
                       |-----------|       .          |
                       |   Edge    |       .          |
                       |  Proxy B  |       .          |
                       |   (eb)    |       .          |
                       |-----------|       .          |
                        /        |         .          |
                       /         |         .          |
                      /          |         .          |
               ______            |         .          |
              |      |         _____       .        _____
              |______|        O / \ O      .       O / \ O
             /_______/         /___\       .        /___\
                                           .
             bob@bobpc      bob@bobphone   .         alice
      

                                    (eb)           (pb)
                                    Edge        Registrar/
                Bob@bobpc          Proxy B     Auth. Proxy B
                 |                   |               |
                 |    REGISTER F1    |               |
                 |------------------>|  REGISTER F2  |
                 |                   |-------------->|
                 |                   |    200 F3     |
                 |      200 F4       |<--------------|
                 |<------------------|               |
                 |                   |               |
                 |   Bob@bobphone    |               |
                 |      |            |               |
                 |      |REGISTER F5 |               |
                 |      |----------->|  REGISTER F6  |
                 |      |            |-------------->|
                 |      |            |    200 F7     |
                 |      |   200 F8   |<--------------|
                 |      |<-----------|               |
                 |      |            |               |
      

                           (eb)         (pb)
                           Edge      Registrar/
       Bob@bobpc          Proxy B   Auth. Proxy B   Proxy A     Alice
        |                   |            |            |            |
        |                   |            |            | INVITE F9  |
        |   Bob@bobphone    |            | INVITE F11 |<-----------|
        |      |            | INVITE F13 |<-----------|   100 F10  |
        |      | INVITE F15 |<-----------|   100 F12  |----------->|
        |      |<-----------|   100 F14  |----------->|            |
        |      |   180 F16  |----------->|            |            |
        |      |----------->|   180 F17  |            |            |
        |      |   200 F20  |----------->|   180 F18  |            |
        |      |----------->|   200 F21  |----------->|   180 F19  |
        |      |            |----------->|   200 F22  |----------->|
        |      |            |            |----------->|   200 F23  |
        |      |            |            |            |----------->|
        |      |            |            |            |   ACK F24  |
        |      |            |            |   ACK F25  |<-----------|
        |      |            |   ACK F26  |<-----------|            |
        |      |   ACK F27  |<-----------|            |            |
        |      |<-----------|            |            |            |
        |      |            |            |            |            |
      

                           (eb)         (pb)
                           Edge      Registrar/
       Bob@bobpc          Proxy B   Auth. Proxy B   Proxy A     Alice
        |                   |            |            |            |
        |                   |            |            | INVITE F9  |
        |                   |            | INVITE F11 |<-----------|
        |                   | INVITE F13'|<-----------|   100 F10  |
        |    INVITE F15'    |<-----------|   100 F12  |----------->|
        |<------------------|   100 F14' |----------->|            |
        |     180 F16'      |----------->|            |            |
        |------------------>|   180 F17' |            |            |
        |                   |----------->|  180 F18'  |            |
        |   Bob@bobphone    |            |----------->|   180 F19' |
        |      |            | INVITE F13 |            |----------->|
        |      | INVITE F15 |<-----------|            |            |
        |      |<-----------|   100 F14  |            |            |
        |      |   180 F16  |----------->|            |            |
        |      |----------->|   180 F17  |            |            |
        |      |   200 F20  |----------->|   180 F18  |            |
        |      |----------->|   200 F21  |----------->|   180 F19  |
        |      |            |----------->|   200 F22  |----------->|
        |      |            |            |----------->|   200 F23  |
        |      |            |            |            |----------->|
        |      |            |            |            |   ACK F24  |
        |      |            |            |   ACK F25  |<-----------|
        |      |            |   ACK F26  |<-----------|            |
        |      |   ACK F27  |<-----------|            |            |
        |      |<-----------|            |            |            |
        |                   | CANCEL F26'|            |            |
        |    CANCEL F27'    |<-----------|            |            |
        |<------------------|            |            |            |
        |     200 F28'      |            |            |            |
        |------------------>|   200 F29' |            |            |
        |     487 F30'      |----------->|            |            |
        |------------------>|   487 F31' |            |            |
        |                   |----------->|            |            |
      

           Device                       DA                      MN
             |(1) SrvReg                |                       |
             |------------------------->|                       |
             |(2) SrvRply               |                       |
             |<-------------------------|                       |
             |                          |                       |
             |                          |                       |
             |                          |(3) SrvRqst            |
             |                          |<----------------------|
             |                          |(4) SrvRply  URL list  |
             |                          |---------------------->|
             |                          |(5) AttrRqst URL1      |
             |                          |<----------------------|
             |                          |(6) AttrRply           |
             |                          |---------------------->|
             |                          |     ...               |
             |                          |                       |
      

         local device                MN                        CN
           |(1) INVITE no sdp        |                         |
           |<------------------------|                         |
           |(2) 200 OK local params  |                         |
           |------------------------>|                         |
           |                         |(3) INVITE local params  |
           |                         |------------------------>|
           |    RTP                  |                         |
           |<..................................................|
           |                         |(4) 200 OK CN params     |
           |                         |<------------------------|
           |                         |(5) ACK                  |
           |                         |------------------------>|
           |(6) ACK CN params        |                         |
           |<------------------------|        RTP              |
           |..................................................>|
           |                         |                         |
           |                         |                         |
      

  video_dev          audio_dev                MN                      CN
     |                   |(1) INVITE no sdp   |                       |
     |                   |<-------------------|   RTP Audio           |
     |                   |(2) 200  params     |                       |
     |                   |------------------->|                       |
     |                   |(3) INVITE no sdp   |                       |
     |<---------------------------------------|                       |
     |                   |(4) 200    params   |                       |
     |--------------------------------------->|                       |
     |                   |                    |(5) INVITE  a/v  params|
     |                   |                    |---------------------->|
     |                   |         RTP Audio  |                       |
     |   RTP Video       |<...........................................|
     |<...............................................................|
     |                   |                    |(6) 200 OK             |
     |                   |                    |<----------------------|
     |                   |                    |(7) ACK                |
     |                   |                    |---------------------->|
     |                   |(8) ACK CN audio    |                       |
     |                   |<-------------------|   RTP Audio           |
     |                   |...........................................>|
     |                   |(9) ACK CN video    |                       |
     |<---------------------------------------|   RTP Video           |
     |...............................................................>|
     |                   |                    |                       |
     |                   |                    |                       |
      

         device15                        MN                    CN
           |(1) REFER                    |                     |
           |<----------------------------|                     |
           |(2) 202 Accepted             |                     |
           |---------------------------->|                     |
           |(3) INVITE, Replaces         |                     |
           |-------------------------------------------------->|
           |           RTP                                     |
           |<..................................................|
           |(4) 200 OK                   |                     |
           |<--------------------------------------------------|
           |           RTP                                     |
           |..................................................>|
           |(5) ACK                      |                     |
           |-------------------------------------------------->|
           |                             |(6) BYE              |
           |                             |<--------------------|
           |                             |(7) 200 OK           |
           |                             |-------------------->|
           |(8) NOTIFY                   |                     |
           |---------------------------->|                     |
           |(9) 200 OK                   |                     |
           |<----------------------------|                     |
           |                             |                     |
           |                             |                     |
      

        device15                          MN                    CN
            |(1) REFER                    |                     |
            |<----------------------------|                     |
            |(2) 202 Accepted             |                     |
            |---------------------------->|                     |
            |(3) REFER                    |                     |
            |---------------------------->|                     |
            |(4) 202 Accepted             |                     |
            |<----------------------------|                     |
            |                             |(5) INVITE, Replaces |
            |                             |-------------------->|
            |                             |   RTP               |
            |                             |<....................|
            |                             |(6) 200 OK           |
            |                             |<--------------------|
            |                             |   RTP               |
            |                             |....................>|
            |                             |(7) ACK              |
            |                             |-------------------->|
            |           (8) BYE           |                     |
            |<--------------------------------------------------|
            |           (9) 200 OK        |                     |
            |-------------------------------------------------->|
            |                             |                     |
            |                             |                     |
      

   video                  audio                   MN           CN
     |                      |(1) REFER            |            |
     |                      |<--------------------|            |
     |                      |(2) 202 Trying       |            |
     | (3) INVITE no sdp    |-------------------->|            |
     |<---------------------|                     |            |
     | (4) 200 OK    SDP    |                     |            |
     |--------------------->|                     |            |
     |                      |(5) INVITE a/v SDP, Replaces      |
     |                      |--------------------------------->|
     |                      |         RTP Audio                |
     |                      |<.................................|
     |                      |               RTP Video          |
     |<........................................................|
     |                      |(6) 200 OK CN SDP                 |
     |                      |<---------------------------------|
     |                      |                RTP Audio         |
     | (7) ACK CN Video SDP |.................................>|
     |<---------------------|                     |            |
     | RTP Video            |                     |            |
     |........................................................>|
     |                      |(8) ACK              |            |
     |                      |--------------------------------->|
     |                      |                     |(9) BYE     |
     |                      |                     |<-----------|
     |                      |                     |(10) 200 OK |
     |                      |                     |----------->|
     |                      |                     |            |
     |                      |                     |            |
      

  AN       Transcoder                      MN                      CN
(codec A)                                                      (codec B)
   |           |(1) INVITE no sdp           |                       |
   |<---------------------------------------|                       |
   |           |(2) 200 AN params           |                       |
   |--------------------------------------->|                       |
   |           |                            |(3) INVITE no sdp      |
   |           |                            |---------------------->|
   |           |                            |(4) 200 OK CN params   |
   |           |                            |<----------------------|
   |           |(5) INVITE AN, CN params    |                       |
   |           |<---------------------------|                       |
   |           |(6) 200 OK TA, TB params    |                       |
   |           |--------------------------->|                       |
   |           |(7) ACK                     |                       |
   |           |<---------------------------|                       |
   |           |(8) ACK TA params           |                       |
   |<---------------------------------------|                       |
   |   RTP     |                            |                       |
   |..........>|          RTP               |                       |
   |           |...................................................>|
   |           |                            | (9) ACK TB params     |
   |           |                            |---------------------->|
   |           |                            |  RTP                  |
   |   RTP     |<...................................................|
   |<..........|                            |                       |
   |           |                            |                       |
      

                                     1     +---------------+
                                +<-------->|    Blind      |
                                |    2     |    Issuer (BI)|
                                |          +---------------+
         +-------+              |                   ^
         | user  |<------------>|                 4 | 5
         +-------+              |                   v
                                |    3     +----------------+
                                +--------->|                |
                                |          |    Anonymity   |
                                |          |   Issuer (AI)  |
                                +<-------- |                |
                                     6     +----------------+
      

                                     C    +---------------+
                               +<-------->|    Blind      |
                               |     D    |    Issuer (BI)|
                               |          +---------------+
        +---------+            |
        | Relying |<---------->|
        | Party   |            |
        +---------+            |
                               |    A     +----------------+
                               +<-------->|    Anonymity   |
                                    B     |   Issuer (AI)  |
                                          +----------------+
      

                                           ServerHello
                                           Certificate
                            <--------      ServerHelloDone
      ClientKeyExchange
      [ChangeCipherSpec]
                Finished    -------->
                                           [ChangeCipherSpec]
                            <---------        Finished
             TAC Message    <--------->     TAC Message
      

            ClientHello     -------->
                                           ServerHello
             Certificate
      CertificateRequest
                            <--------      ServerHelloDone
      Certificate
      ClientKeyExchange
      CertificateVerify
      [ChangeCipherSpec]
                Finished        -------->
                                             [ChangeCipherSpec]
                               <---------        Finished
             TAC Message       <--------->     TAC Message
      

         ClientHello     -------->
                                        ServerHello
          Certificate
   CertificateRequest
                         <--------      ServerHelloDone
   Certificate
   ClientKeyExchange
   CertificateVerify
   [ChangeCipherSpec]
             Finished        -------->
                                          [ChangeCipherSpec]
                            <---------        Finished
          TAC Message       <--------->     TAC Message
      

    Fault Here
         |
         |
         |   +----------------------+         +----------------------+
         | Rx|         LCCE         |Egress   |       Peer LCCE      |
       --X-->|                      |-------->|                      |
             |             L2TPv3   |  [PSN]  |   L2TPv3             |
           Tx| Circuit   Pseudowire |Ingress  | Pseudowire   Circuit |
       <-----|                      |<--------|                      |
             +----------------------+         +----------------------+
      

             +----------------------+         +----------------------+
           Rx|         LCCE         |Egress   |       Peer LCCE      |
       ----->|                      |-------->|                      |
             |             L2TPv3   |  [PSN]  |   L2TPv3             |
           Tx| Circuit   Pseudowire |Ingress  | Pseudowire   Circuit |
       <--X--|                      |<--------|                      |
          |  +----------------------+         +----------------------+
          |
          |
     Fault Here
      

             +----------------------+         +----------------------+
           Rx|         LCCE         |Egress   |       Peer LCCE      |
       ----->|                      |-------->|                      |
             |             L2TPv3   |  [PSN]  |   L2TPv3             |
           Tx| Circuit   Pseudowire |Ingress  | Pseudowire   Circuit |
       <-----|                      |<---X----|                      |
             +----------------------+    |    +----------------------+
                                         |
                                         |
                                    Fault Here
      

                                      Fault Here
                                           |
                                           |
             +----------------------+      |  +----------------------+
           Rx|         LCCE         |Egress|  |       Peer LCCE      |
       ----->|                      |------X->|                      |
             |             L2TPv3   |  [PSN]  |   L2TPv3             |
           Tx| Circuit   Pseudowire |Ingress  | Pseudowire   Circuit |
       <-----|                      |<--------|                      |
             +----------------------+         +----------------------+
      

                                      Standby
                                        |
                                        |
             +----------------------+   |     +----------------------+
           Rx|         LCCE         |Egress   |       Peer LCCE      |
       ----->|                      |---X---->|                      |
             |             L2TPv3   |  [PSN]  |   L2TPv3             |
           Tx| Circuit   Pseudowire |Ingress  | Pseudowire   Circuit |
       <-----|                      |<--X-----|                      |
             +----------------------+   |     +----------------------+
                                        |
                                        |
                                      Standby
      

                         Src                   Dst
                         `.          ,-.
                           `.      ,'   `...... 1
                             `.   ;       :
                               `. ;       :
                                 ;         :... 2
                                 |         |
                                 :         ;
                                  :       ;.... 3
                                  :       ;
                                   `.   ,'
                                     `-'....... I
      

                 points of        singleton
                 interest           /       samples(time)
                  ,----.    ^      /
                 /   R1.....|  / R1dT1   R1dT2   R1dT3 ... R3dTk \
                /         \ | |                                   |
               ;  R2........| |  R2dT1   R2dT2   R2dT3 ... R3dTk  |
          Src  |           || |                                   |
               |      R3....| |  R3dT1   R3dT2   R3dT3 ... R3dTk  |
               |           || |                                   |
               :           ;| |                                   |
                \         / | |                                   |
                 \  Rn......|  \ RndT1   RndT2   RndT3 ... RndTk /
                  `-----'   +-------------------------------------> time
      

            Receivers
             Space
               ^
             1 |    / R1dT1   R1dT2     R1dT3 ... R1dTk \
               |   |                                     |
             2 |   |  R2dT1   R2dT2     R2dT3 ... R2dTk  |
               |   |                                     |
             3 |   |  R3dT1   R3dT2     R3dT3 ... R3dTk  |
             . |   |                                     |
             . |   |                                     |
             . |   |                                     |
             n |    \ RndT1   RndT2     RndT3 ... RndTk /
               +--------------------------------------------> time
              T0
      

                                  K
                                 ---
                                 \
                                  >   Ln(k)
                                 /
                                 ---
                                 k=1
            RnCLR =  -----------------------------
                              /    K         \
                              |   ---        |
                              |   \          |
                      K - Min |    >   Ln(k) |
                              |   /          |
                              |   ---        |
                              \   k=1        / N
      

                       +----+
                       | CN |
                       +--+-+
                          |
                      +---+------+          +----+
               +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
               |      +----+---+-+          +--+-+
           CoA2|           |   |               |   Home Link
            +--+--+        |   |         ------+------
            |  MN +--------+   |
            +--+--+ CoA1       |
           CoA3|               |
               +---------------+
      

                       +----+
                       | CN |
                       +--+-+
                          |
                      +---+------+          +----+
               +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
               |      +----+-----+          +--+-+
           CoA2|           |                   |   Home Link
            +--+--+        |             --+---+------
            |  MN +--------+               |
            +--+--+ CoA1                   |
               |                           |
               +---------------------------+
      

      Topology-a)
                       +----+
                       | CN |
                       +--+-+
                          |
                      +---+------+          +----+
               +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
               |      +----+-----+          +--+-+
           CoA2|           |                   |   Home Link
            +--+--+        |             --+---+------
            |  MN +--------+               |
            +--+--+ CoA1                   |
               |                           |
               +---------------------------+

      Topology-b)
                       +----+
                       | CN |
                       +--+-+
                          |
                      +---+------+    Router    +----+
               +------+ Internet |-------R      | HA |
               |      +----+-----+       |      +--+-+
           CoA2|           |             |         |   Home Link
            +--+--+        |           --+-+-------+------
            |  MN +--------+               |
            +--+--+ CoA1                   |
               |                           |
               +---------------------------+
      

       +-------+                                           +-------+
       |       |<---------------------1------------------->|       |
       | atuc  |<---------------------2------------------->|  atur |
       |  or   |<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|   or  |
       | vtuc  |<---------------------3------------------->|  vtuc |
       |       |<---------------------4------------------->|       |
       +-------+                                           +-------+
      

                        2                                       3
        6   7   8   9   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   0   1
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |SCT|SCT|ERT|SLC|   reserved    |          PI-specific          |
      |Hi |Low|   |   |    by LCT     |              use              |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

             +=======================================+
             | IPFIX File                            |
             | +===================================+ |
             | | IPFIX Message                     | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | IPFIX Message Header          | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | Options Template Set          | | |
             | | |   Options Template Record     | | |
             | | |           . . .               | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | Template Set                  | | |
             | | |   Template Record             | | |
             | | |            . . .              | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | +===================================+ |
             | | IPFIX Message                     | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | IPFIX Message Header          | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | Data Set                      | | |
             | | |   Data Record                 | | |
             | | |            . . .              | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | | | Data Set                      | | |
             | | |   Data Record                 | | |
             | | |            . . .              | | |
             | | +-------------------------------+ | |
             | |              . . .                | |
             | +===================================+ |
             |                . . .                  |
             +=======================================+
      

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
   | IE                         | Description                          |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
   | sessionScope [scope]       | A marker denoting this Option        |
   |                            | applies to the whole IPFIX Transport |
   |                            | Session (i.e., the IPFIX File in the |
   |                            | common case); content is ignored.    |
   |                            | This Information Element MUST be     |
   |                            | defined as a Scope Field.            |
   | exporterIPv4Address        | IPv4 address of the IPFIX Exporting  |
   |                            | Process from which the Messages in   |
   |                            | this Transport Session were          |
   |                            | received.  Present only for          |
   |                            | Exporting Processes with an IPv4     |
   |                            | interface.  For multi-homed SCTP     |
   |                            | associations, this SHOULD be the     |
   |                            | primary path endpoint address of the |
   |                            | Exporting Process.                   |
   | exporterIPv6Address        | IPv6 address of the IPFIX Exporting  |
   |                            | Process from which the Messages in   |
   |                            | this Transport Session were          |
   |                            | received.  Present only for          |
   |                            | Exporting Processes with an IPv6     |
   |                            | interface.  For multi-homed SCTP     |
   |                            | associations, this SHOULD be the     |
   |                            | primary path endpoint address of the |
   |                            | Exporting Process.                   |
   | exporterTransportPort      | The source port from which the       |
   |                            | Messages in this Transport Session   |
   |                            | were received.                       |
   | exporterCertificate        | The certificate used by the IPFIX    |
   |                            | Exporting Process from which the     |
   |                            | Messages in this Transport Session   |
   |                            | were received.  Present only for     |
   |                            | Transport Sessions protected by TLS  |
   |                            | or DTLS.                             |
   | collectorIPv4Address       | IPv4 address of the IPFIX Collecting |
   |                            | Process that received the Messages   |
   |                            | in this Transport Session.  Present  |
   |                            | only for Collecting Processes with   |
   |                            | an IPv4 interface.  For multi-homed  |
   |                            | SCTP associations, this SHOULD be    |
   |                            | the primary path endpoint address of |
   |                            | the Collecting Process.              |
   | collectorIPv6Address       | IPv6 address of the IPFIX Collecting |
   |                            | Process that received the Messages   |
   |                            | in this Transport Session.  Present  |
   |                            | only for Collecting Processes with   |

   |                            | an IPv6 interface.  For multi-homed  |
   |                            | SCTP associations, this SHOULD be    |
   |                            | the primary path endpoint address of |
   |                            | the Collecting Process.              |
   | collectorTransportPort     | The destination port on which the    |
   |                            | Messages in this Transport Session   |
   |                            | were received.                       |
   | collectorTransportProtocol | The IP Protocol Identifier of the    |
   |                            | transport protocol used to transport |
   |                            | Messages within this Transport       |
   |                            | Session.                             |
   | collectorProtocolVersion   | The version of the export protocol   |
   |                            | used to transport Messages within    |
   |                            | this Transport Session.  Applicable  |
   |                            | only in mixed NetFlow V9-IPFIX       |
   |                            | collection environments when storing |
   |                            | NetFlow V9 data in IPFIX Messages,   |
   |                            | as in Appendix B.                    |
   | collectorCertificate       | The certificate used by the IPFIX    |
   |                            | Collecting Process that received the |
   |                            | Messages in this Transport Session.  |
   |                            | Present only for Transport Sessions  |
   |                            | protected by TLS or DTLS.            |
   | minExportSeconds           | The Export Time of the first Message |
   |                            | in the Transport Session.            |
   | maxExportSeconds           | The Export Time of the last Message  |
   |                            | in the Transport Session.            |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
      

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
   | IE                         | Description                          |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
   | messageScope [scope]       | A marker denoting this Option        |
   |                            | applies to the whole IPFIX message;  |
   |                            | content is ignored.  This            |
   |                            | Information Element MUST be defined  |
   |                            | as a Scope Field.                    |
   | collectionTimeMilliseconds | The absolute time at which this      |
   |                            | Message was received by the IPFIX    |
   |                            | Collecting Process.                  |
   | exporterIPv4Address        | IPv4 address of the IPFIX Exporting  |
   |                            | Process from which this Message was  |
   |                            | received.  Present only for          |
   |                            | Exporting Processes with an IPv4     |
   |                            | interface, and if this information   |
   |                            | is not available via the Export      |
   |                            | Session Details Options Template.    |
   |                            | For multi-homed SCTP associations,   |
   |                            | this SHOULD be the primary path      |
   |                            | endpoint address of the Exporting    |
   |                            | Process.                             |
   | exporterIPv6Address        | IPv6 address of the IPFIX Exporting  |
   |                            | Process from which this Message was  |
   |                            | received.  Present only for          |
   |                            | Exporting Processes with an IPv6     |
   |                            | interface and if this information is |
   |                            | not available via the Export Session |
   |                            | Details Options Template.  For       |
   |                            | multi-homed SCTP associations, this  |
   |                            | SHOULD be the primary path endpoint  |
   |                            | address of the Exporting Process.    |
   | exporterTransportPort      | The source port from which this      |
   |                            | Message was received.  Present only  |
   |                            | if this information is not available |
   |                            | via the Export Session Details       |
   |                            | Options Template.                    |
   | exporterCertificate        | The certificate used by the IPFIX    |
   |                            | Exporting Process from which this    |
   |                            | Message was received.  Present only  |
   |                            | for Transport Sessions protected by  |
   |                            | TLS or DTLS.                         |
   | collectorIPv4Address       | IPv4 address of the IPFIX Collecting |
   |                            | Process that received this Message.  |

   |                            | Present only for Collecting          |
   |                            | Processes with an IPv4 interface,    |
   |                            | and if this information is not       |
   |                            | available via the Export Session     |
   |                            | Details Options Template.  For       |
   |                            | multi-homed SCTP associations, this  |
   |                            | SHOULD be the primary path endpoint  |
   |                            | address of the Collecting Process.   |
   | collectorIPv6Address       | IPv6 address of the IPFIX Collecting |
   |                            | Process that received this Message.  |
   |                            | Present only for Collecting          |
   |                            | Processes with an IPv6 interface,    |
   |                            | and if this information is not       |
   |                            | available via the Export Session     |
   |                            | Details Options Template.  For       |
   |                            | multi-homed SCTP associations, this  |
   |                            | SHOULD be the primary path endpoint  |
   |                            | address of the Collecting Process.   |
   | collectorTransportPort     | The destination port on which this   |
   |                            | Message was received.  Present only  |
   |                            | if this information is not available |
   |                            | via the Export Session Details       |
   |                            | Options Template.                    |
   | collectorTransportProtocol | The IP Protocol Identifier of the    |
   |                            | transport protocol used to transport |
   |                            | this Message.  Present only if this  |
   |                            | information is not available via the |
   |                            | Export Session Details Options       |
   |                            | Template.                            |
   | collectorProtocolVersion   | The version of the export protocol   |
   |                            | used to transport this Message.      |
   |                            | Present only if necessary and if     |
   |                            | this information is not available    |
   |                            | via the Export Session Details       |
   |                            | Options Template.                    |
   | collectorCertificate       | The certificate used by the IPFIX    |
   |                            | Collecting Process that received     |
   |                            | this Message.  Present only for      |
   |                            | Transport Sessions protected by TLS  |
   |                            | or DTLS.                             |
   | exportSctpStreamId         | The SCTP stream used to transport    |
   |                            | this Message.  Present only if the   |
   |                            | Message was transported via SCTP.    |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------+
      

             +=================================================+
             | IPFIX Message                       seq. 0      |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Template Set (ID 2)                  1 rec  | |
             | |   Data Tmpl. ID 256                         | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Options Template Set (ID 3)          3 recs | |
             | |   File Time Window Opt. Tmpl. ID 257        | |
             | |   Message Checksum Opt. Tmpl. ID 259        | |
             | |   Export Session Details Opt. Tmpl. ID 258  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 259) [Message Checksum] 1 rec  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             +=================================================+
             | IPFIX Message                       seq. 1      |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 257) [File Time Window] 1 rec  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 258) [Export Session]   1 rec  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 259) [Message Checksum] 1 rec  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             +=================================================+
             | IPFIX Message                       seq. 4      |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 256)                   50 recs | |
             | |  contains flow data                         | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             | | Data Set (ID 259) [Message Checksum] 1 rec  | |
             | +---------------------------------------------+ |
             +=================================================+
             | IPFIX Message                       seq. 55     |
             |                    . . .                        |
      

      Client                                                Server
      ------                                                ------
      Generate ephemeral key pair.
      SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT  -------------->
      

      Client                                                Server
      ------                                                ------
      Generate ephemeral key pair.
      SSH_MSG_KEX_ECMQV_INIT ------------->
      

       UA1              Proxy "P1"               UA2
      (IPv4)            (IPv4/IPv6)             (IPv6)
        |                    |                    |
        |   F1 INVITE        |                    |
        |------------------->|      F2 INVITE     |
        |                    |------------------->|
        |    100 Trying      |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |
        |                    |    F3 200 OK       |
        |    F4 200 OK       |<-------------------|
        |<-------------------|                    |
        |                    |                    |
        |       F5 ACK       |                    |
        |------------------->|       F6 ACK       |
        |                    |------------------->|
        |                    |                    |
        |                    |        F7 BYE      |
        |       F8 BYE       |<-------------------|
        |<-------------------|                    |
      

      Alice UA1 ===== TCP ===== Proxy P1 ===== UDP ===== Bob UA2
         |                        |                         |
         |       F1 INVITE        |                         |
         |----------------------->|         F2 INVITE       |
         |                        |------------------------>|
         |      100 Trying        |                         |
         |<-----------------------|                         |
         |                        |        F3 200 OK        |
         |       F4 200 OK        |<------------------------|
         |<-----------------------|                         |
         |                        |                         |
         |        F5 ACK          |                         |
         |---(sent over UDP) X--->|            ACK          |
         |                        |------------------------>|
         |                        |                         |
         |                        |          F6 BYE         |
         |          BYE           |<------------------------|
         |<-----------------------|                         |
      

                ,'    .      ,-`       `',       ,'    .
               /       \   .`             `,    /       \
              /        \  /                 ,  /        \
       AC  +----+     +----+               +----+       +----+    AC
        ---| PE |-----| PE |---------------| PE |-------| PE |---
           |  1 |     |  2 |               | 3  |       | 4  |
           +----+     +----+               +----+       +----+
              \        /  \                 /  \        /
               \       /  \      Core       `   \       /
                `,    `     .             ,`     `,    `
                  '-'`       `.,       _.`         '-'`
               Access 1         `''-''`         Access 2
      

    +----+                                                  +----+
    |TPE1+--------------------------------------------------+TPE2|
    +----+                                                  +----+

    |<---------------------------PW----------------------------->|

    +----+              +---+           +---+               +----+
    |TPE1+--------------+SPE+-----------+SPE+---------------+TPE2|
    +----+              +---+           +---+               +----+
      

       Native  |<------Multi-Segment Pseudowire------>|  Native
       Service |         PSN              PSN         |  Service
        (AC)   |     |<-Tunnel->|     |<-Tunnel->|    |   (AC)
          |    V     V     1    V     V    2     V    V     |
          |    +----+           +-----+          +----+     |
   +----+ |    |TPE1|===========|SPE1 |==========|TPE2|     | +----+
   |    |------|..... PW.Seg't1....X....PW.Seg't3.....|-------|    |
   | CE1| |    |    |           |     |          |    |     | |CE2 |
   |    |------|..... PW.Seg't2....X....PW.Seg't4.....|-------|    |
   +----+ |    |    |===========|     |==========|    |     | +----+
        ^      +----+           +-----+          +----+       ^
        |   Provider Edge 1        ^        Provider Edge 2   |
        |                          |                          |
        |                          |                          |
        |                  PW switching point                 |
        |                                                     |
        |<------------------ Emulated Service --------------->|
      

                |<------Multi-Segment Pseudowire------>|
                |       Provider         Provider      |
           AC   |    |<----1---->|     |<----2--->|    |  AC
            |   V    V           V     V          V    V  |
            |   +----+     +-----+     +----+     +----+  |
   +----+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +----+
   |    |-------|......PW.....X....PW.....X...PW.......|-------|    |
   | CE1|   |   |    |Seg 1|     |Seg 2|    |Seg 3|    |  |    |CE2 |
   +----+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +----+
        ^       +----+     +-----+     +----+     +----+       ^
        |       T-PE1       S-PE1       S-PE2     T-PE2        |
        |                     ^          ^                     |
        |                     |          |                     |
        |                  PW switching points                 |
        |                                                      |
        |                                                      |
        |<------------------- Emulated Service --------------->|
      

        |<------------- CE (end-to-end) Signaling ------------>|
        |                                                      |
        |       |<-------- MS-PW/T-PE Maintenance ----->|      |
        |       |  |<---PW Seg't-->| |<--PW Seg't--->|  |      |
        |       |  |   Maintenance | | Maintenance   |  |      |
        |       |  |               | |               |  |      |
        |       |  |     PSN       | |     PSN       |  |      |
        |       |  | |<-Tunnel1->| | | |<-Tunnel2->| |  |      |
        |       V  V V Signaling V V V V Signaling V V  V      |
        V       +----+           +-----+           +----+      V
   +----+       |TPE1|===========|SPE1 |===========|TPE2|      +----+
   |    |-------|......PW.Seg't1....X....PW Seg't3......|------|    |
   | CE1|       |    |           |     |           |    |      |CE2 |
   |    |-------|......PW.Seg't2....X....PW Seg't4......|------|    |
   +----+       |    |===========|     |===========|    |      +----+
     ^          +----+           +-----+           +----+         ^
     |        Terminating           ^            Terminating      |
     |      Provider Edge 1         |          Provider Edge 2    |
     |                              |                             |
     |                      PW switching point                    |
     |                                                            |
     |<--------------------- Emulated Service ------------------->|
      

                  |<------------- MS-PW ---------------->|
                  |       Provider         Provider      |
             AC   |    |<----1---->|     |<----2--->|    |  AC
              |   V    V           V     V          V    V  |
              |   +----+     +-----+     +----+     +----+  |
      +---+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +---+
      |   |-------|......PW.....X....PW.....X...PW.......|-------|   |
      |CE1|   |   |    |Seg 1|     |Seg 2|    |Seg 3|    |  |    |CE2|
      +---+   |   |    |=====|     |=====|    |=====|    |  |    +---+
          ^       +----+     +-----+  ^  +----+     +----+       ^
          |       T-PE1       S-PE1   |   S-PE2     T-PE2        |
          |                    ASBR   |    ASBR                  |
          |                           |                          |
          |                  Physically secure link              |
          |                                                      |
          |                                                      |
          |<------------------- Emulated Service --------------->|
      

                |<-------------- MS-PW -------------------->|
                |          Provider          Provider       |
            AC  |    |<------1----->|   |<-----2------->|   |  AC
             |  V    V              V   V               V   V  |
             |  +---+     +---+  +--+   +--+  +---+     +---+  |
      +---+  |  |   |=====|   |===============|   |=====|   |  |   +---+
      |   |-----|.....PW....X.......PW..............PW....X.|------|   |
      |CE1|  |  |   |Seg 1|   |    Seg 2      |   |Seg 3|   |  |   |CE2|
      +---+  |  |   |=====|   |===============|   |=====|   |  |   +---+
          ^     +---+     +---+  +--+ ^ +--+  +---+     +---+      ^
          |      T-PE1    S-PE1  ASBR | ASBR  S-PE2     T-PE2      |
          |                           |                            |
          |                           |                            |
          |                Trusted Inter-AS PSN Tunnel             |
          |                                                        |
          |                                                        |
          |<------------------- Emulated Service ----------------->|
      

      <CREATE_LISTENER_LATCH(3-tuple, ...)>
                     :
                     v    <CREATE_CONNECTION_LATCH(5-tuple, ...)>
                /--------\           :   :
         +------|LISTENER|......     :   :
         |      \--------/     :     :   :   +--------------------+
         |        :            :     :   :   |Legend:             |
         |        :            :     :   :   | dotted lines denote|
         |  <conn. trigger event>    :   :   |    latch creation  |
         |      (e.g., TCP SYN :     :   :   |                    |
         |       received,     :     :   :   | solid lines denote |
         |       connect()     :     :   :   |    state transition|
         |       called, ...)  v     v   :   |                    |
         |        :        /-----------\ :   | semi-solid lines   |
         |        :        |ESTABLISHED| :   |    denote async    |
         |    <conflict>   \-----------/ :   |    notification    |
         |        :         ^       |    :   +--------------------+
         |        :         |      <conflict
         |        :    <conflict    or DPD>
         |        :     cleared>    |    :
         |        :         |       |    :
         |        :         |       v    v
         |        :      /----------------\
         |        :.....>|     BROKEN     |.-.-.-.-.-> <ALERT()>
         |               \----------------/
         |                       |
      <RELEASE_LATCH()>   <RELEASE_LATCH()>
         |                       |
         |                       v
         |                    /------\
         +------------------->|CLOSED|
                              \------/
      

      +--------------------------------------------+
      |                       +--------------+     |
      |                       |Administrator |     |
      |                       |apps          |     |
      |                       +--------------+     |
      |                            ^      ^        |
      |                            |      |        | user mode
      |                            v      v        |
      | +--------------+      +-------++--------+  |
      | |App           |      |IKEv2  ||        |  |
      | |              |      | +---+ || +----+ |  |
      | |              |      | |PAD| || |SPD | |  |
      | |              |      | +---+ || +--^-+ |  |
      | +--------------+      +-+-----++----+---+  |
      |   ^                     |           |      |
      +---|---------------------|-----------|------+  user/kernel mode
      |   |syscalls             |  PF_KEY   |      |  interface
      |   |                     | [RFC2367] |      |
      +---|---------------------|-----------|------+
      |   v                     |           |      |
      |+-------+   +------------|-----------|-----+|
      ||ULP    |   | IPsec   key|manager    |     ||
      |+-------+   |            |  +--------v----+||
      | ^  ^       |            |  | Logical SPD |||
      | |  |       |            |  +-----------^-+||
      | |  |       |            +-------+      |  ||  kernel mode
      | |  |       |                    |      |  ||
      | |  |       | +----------+    +--v--+   |  ||
      | |  +-------->| Latch DB |<-->| SAD |   |  ||
      | |          | +----------+    +--^--+   |  ||
      | |          +--------------------|------|--+|
      +-|-------------------------------v------v---+
      | | IPsec Layer  (ESP/AH)                    |
      | |                                          |
      +-v------------------------------------------+
      |   IP Layer                                 |
      +--------------------------------------------+
      

       +-----+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----
       | tag | minorversion | numops    |SEQUENCE op | op + args | ...
       |     |   (== 1)     | (limited) |  + args    |           |
       +-----+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----
      

       +------------+-----+--------+-------------------------------+--//
       |last status | tag | numres |status + SEQUENCE op + results |  //
       +------------+-----+--------+-------------------------------+--//
               //-----------------------+----
               // status + op + results | ...
               //-----------------------+----
      

                    Sender gather:
        |RPC Request|Pad  bytes|Length| -> |User data...|
        \------+----------------------/      \
                \                             \
                 \    Receiver scatter:        \-----------+- ...
            /-----+----------------\            \           \
            |RPC Request|Pad|Length|   ->  |FS buffer|->|FS buffer|->...
      

   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | Data Type     | Definition                                        |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
   | int32_t       | typedef int int32_t;                              |
   | uint32_t      | typedef unsigned int uint32_t;                    |
   | int64_t       | typedef hyper int64_t;                            |
   | uint64_t      | typedef unsigned hyper uint64_t;                  |
   | attrlist4     | typedef opaque attrlist4<>;                       |
   |               | Used for file/directory attributes.               |
   | bitmap4       | typedef uint32_t bitmap4<>;                       |
   |               | Used in attribute array encoding.                 |
   | changeid4     | typedef uint64_t changeid4;                       |
   |               | Used in the definition of change_info4.           |
   | clientid4     | typedef uint64_t clientid4;                       |
   |               | Shorthand reference to client identification.     |
   | count4        | typedef uint32_t count4;                          |
   |               | Various count parameters (READ, WRITE, COMMIT).   |
   | length4       | typedef uint64_t length4;                         |
   |               | The length of a byte-range within a file.         |
   | mode4         | typedef uint32_t mode4;                           |
   |               | Mode attribute data type.                         |
   | nfs_cookie4   | typedef uint64_t nfs_cookie4;                     |
   |               | Opaque cookie value for READDIR.                  |
   | nfs_fh4       | typedef opaque nfs_fh4<NFS4_FHSIZE>;              |
   |               | Filehandle definition.                            |
   | nfs_ftype4    | enum nfs_ftype4;                                  |
   |               | Various defined file types.                       |
   | nfsstat4      | enum nfsstat4;                                    |
   |               | Return value for operations.                      |
   | offset4       | typedef uint64_t offset4;                         |
   |               | Various offset designations (READ, WRITE, LOCK,   |
   |               | COMMIT).                                          |

   | qop4          | typedef uint32_t qop4;                            |
   |               | Quality of protection designation in SECINFO.     |
   | sec_oid4      | typedef opaque sec_oid4<>;                        |
   |               | Security Object Identifier.  The sec_oid4 data    |
   |               | type is not really opaque.  Instead, it contains  |
   |               | an ASN.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER as used by GSS-API in  |
   |               | the mech_type argument to GSS_Init_sec_context.   |
   |               | See [7] for details.                              |
   | sequenceid4   | typedef uint32_t sequenceid4;                     |
   |               | Sequence number used for various session          |
   |               | operations (EXCHANGE_ID, CREATE_SESSION,          |
   |               | SEQUENCE, CB_SEQUENCE).                           |
   | seqid4        | typedef uint32_t seqid4;                          |
   |               | Sequence identifier used for locking.             |
   | sessionid4    | typedef opaque sessionid4[NFS4_SESSIONID_SIZE];   |
   |               | Session identifier.                               |
   | slotid4       | typedef uint32_t slotid4;                         |
   |               | Sequencing artifact for various session           |
   |               | operations (SEQUENCE, CB_SEQUENCE).               |
   | utf8string    | typedef opaque utf8string<>;                      |
   |               | UTF-8 encoding for strings.                       |
   | utf8str_cis   | typedef utf8string utf8str_cis;                   |
   |               | Case-insensitive UTF-8 string.                    |
   | utf8str_cs    | typedef utf8string utf8str_cs;                    |
   |               | Case-sensitive UTF-8 string.                      |
   | utf8str_mixed | typedef utf8string utf8str_mixed;                 |
   |               | UTF-8 strings with a case-sensitive prefix and a  |
   |               | case-insensitive suffix.                          |
   | component4    | typedef utf8str_cs component4;                    |
   |               | Represents pathname components.                   |
   | linktext4     | typedef utf8str_cs linktext4;                     |
   |               | Symbolic link contents ("symbolic link" is        |
   |               | defined in an Open Group [Section 3.372 of Chapter 3 of Base Definitions of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6 IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, HTML Version (www.opengroup.org), ISBN 1931624232"">14] standard).          |
   | pathname4     | typedef component4 pathname4<>;                   |
   |               | Represents pathname for fs_locations.             |
   | verifier4     | typedef opaque verifier4[NFS4_VERIFIER_SIZE];     |
   |               | Verifier used for various operations (COMMIT,     |
   |               | CREATE, EXCHANGE_ID, OPEN, READDIR, WRITE)        |
   |               | NFS4_VERIFIER_SIZE is defined as 8.               |
   +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
      

   0            1
   +-----------+-----------+-----------+--
   |  count    | 31  ..  0 | 63  .. 32 |
   +-----------+-----------+-----------+--
      

        +----------+-----------+---------------------------------+
        | LOOKUP   | "foo"     | ; look up file                  |
        | GETATTR  | attrbits  |                                 |
        | OPENATTR |           | ; access foo's named attributes |
        | LOOKUP   | "x11icon" | ; look up specific attribute    |
        | READ     | 0,4096    | ; read stream of bytes          |
        +----------+-----------+---------------------------------+
      

   +--------------------+----+----------------+-----+------------------+
   | Name               | Id | Data Type      | Acc | Defined in:      |
   +--------------------+----+----------------+-----+------------------+
   | acl                | 12 | nfsace4<>      | R W | Section 6.2.1    |
   | aclsupport         | 13 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 6.2.1.2  |
   | archive            | 14 | bool           | R W | Section 5.8.2.1  |
   | cansettime         | 15 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.2  |
   | case_insensitive   | 16 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.3  |
   | case_preserving    | 17 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.4  |
   | change_policy      | 60 | chg_policy4    | R   | Section 5.8.2.5  |
   | chown_restricted   | 18 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.6  |
   | dacl               | 58 | nfsacl41       | R W | Section 6.2.2    |
   | dir_notif_delay    | 56 | nfstime4       | R   | Section 5.11.1   |
   | dirent_notif_delay | 57 | nfstime4       | R   | Section 5.11.2   |
   | fileid             | 20 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.7  |
   | files_avail        | 21 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.8  |
   | files_free         | 22 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.9  |
   | files_total        | 23 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.10 |
   | fs_charset_cap     | 76 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.11 |
   | fs_layout_type     | 62 | layouttype4<>  | R   | Section 5.12.1   |
   | fs_locations       | 24 | fs_locations   | R   | Section 5.8.2.12 |
   | fs_locations_info  | 67 | *              | R   | Section 5.8.2.13 |
   | fs_status          | 61 | fs4_status     | R   | Section 5.8.2.14 |
   | hidden             | 25 | bool           | R W | Section 5.8.2.15 |
   | homogeneous        | 26 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.16 |
   | layout_alignment   | 66 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.12.2   |
   | layout_blksize     | 65 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.12.3   |
   | layout_hint        | 63 | layouthint4    |   W | Section 5.12.4   |
   | layout_type        | 64 | layouttype4<>  | R   | Section 5.12.5   |
   | maxfilesize        | 27 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.17 |
   | maxlink            | 28 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.18 |
   | maxname            | 29 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.19 |
   | maxread            | 30 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.20 |
   | maxwrite           | 31 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.21 |
   | mdsthreshold       | 68 | mdsthreshold4  | R   | Section 5.12.6   |
   | mimetype           | 32 | utf8str_cs     | R W | Section 5.8.2.22 |
   | mode               | 33 | mode4          | R W | Section 6.2.4    |
   | mode_set_masked    | 74 | mode_masked4   |   W | Section 6.2.5    |
   | mounted_on_fileid  | 55 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.23 |
   | no_trunc           | 34 | bool           | R   | Section 5.8.2.24 |
   | numlinks           | 35 | uint32_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.25 |
   | owner              | 36 | utf8str_mixed  | R W | Section 5.8.2.26 |
   | owner_group        | 37 | utf8str_mixed  | R W | Section 5.8.2.27 |
   | quota_avail_hard   | 38 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.28 |
   | quota_avail_soft   | 39 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.29 |
   | quota_used         | 40 | uint64_t       | R   | Section 5.8.2.30 |
   | rawdev             | 41 | specdata4      | R   | Section 5.8.2.31 |
   | retentevt_get      | 71 | retention_get4 | R   | Section 5.13.3   |
      

    +-----------------------------------+--------+-------------------+
    | Error                             | Number | Description       |
    +-----------------------------------+--------+-------------------+
    | NFS4_OK                           | 0      | Section 15.1.3.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_ACCESS                    | 13     | Section 15.1.6.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP               | 10032  | Section 15.1.15.1 |
    | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED             | 10047  | Section 15.1.5.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_BACK_CHAN_BUSY            | 10057  | Section 15.1.12.1 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR                   | 10040  | Section 15.1.7.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE                 | 10001  | Section 15.1.2.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_BADIOMODE                 | 10049  | Section 15.1.10.1 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADLAYOUT                 | 10050  | Section 15.1.10.2 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADNAME                   | 10041  | Section 15.1.7.2  |
    | NFS4ERR_BADOWNER                  | 10039  | Section 15.1.15.2 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION                | 10052  | Section 15.1.11.1 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADSLOT                   | 10053  | Section 15.1.11.2 |
    | NFS4ERR_BADTYPE                   | 10007  | Section 15.1.4.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_BADXDR                    | 10036  | Section 15.1.1.1  |
    | NFS4ERR_BAD_COOKIE                | 10003  | Section 15.1.1.2  |
    | NFS4ERR_BAD_HIGH_SLOT             | 10077  | Section 15.1.11.3 |
    | NFS4ERR_BAD_RANGE                 | 10042  | Section 15.1.8.1  |
      

   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Operation            | Errors                                     |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | ACCESS               | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,            |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_INVAL,          |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_MOVED,                 |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,                      |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,                 |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,                |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS                       |
   | BACKCHANNEL_CTL      | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION,       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_INVAL,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_NOENT, NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,  |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,                |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS                       |
   | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | NFS4ERR_BADSESSION, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_BAD_SESSION_DIGEST,                |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_NOT_ONLY_OP,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,                |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS  |
   | CLOSE                | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,     |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION,  |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_EXPIRED,            |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_LOCKS_HELD,     |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_MOVED, NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE,       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,                 |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,                |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_CRED   |
   | COMMIT               | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,            |
      

   |                      | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE   |
   | WRITE                | NFS4ERR_ACCESS, NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED,     |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID,       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DEADSESSION, NFS4ERR_DELAY,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_DELEG_REVOKED, NFS4ERR_DQUOT,      |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_EXPIRED, NFS4ERR_FBIG,             |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_FHEXPIRED, NFS4ERR_GRACE,          |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_INVAL, NFS4ERR_IO, NFS4ERR_ISDIR,  |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_LOCKED, NFS4ERR_MOVED,             |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_NOFILEHANDLE, NFS4ERR_NOSPC,       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_OLD_STATEID, NFS4ERR_OPENMODE,     |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,                 |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE,                      |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_PNFS_NO_LAYOUT,                    |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,              |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                       |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP, NFS4ERR_ROFS,  |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT, NFS4ERR_STALE,        |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_SYMLINK, NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,     |
   |                      | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                         |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
      

   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Callback Operation      | Errors                                  |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | CB_GETATTR              | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE, NFS4ERR_BADXDR,      |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_DELAY, NFS4ERR_INVAL,           |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,              |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,           |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,             |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS,                   |
   | CB_ILLEGAL              | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_OP_ILLEGAL      |
      

   |                         | NFS4ERR_SEQ_FALSE_RETRY,                |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_SEQ_MISORDERED,                 |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS                    |
   | CB_WANTS_CANCELLED      | NFS4ERR_BADXDR, NFS4ERR_DELAY,          |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP,                        |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_OP_NOT_IN_SESSION,              |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REP_TOO_BIG_TO_CACHE,           |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_REQ_TOO_BIG,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_RETRY_UNCACHED_REP,             |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_SERVERFAULT,                    |
   |                         | NFS4ERR_TOO_MANY_OPS                    |
   +-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
      

   +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
   | Error                             | Operations                    |
   +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
   | NFS4ERR_ACCESS                    | ACCESS, COMMIT, CREATE,       |
   |                                   | GETATTR, GET_DIR_DELEGATION,  |
   |                                   | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET,      |
   |                                   | LINK, LOCK, LOCKT, LOCKU,     |
   |                                   | LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, NVERIFY,     |
   |                                   | OPEN, OPENATTR, READ,         |
   |                                   | READDIR, READLINK, REMOVE,    |
   |                                   | RENAME, SECINFO,              |
   |                                   | SECINFO_NO_NAME, SETATTR,     |
   |                                   | VERIFY, WRITE                 |
   | NFS4ERR_ADMIN_REVOKED             | CLOSE, DELEGRETURN,           |
   |                                   | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET,      |
   |                                   | LAYOUTRETURN, LOCK, LOCKU,    |
   |                                   | OPEN, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, READ,   |
   |                                   | SETATTR, WRITE                |
   | NFS4ERR_ATTRNOTSUPP               | CREATE, LAYOUTCOMMIT,         |
   |                                   | NVERIFY, OPEN, SETATTR,       |
   |                                   | VERIFY                        |
   | NFS4ERR_BACK_CHAN_BUSY            | DESTROY_SESSION               |
   | NFS4ERR_BADCHAR                   | CREATE, EXCHANGE_ID, LINK,    |
   |                                   | LOOKUP, NVERIFY, OPEN,        |
   |                                   | REMOVE, RENAME, SECINFO,      |
   |                                   | SETATTR, VERIFY               |
   | NFS4ERR_BADHANDLE                 | CB_GETATTR, CB_LAYOUTRECALL,  |
   |                                   | CB_NOTIFY, CB_NOTIFY_LOCK,    |
   |                                   | CB_PUSH_DELEG, CB_RECALL,     |
   |                                   | PUTFH                         |
      

   |                                   | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK,     |
   |                                   | LOCKT, LOCKU, LOOKUP,         |
   |                                   | LOOKUPP, NVERIFY, OPEN,       |
   |                                   | OPENATTR, OPEN_DOWNGRADE,     |
   |                                   | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH,   |
   |                                   | READ, READDIR, READLINK,      |
   |                                   | RECLAIM_COMPLETE, REMOVE,     |
   |                                   | RENAME, RESTOREFH, SAVEFH,    |
   |                                   | SECINFO, SECINFO_NO_NAME,     |
   |                                   | SEQUENCE, SETATTR, SET_SSV,   |
   |                                   | TEST_STATEID, VERIFY,         |
   |                                   | WANT_DELEGATION, WRITE        |
   | NFS4ERR_UNKNOWN_LAYOUTTYPE        | CB_LAYOUTRECALL,              |
   |                                   | GETDEVICEINFO, GETDEVICELIST, |
   |                                   | LAYOUTCOMMIT, LAYOUTGET,      |
   |                                   | LAYOUTRETURN, NVERIFY,        |
   |                                   | SETATTR, VERIFY               |
   | NFS4ERR_UNSAFE_COMPOUND           | CREATE, OPEN, OPENATTR        |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC                  | LINK, LOOKUP, LOOKUPP, OPEN,  |
   |                                   | PUTFH, PUTPUBFH, PUTROOTFH,   |
   |                                   | RENAME, RESTOREFH             |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONG_CRED                | CLOSE, CREATE_SESSION,        |
   |                                   | DELEGPURGE, DELEGRETURN,      |
   |                                   | DESTROY_CLIENTID,             |
   |                                   | DESTROY_SESSION,              |
   |                                   | FREE_STATEID, LAYOUTCOMMIT,   |
   |                                   | LAYOUTRETURN, LOCK, LOCKT,    |
   |                                   | LOCKU, OPEN_DOWNGRADE,        |
   |                                   | RECLAIM_COMPLETE              |
   | NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE                | CB_LAYOUTRECALL,              |
   |                                   | CB_PUSH_DELEG, COMMIT,        |
   |                                   | GETATTR, LAYOUTGET,           |
   |                                   | LAYOUTRETURN, LINK, LOCK,     |
   |                                   | LOCKT, NVERIFY, OPEN,         |
   |                                   | OPENATTR, READ, READLINK,     |
   |                                   | RECLAIM_COMPLETE, SETATTR,    |
   |                                   | VERIFY, WANT_DELEGATION,      |
   |                                   | WRITE                         |
   | NFS4ERR_XDEV                      | LINK, RENAME                  |
   +-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
      

   +----------------------+------------+--------------+----------------+
   | Operation            | REQ, REC,  | Feature      | Definition     |
   |                      | OPT, or    | (REQ, REC,   |                |
   |                      | MNI        | or OPT)      |                |
   +----------------------+------------+--------------+----------------+
   | ACCESS               | REQ        |              | Section 18.1   |
   | BACKCHANNEL_CTL      | REQ        |              | Section 18.33  |
   | BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | REQ        |              | Section 18.34  |
   | CLOSE                | REQ        |              | Section 18.2   |
   | COMMIT               | REQ        |              | Section 18.3   |
   | CREATE               | REQ        |              | Section 18.4   |
   | CREATE_SESSION       | REQ        |              | Section 18.36  |
   | DELEGPURGE           | OPT        | FDELG (REQ)  | Section 18.5   |
   | DELEGRETURN          | OPT        | FDELG,       | Section 18.6   |
   |                      |            | DDELG, pNFS  |                |
   |                      |            | (REQ)        |                |
   | DESTROY_CLIENTID     | REQ        |              | Section 18.50  |
   | DESTROY_SESSION      | REQ        |              | Section 18.37  |
   | EXCHANGE_ID          | REQ        |              | Section 18.35  |
   | FREE_STATEID         | REQ        |              | Section 18.38  |
   | GETATTR              | REQ        |              | Section 18.7   |
   | GETDEVICEINFO        | OPT        | pNFS (REQ)   | Section 18.40  |
   | GETDEVICELIST        | OPT        | pNFS (OPT)   | Section 18.41  |
   | GETFH                | REQ        |              | Section 18.8   |
   | GET_DIR_DELEGATION   | OPT        | DDELG (REQ)  | Section 18.39  |
   | LAYOUTCOMMIT         | OPT        | pNFS (REQ)   | Section 18.42  |
   | LAYOUTGET            | OPT        | pNFS (REQ)   | Section 18.43  |
   | LAYOUTRETURN         | OPT        | pNFS (REQ)   | Section 18.44  |
   | LINK                 | OPT        |              | Section 18.9   |
   | LOCK                 | REQ        |              | Section 18.10  |
   | LOCKT                | REQ        |              | Section 18.11  |
   | LOCKU                | REQ        |              | Section 18.12  |
   | LOOKUP               | REQ        |              | Section 18.13  |
   | LOOKUPP              | REQ        |              | Section 18.14  |
   | NVERIFY              | REQ        |              | Section 18.15  |
   | OPEN                 | REQ        |              | Section 18.16  |
   | OPENATTR             | OPT        |              | Section 18.17  |
   | OPEN_CONFIRM         | MNI        |              | N/A            |
   | OPEN_DOWNGRADE       | REQ        |              | Section 18.18  |
   | PUTFH                | REQ        |              | Section 18.19  |
   | PUTPUBFH             | REQ        |              | Section 18.20  |
   | PUTROOTFH            | REQ        |              | Section 18.21  |
   | READ                 | REQ        |              | Section 18.22  |
   | READDIR              | REQ        |              | Section 18.23  |

   | READLINK             | OPT        |              | Section 18.24  |
   | RECLAIM_COMPLETE     | REQ        |              | Section 18.51  |
   | RELEASE_LOCKOWNER    | MNI        |              | N/A            |
   | REMOVE               | REQ        |              | Section 18.25  |
   | RENAME               | REQ        |              | Section 18.26  |
   | RENEW                | MNI        |              | N/A            |
   | RESTOREFH            | REQ        |              | Section 18.27  |
   | SAVEFH               | REQ        |              | Section 18.28  |
   | SECINFO              | REQ        |              | Section 18.29  |
   | SECINFO_NO_NAME      | REC        | pNFS file    | Section 18.45, |
   |                      |            | layout (REQ) | Section 13.12  |
   | SEQUENCE             | REQ        |              | Section 18.46  |
   | SETATTR              | REQ        |              | Section 18.30  |
   | SETCLIENTID          | MNI        |              | N/A            |
   | SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM  | MNI        |              | N/A            |
   | SET_SSV              | REQ        |              | Section 18.47  |
   | TEST_STATEID         | REQ        |              | Section 18.48  |
   | VERIFY               | REQ        |              | Section 18.31  |
   | WANT_DELEGATION      | OPT        | FDELG (OPT)  | Section 18.49  |
   | WRITE                | REQ        |              | Section 18.32  |
   +----------------------+------------+--------------+----------------+
      

        RPC Client                           RPC Server
            |               RPC Call              |
       Send |   ------------------------------>   |
            |                                     |
            |               RPC Reply             |
            |   <------------------------------   | Send
      

      +----------------+----------------+-------------
      | RPC-over-RDMA  |                |
      |    header w/   |   RPC Header   | Non-chunk args/results
      |     chunks     |                |
      +----------------+----------------+-------------
      

       RPC Client                           RPC Server
           |     RPC Call + Write Chunk list     |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
           |                                     |
           |               Chunk 1               |
           |   <------------------------------   | Write
           |                  :                  |
           |               Chunk n               |
           |   <------------------------------   | Write
           |                                     |
           |               RPC Reply             |
           |   <------------------------------   | Send
      

       RPC Client                           RPC Server
           |     RPC Call + Read Chunk list      |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
           |                                     |
           |               Chunk 1               |
           |   +------------------------------   | Read
           |   v----------------------------->   |
           |                  :                  |
           |               Chunk n               |
           |   +------------------------------   | Read
           |   v----------------------------->   |
           |                                     |
           |               RPC Reply             |
           |   <------------------------------   | Send
      

       RPC Client                           RPC Server
           |               RPC Call              |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
           |                                     |
           |     RPC Reply + Read Chunk list     |
           |   <------------------------------   | Send
           |                                     |
           |               Chunk 1               |
      Read |   ------------------------------+   |
           |   <-----------------------------v   |
           |                  :                  |
           |               Chunk n               |
      Read |   ------------------------------+   |
           |   <-----------------------------v   |
           |                                     |
           |                 Done                |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
      

   +--------+---------+---------+-----------+-------------+----------
   |        |         |         | Message   |   NULLs     | RPC Call
   |  XID   | Version | Credits |  Type     |    or       |    or
   |        |         |         |           | Chunk Lists | Reply Msg
   +--------+---------+---------+-----------+-------------+----------
      

   +--------+---------+---------+------------+-------------+----------
   |        |         |         |            |             | RPC Call
   |  XID   | Version | Credits |  RDMA_MSG  | Chunk Lists |    or
   |        |         |         |            |             | Reply Msg
   +--------+---------+---------+------------+-------------+----------
      

   +--------+---------+---------+------------+-------------+
   |        |         |         |            |             |
   |  XID   | Version | Credits | RDMA_NOMSG | Chunk Lists |
   |        |         |         |            |             |
   +--------+---------+---------+------------+-------------+
                                                |
                                                |  +----------
                                                |  | Long RPC Call
                                                +->|    or
                                                   | Reply Message
                                                   +----------
      

       RPC Client                           RPC Server
           |        RDMA-over-RPC Header         |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
           |                                     |
           |          Long RPC Call Msg          |
           |   +------------------------------   | Read
           |   v----------------------------->   |
           |                                     |
           |         RDMA-over-RPC Reply         |
           |   <------------------------------   | Send
      

       RPC Client                           RPC Server
           |             RPC Call                |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
           |                                     |
           |         RDMA-over-RPC Header        |
           |   <------------------------------   | Send
           |                                     |
           |          Long RPC Reply Msg         |
      Read |   ------------------------------+   |
           |   <-----------------------------v   |
           |                                     |
           |                Done                 |
      Send |   ------------------------------>   |
      

    RPC Client                           RPC Server
        |      RPC Call with rdma_reply       |
   Send |   ------------------------------>   |
        |                                     |
        |          Long RPC Reply Msg         |
        |   <------------------------------   | Write
        |                                     |
        |         RDMA-over-RPC Header        |
        |   <------------------------------   | Send
      

                                        +---------+    Result
                                     +->|Threshold|-------+
                                     |  |  Meter  |       |
                                     |  +---------+       V
         +----------+   +- - - - -+  |                +------+
         |   BA     |   |         |  |                |      |    Marked
Packet =>|Classifier|==>| Dropper |==?===============>|Marker|==> Packet
Stream   |          |   |         |  |                |      |    Stream
         +----------+   +- - - - -+  |                +------+
                                     |  +---------+       ^
                                     |  | Excess  |       |
                                     +->| Traffic |-------+
                                        |  Meter  |    Result
                                        +---------+
      

                         +--------------+  +====+
                         | HOME NETWORK |  |MoSh|
                         +--------------+  +====+
                                       /\
                                       ||
                                       \/
                                +--------+
                                |   MN   |
                                +--------+
      

                                  +--------------+
                                  | HOME NETWORK |
                                  +--------------+
                                            /\
                                            ||
                                            \/
                        +====+ +-----------------+
                        |MoSv| | VISITED NETWORK |
                        +====+ +-----------------+
                                            /\
                                            ||
                                            \/
                                      +--------+
                                      |   MN   |
                                      +--------+
      

                                            +--------------+
                                            | HOME NETWORK |
         +====+    +--------------+         +--------------+
         |MoS3|    | THIRD PARTY  |  <===>        /\
         +====+    +--------------+               ||
                                                  \/
                                          +-----------------+
                                          | VISITED NETWORK |
                                          +-----------------+
                                                  /\
                                                  ||
                                                  \/
                                              +--------+
                                              |   MN   |
                                              +--------+
      

                    +====+   +--------------+
                    |MoSh|   | HOME NETWORK |
                    +====+   +--------------+
                                   /\
                                   ||
                                   \/
                          +-----------------+
                          | VISITED NETWORK |
                          +-----------------+
                                   /\
                                   ||
                                   \/
                               +--------+
                               |   MN   |
                               +--------+
      

            (a)                       +-------+
                       +----+         |Domain |
                       | MN |-------->|Name   |
                       +----+         |Server |
                     MN@example.org   +-------+

            (b)
                                    +-----+      +------+
                       +----+       |     |      |DHCP  |
                       | MN |<----->| DHCP|<---->|Server|
                       +----+       |Relay|      |      |
                                    +-----+      +------+
      

                            +-----+      +------+
               +----+       |     |      |DHCP  |
               | MN |<----->| DHCP|<---->|Server|
               +----+       |Relay|      |      |
                            +-----+      +------+
      

            (a)
                                      +------------+
                       +----+         |            |
                       |    |         |Information |
                       | MN |-------->| Server     |
                       |    |         |(previously |
                       +----+         |discovered) |
                                      +------------+

            (b)
                                      +-------+
                       +----+         |Domain |
                       | MN |-------->|Name   |
                       +----+         |Server |
                    MN@example.org    +-------+
      

                MN                                         MoS
|===================================|    |======| |===================|
+ ---------+                                                +---------+
| MIH USER |       +------+  +------+    +------+  +------+ | MIH USER|
| +------+ |       | TCP  |  |DHCP  |    |DHCP  |  | TCP  | | +------+|
| | MIHF | |       |Client|  |Client|    |Server|  |Server| | | MIHF ||
+----------+       +------+  +------+    +------+  +------++----------+
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
  MIH Discovery       |         |           |         |          |
  Request             |         |           |         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    |Invoke DHCP Client         |           |         |          |
    |(Internal process with MoS)|DHCP INFORM|         |          |
    |==========================>|==========>|         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    |  Inform Mobility Server   |  DHCP ACK |         |          |
    |         Address           |<==========|         |          |
    |<==========================|           |         |          |
    |    (internal process)     |           |         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
  MIH Discovery       |         |           |         |          |
  Response            |         |           |         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
  IS Query            |         |           |         |          |
  MIH User-> MIHF     |         |           |         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    |Invoke TCP Client|         |           |         |          |
    |================>|  TCP connection established   |          |
  Internal process    |<=============================>|          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    |                 IS  QUERY REQUEST (via MIH protocol)       |
    |===========================================================>|
    |                 |         |           |         |  IS QUERY|
    |                 |         |           |         |   REQUEST|
    |                 |         |           |    MIHF-> MIH User |
    |                 |         |           |         |     QUERY|
    |                 |         |           |         |  RESPONSE|
    |                 |         |           |   MIHF <-MIH User  |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    |                 | IS QUERY RESPONSE (via MIH protocol)     |
    |<===========================================================|
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
    IS RESPONSE       |         |           |         |          |
    MIH User <-MIHF   |         |           |         |          |
    |                 |         |           |         |          |
      

           Code Len   IPv4 Address 1    IPv4 Address 2
         +-----+---+---+----+----+----+----+----+---
         |1..3 | n |a1 | a2 |a3  | a4 | a1 |  ...
         +-----+---+---+----+----+----+-----+----+--
      

          Code  Len   DNS name of Mobility Server
         +-----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
         |1..3 | n  | s1 |  s2 |  s3 |  s4 | s5  |  ...
         +-----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+--
      

   +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   |1..3 |26 | 7 |'e'|'x'|'a'|'m'|'p'|'l'|'e'| 3 |'c'|'o'|'m'| 0 |
   +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   | 7 |'e'|'x'|'a'|'m'|'p'|'l'|'e'| 3 |'n'|'e'|'t'| 0 |
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                      Public Internet
                    (Public IP Addresses)
        ----+---------------+---------------+-----------
            |               |               |
            |               |               |
        192.0.2.1      192.0.2.64     192.0.2.128
        +-------+        Host A          Host B
        | NAT-1 |        (Alice)         (Jim)
        | (Bob) |
        +-------+
        10.1.1.1
            |
            |
        Private Network 1
      (Private IP Addresses)
        ----+--------+----
            |        |
            |        |
        10.1.1.10 10.1.1.11
         Host C    Host D
      

                        Public Internet
                      (Public IP Addresses)
                ---+---------------+---------------+----
                   |               |               |
                   |               |               |
               192.0.2.64     192.0.2.128     192.0.2.254
                Host A          Host B      +-------------+
                (Alice)         (Jim)       |    NAT-2    |
                                            | (CheapoISP) |
                                            +-------------+
                                               10.1.1.1
                                                   |
                                                   |
                                          Private Network 2
                                        (Private IP Addresses)
                 ----+---------------+-------------+--+-------
                     |               |                |
                     |               |                |
                 10.1.1.10       10.1.1.11        10.1.1.12
                 +-------+        Host E          +-------+
                 | NAT-3 |        (Mary)          | NAT-4 |
                 | (Ann) |                        | (Lex) |
                 +-------+                        +-------+
                 10.1.1.1                         10.1.1.1
                     |                                |
                     |                                |
            Private Network 3                 Private Network 4
          (Private IP Addresses)            (Private IP Addresses)
       ----+-----------+------             ----+-----------+----
           |           |                       |           |
           |           |                       |           |
      10.1.1.10   10.1.1.11                10.1.1.10   10.1.1.11
        Host F      Host G                   Host H      Host I
      

                  Public Internet
                (Public IP Addresses)
          ---+---------------+---------------+----
             |               |               |
             |               |               |
         192.0.2.64     192.0.2.128     192.0.2.254
          Host A          Host B      +-------------+
          (Alice)         (Jim)       |    NAT-2    |
                                      | (CheapoISP) |
                                      +-------------+
                                         10.1.1.1
                                             |
                                             |
                                    Private Network 2
                                  (Private IP Addresses)
      ------------+------------------+-------+----------
                  |                  |
              10.1.1.10              |
              +-------+         10.1.1.11
              | NAT-3 |          Host E
              | (Ann) |          (DNS Resolver)
              +-------+
               10.1.1.1
                   |    Private Network 3
                   |  (Private IP Addresses)
           ----+---+-----------+----------------
               |               |
               |               |
          10.1.1.10       10.1.1.11
            Host F          Host G
      

   +---------------------------+
   |                           |
   |  Access Network Provider  |
   |                           |
   |   +--------+              |
   |   | Node   |              |
   |   +--------+ +----------+ |
   |       |  |   | LIS      | |
   |       |  +---|          | |
   |       |      +----------+ |
   |       |                   |
   +-------+-------------------+
           | Wired Network
   <----------------> Access Network Provider demarc
           |
   +-------+-------------------+
   |       |                   |
   |   +-------------+         |
   |   | NTE         |         |
   |   +-------------+         |
   |       |                   |
   |       |                   |
   |   +--------------+        |
   |   | Device with  | Home   |
   |   | NAPT and     | Router |
   |   | DHCP server  |        |
   |   +--------------+        |
   |       |                   |
   |       |                   |
   |    +------+               |
   |    | Host |               |
   |    +------+               |
   |                           |
   |Customer Premises Network  |
   |                           |
   +---------------------------+
      

   +--------------------------+
   | Wireless                 |
   | Access Network Provider  |
   |                          |
   |              +----------+|
   |      +-------+ LIS      ||
   |      |       |          ||
   |  +---+----+  +----------+|
   |  | Node   |              |
   |  |        |              |
   |  +---+----+              |
   |      |                   |
   +------+-------------------+
          | Wireless Interface
          |
   +------+-------------------+
   |      |    Moving Network |
   |  +---+----+              |
   |  | NTE    |   +--------+ |
   |  |        +---+ Host   | |
   |  +-+-----++   |  B     | |
   |    |     \    +--------+ |
   |    |      \              |
   |+---+----+  \  +---+----+ |
   || Host   |   \ | Host   | |
   ||  A     |    \+  B     | |
   |+--------+     +--------+ |
   +--------------------------+
      

   +--------------------------+
   | Access Network Provider  |
   |                          |
   |              +----------+|
   |      +-------| LIS      ||
   |      |       |          ||
   |  +--------+  +----------+|
   |  | Access |              |
   |  | Point  |              |
   |  +--------+              |
   |      |                   |
   +------+-------------------+
          |
      +------+
      | Host |
      +------+
      

        ---------------------------------------------------------------
        TCP Host A                Router                     TCP Host B
        (data sender)                                   (data receiver)
        ----------                ------                     ----------
                                         <--- SYN with AckCC Permitted.
        SYN/ACK with AckCC Permitted --->
                                  . . .
        Data packets --->
                                                    <--- one ACK packet
                                             for every two data packets
                                  . . .
        Sender detects a lost ACK packet.
        Data packet with an ACK Ratio option of 4 --->
                                                    <--- one ACK packet
                                    for at most every four data packets
                                  . . .
        Sender detects a period with no lost ACK packets.
        Data packet with an ACK Ratio option of 3 --->
                                                    <--- one ACK packet
                                   for at most every three data packets
        ---------------------------------------------------------------
      

          +-----------+-----------+
          | Kind=TBD1 |  Length=2 |
          +-----------+-----------+
      

          +-----------+-----------+-----------+
          | Kind=TBD2 |  Length=3 | ACK Ratio |
          +-----------+-----------+-----------+
      

       J TCP conns.            link L ->           J TCP conns.
         data ->      |---|                 |---|   <- ACKs
      <-------------> |   |                 |   | <------------->
                      |   | <-------------> |   |
      <-------------> |   |                 |   | <------------->
       K TCP conns.   |---|                 |---|  K TCP conns.
        ACKs ->               <- link L1            <- data
      

             |                |                  |   +
             |                |                  |   +
          +--+--+          +--+--+            +--+-+-+--+
          | MAC |          | MAC |            |   MAC   |
          +-----+          +-----+            +---------+
          | PHY |          | PHY |            |   PHY   |
          +-+-+-+          +-+-+-+            +-+-+-+-+-+
            + +              | |                | | + +
            + +              | +-----CID#w------+ | + +
            + +              +-------CID#x--------+ + +
            + +++++++++++++++++CID#y+++++++++++++++++ +
            +++++++++++++++++++CID#z+++++++++++++++++++
            SS#1             SS#2                 BS
      

        [Subscriber Side]       [Network Side]        [Subscriber Side]
          |         |                 |                 |       |   |
         ETH       ETH               ETH               ETH     ETH ETH
          |         |                 |                 |       |   |
          |         |       +---------+---------+       |     +-+---+-+
          |         |       | Bridging Function |       |     |Bridge |
          |         |       +--+-+---------+-+--+       |     +---+---+
          |         |          | +         + |          |         |
       +--+--+   +--+--+    +--+-+--+   +--+-+--+    +--+--+   +--+--+
       | MAC |   | MAC |    |  MAC  |   |  MAC  |    | MAC |   | MAC |
       +-----+   +-----+    +-------+   +-------+    +-----+   +-----+
       | PHY |   | PHY |    |  PHY  |   |  PHY  |    | PHY |   | PHY |
       +-+-+-+   +-+-+-+    +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+    +-+-+-+   +-+-+-+
         +         | |        | | +       + | |        | |         +
         +         | +--CID#u-+ | +       + | +-CID#x--+ |         +
         +         +----CID#v---+ +       + +---CID#y----+         +
         +++++++++++++++CID#w++++++       ++++++CID#z+++++++++++++++
      

         +---------+--------------+-----------------------+
         | Layer 2 | Layer 3 = IP | Layer 4 = UDP         |
         +---------+--------------+-----------------------+
      

         +---------+-------+--------------+-----------------------+
         | Layer 2 | MPLS  | Layer 3 = IP | Layer 4 = UDP         |
         +---------+-------+--------------+-----------------------+
      

            <----------------64-1518B------------------------>
            <--18B---><-----------46-1500B------------------->
            +---------+---------+----------------------------+
            | Layer 2 | Layer 3 | Layer 4 (and higher)       |
            +---------+---------+----------------------------+
      

            <------------------68-1522B------------------------------>
            <--18B---><--4B--><-----------46-1500B------------------->
            +---------+-------+---------+----------------------------+
            | Layer 2 | MPLS  | Layer 3 | Layer 4 (and higher)       |
            +---------+-------+---------+----------------------------+
      

                IM                --> conceptual/abstract model
                 |                    for designers and operators
      +----------+---------+
      |          |         |
      DM        DM         DM     --> concrete/detailed model
                                      for implementers
      

              +--------------------------------------+
              |           Media Server               |
              |                                      |
              |------+                      ,---.    |
              |      |      +------+       /     \   |
   <== RTP ==>| conn |<---->| oper |<---->( conf  )  |
              |      |      +------+       \     /   |
              |------+                      `---'    |
              |   ^                           ^      |
              |   |                           |      |
              |   |   +------+    +------+    |      |
              |   |   |      |    |      |    |      |
              |   +-->|dialog|    |dialog|<---+      |
              |       |      |    |      |           |
              |       +------+    +------+           |
              +--------------------------------------+
      

      +-------+---+
      |       | 2 |
      |   1   +---+
      |       | 3 |
      +---+---+---+
      | 6 | 5 | 4 |
      +---+---+---+
      

      +-----------+
      |   root    |
      |background |
      |     +-----+--
      |     |     |//
      |     | foo |//
      +-----+-----+//
            |////////
      

      +-------+---+
      |       | 2 |
      |   1   +---+
      |       | 3 |
      +---+---+---+
      | 6 | 5 | 4 |
      +---+---+---+
      

           /-> P1 --\
          /          \
   G(in) +---> P2 ----> G(out)     G(in) --> P1 --> P2 --> P3 --> G(out)
          \          /
           \-> P3 --/
      

               /-----> P1 ------------------------\
              /                                    \
      Gs(in) +-> Gp(in) --> P2 --> P3 --> Gp(out) -+> Gs(out)
      

      UA                   Control Agent             Media Server
      |                         |                           |
      |                         |        INVITE F1          |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |           200 F2          |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |                         |           ACK F3          |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |                           |
      |                         |     createconference> F4  |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |           200 F5          |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |    INVITE (SDP UA) F6   |                           |
      |------------------------>|                           |
      |                         |      INVITE (SDP UA) F7   |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |        200 (SDP MS) F8    |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |                         |           ACK F9          |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |     200 (SDP MS) F10    |                           |
      |<------------------------|                           |
      |        ACK F11          |                           |

      |------------------------>|                           |
      |                         |     <dialogstart> F12     |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |           200 F13         |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |                         |    HTTP interactions F14  |
      |                         |<------------------------->|
      |                         |  <event>(dialog.exit) F15 |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |                         |         <join> F16        |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |           200 F17         |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |         ...             |            ...            |
      |                         |                           |
      |                         |     <dialogstart> F18     |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |           200 F19         |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |                         |    HTTP interactions F20  |
      |                         |<--------------------------|
      |                         |  <event>(dialog.exit) F21 |
      |                         |-------------------------->|
      |         ...             |            ...            |
      |                         |                           |
      

    R0--1G--R1---155----R2
             | \         |
             |   \      155
             |    \      |
            155   1G     R3
             |       \   |
             |        \ 155
             |          \|
             R4----1G----R5
      

                      R
                     /|\
                    / | \
                  1/ 2|  \3
                  /   |   \    cost S->T = 10
           Y-----X----S----T   cost T->S = 1
           |  1     2      |
           |1              |
           D---------------+
                  20
      

      +----------------------+       +----------------------+
      |  Federation Member   |       |  Federation Member   |
      |        ALPHA         |       |         BETA         |
      |                      |       |                      |
      |                      |       |                      |
      |    +------------+    |       |    +------------+    |
      |    |    NSDB    |    |       |    |    NSDB    |    |
      |    |            |    |       |    |            |    |
      |    +------------+    |       |    +------------+    |
      |                      |       |                      |
      |                      |       |                      |
      |                      |       |                      |
      |         +----------+ |       |         +----------+ |
      |         |          | |       |         |          | |
      |     +-- | Servers  | |       |     +-- | Servers  | |
      |     |   |          | |       |     |   |          | |
      | +-- |   |          | |       | +-- |   |          | |
      | |   |   +----------+ |       | |   |   +----------+ |
      | |   |          |     |       | |   |          |     |
      | |   +----------+     |       | |   +----------+     |
      | |          |         |       | |          |         |
      | +----------+         |       | +----------+         |
      +----------------------+       +----------------------+
      

          +---------------+
          |               |
          |    Client     | >--------------------------+
          |               |                            |
          +---------------+                            |
            v   ^                                      |
      +-----+---+-------------+      +-----------------+-----+
      |     |   |   Federation|      |Federation       |     |
      |     |   |   member    |      |member           |     |
      |     |   |   ALPHA     |      |BETA             |     |
      |     |   |             |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |             |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |             |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |             |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |             |      |   +---------+   |     |
      |     |   |   +---------+------+-> |         |   |     |
      |     |   |   |         |      |   | NSDB Y  |   |     |
      |     |   |   |   +-----+------+-< |         |   |     |
      |     |   |   |   |     |      |   +---------+   |     |
      |     |   |   |   |     |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |   |   |     |      |                 |     |
      |     |   |   |   |     |      |                 |     |
      |    1|  4|  2|  3|     |      |                5|     |
      |     v   ^   ^   v     |      |                 v     |
      |   +---------------+   |      |   +---------------+   |
      |   |               |   |      |   |               |   |
      |   |   Server X    |   |      |   |   Server Y    |   |
      |   |               |   |      |   |               |   |
      |   +---------------+   |      |   +---------------+   |
      |                       |      |                       |
      +-----------------------+      +-----------------------+
      

                               ,---------------.
                            ,-'     Global      `-.  <--------+
                           (       IPv6/IPv4       )     ,----|-----.
                            `-.    Internet     ,-'     ( Enterprises)
                               `+--+..+--+ ...+--+      ( E2 thru EN )
                             _.-|R1|--|R2+----|Rn|-._    `.---------/
                      _.---''   +--+  +--+ ...+--+   -.
                 ,--''           ,---.                 `---.
              ,-'              X5     X6            .---..  `-.
            ,'  ,.X1-..       /         \        ,'       `.   `.
          ,'  ,'       `.    .'  E1.2   '.     X8    E1.m   \    `.
         /   /           \   |   ,--.    |     / _,.._       \     \
        /   /   E1.1      \  | Y3    `.  |    | /     Y7       |     \
       ;   |    ___        | |  ` W  Y4  |... | `Y6  ,'       |      :
       |   | ,-'   `.     X2 |   `--'    |    |   `''         |      |
       :   | |  V  Y2      | \    _      /    |               |      ;
        \  | `-Y1,,'       |  \ .' Y5   /      \    ,-Y8'`-   /      /
         \  \             /    \ \_'  /        X9   `.    ,'/      /
          `. \          X3      `.__,,'          `._  Y9'','     ,'
            ` `._     _,'      ___.......X7_        `---'      ,'
              `  `---'      ,-'             `-.              -'
                 `---.      `.    E1.3   Z   _'        _.--'
                      `-----. \---.......---'   _.---''
                             `----------------''
      

                                                            +------+
                                                            | IPv6 |
       " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "       |Server|
     "         <----------------- 2001:DB8::/40 (PA) "      |  S1  |
   "    2001:DB8:10::/56 (PI)  ---------------->      "     +--+---+
   "     . . . . . . .       . . . .      . . . .     "        |
   "   .               .    .       .    .       .    "        |
   "   .  +----+   v    +--- +   v  +----+   v   +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .  | V  +=  e   =+ Y1 +=  e =+ X2 +=  e  =+ R2 +==+   Internet  |
   "   .  +-+--+   t    +----+   t  +----+   t   +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .    |      1   .    .    2  .    .   3   .    "        |
   "    .   H         .     .       .    .       .    "        |
   "      . . . . . .        . . . .      . . . .     "     +--+---+
    "       <E1.1.1>         <E1.1>        <E1>       "     | IPv4 |
      "      10/8             10/8         10/8      "      |Server|
        " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "        |  S2  |
                     <-- Enterprise E1 -->                  +------+
      

                                                            +------+
                                                            | IPv6 |
       " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "       |Server|
     "         <----------------- 2001:DB8::/40 (PA) "      |  S1  |
   "    2001:DB8:10::/56 (PI)  ---------------->      "     +--+---+
   "     . . . . . . .       . . . .      . . . .     "        |
   "   .               .    .       .    .       .    "        |
   "   .  +----+   v   +----+   v   +----+       +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .  | V  +=  e  =+ Y1 +=  e  =+ X2 +=     =+ R2 +==+   Internet  |
   "   .  +-+--+   t   +----+   t   +----+       +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .    |      1   .    .   2   .    .       .    "        |
   "    .   H         .     .       .    .   v   .    "        |
   "      . . . . . .        . . . .     .   e   .    "     +--+---+
   "                                     .   t   .    "     | IPv4 |
   "                  . . . . . . ,      .   3   .    "     |Server|
   "                .  +----+   v   +----+       .    "     |  S2  |
   "                .  | Z  +=  e  =+ X7 +=      .    "     +------+
   "                .  +-+--+   t   +----+       .    "
   "                .    |      4   .    .       .    "
   "                .    J         .      . . . .     "
    "                 . . . . . . .                   "
      "           2001:DB8:20::/56 (PI) -------->    "
        " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "
                     <-- Enterprise E1 -->
      

                                                            +------+
                                                            | IPv6 |
       " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "       |Server|
     "         <----------------- 2001:DB8::/40 (PA) "      |  S1  |
   "    2001:DB8:10::/56 (PI)  ----------------->     "     +--+---+
   "     . . . . . . .       . . . .      . . . .     "        |
   "   .               .    .       .    .       .    "        |
   "   .  +----+   v   +--- +   v   +----+   v   +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .  | V  +=  e  =+ Y1 +=  e  =+ X2 +=  e  =+ R2 +==+   Internet  |
   "   .  +-+--+   t   +----+   t   +----+   t   +----+  +-----+-------+
   "   .    |      1   .    .   2   .    .   3   .    "        |
   "    .   K   L     .     .       .    . M     .    "        |
   "      . . . . . .        . . . .      . . . .     "     +--+---+
    "       <E1.1.1>         <E1.1>        <E1>       "     | IPv4 |
      "                                              "      |Server|
        " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "        |  S2  |
                     <-- Enterprise E1 -->                  +------+
      

   +------------------+--------------------//-----------------------+
   |  Unfragmentable  |                 Fragmentable                |
   |       Part       |                     Part                    |
   +------------------+--------------------//-----------------------+
      

   +------------------+--------+--------------------+
   |  Unfragmentable  |Fragment|       first        |
   |       Part       | Header |      fragment      |
   +------------------+--------+--------------------+

   +------------------+--------+--------------------+
   |  Unfragmentable  |Fragment|       second       |
   |       Part       | Header |      fragment      |
   +------------------+--------+--------------------+
      

    +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
    |         |      IKEv2/IKEv2-EAP     |         |     Protected
    | Remote  |<------------------------>|         |     Subnet
    | Access  |                          | Access  |<--- and/or
    | Client  |<------------------------>| Gateway |     Internet
    |         |      IPsec tunnel        |         |
    +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
      

    +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
    |         |    IKE_SESSION_RESUME    |         |
    | Remote  |<------------------------>|         |
    | Access  |                          | Access  |
    | Client  |<------------------------>| Gateway |
    |         |      IPsec tunnel        |         |
    +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
      

   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   | State Item                     | After Resumption                 |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
   | IDi                            | From the ticket (but must also   |
   |                                | be exchanged in IKE_AUTH).  See  |
   |                                | also Note 1.                     |
   |                                |                                  |
   | IDr                            | From the ticket (but must also   |
   |                                | be exchanged in IKE_AUTH).       |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Authentication method (PKI,    | From the ticket.                 |
   | pre-shared secret, EAP,        |                                  |
   | PKI-less EAP [EAP-AUTH] etc.)  |                                  |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Certificates (when applicable) | From the ticket, see Note 2.     |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Local IP address/port, peer IP | Selected by the client, see Note |
   | address/port                   | 3.                               |
   |                                |                                  |
   | NAT detection status           | From new exchange.               |
   |                                |                                  |
   | SPIs                           | From new exchange, see Note 4.   |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Which peer is the "original    | Determined by the initiator of   |
   | initiator"?                    | IKE_SESSION_RESUME.              |
   |                                |                                  |
   | IKE SA sequence numbers        | Reset to 0 in                    |
   | (Message ID)                   | IKE_SESSION_RESUME, and          |
   |                                | subsequently incremented         |
   |                                | normally.                        |
   |                                |                                  |
   | IKE SA algorithms (SAr)        | From the ticket.                 |
   |                                |                                  |

   | IKE SA keys (SK_*)             | The old SK_d is obtained from    |
   |                                | the ticket and all keys are      |
   |                                | refreshed, see Section 5.1.      |
   |                                |                                  |
   | IKE SA window size             | Reset to 1.                      |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Child SAs (ESP/AH)             | Created in new exchange, see     |
   |                                | Note 6.                          |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Internal IP address            | Not resumed, but see Note 5.     |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Other Configuration Payload    | Not resumed.                     |
   | information                    |                                  |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Peer Vendor IDs                | Not resumed, resent in new       |
   |                                | exchange if required.            |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Peer supports MOBIKE [RFC4555] | From new exchange.               |
   |                                |                                  |
   | MOBIKE additional addresses    | Not resumed, should be resent by |
   |                                | client if necessary.             |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Time until re-authentication   | From new exchange (but ticket    |
   | [RFC4478]                      | lifetime is bounded by this      |
   |                                | duration).                       |
   |                                |                                  |
   | Peer supports redirects        | From new exchange.               |
   | [RFC5685]                      |                                  |
   +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+
      

                 +------------+
                 |  IP        |
                 |  End Host  |
                 +-----+------+
                       |
        - - - - - - - -|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
        |              | LAN interface                 |
                       |
        |       +------+--------+                      |
                | Indoor Unit   |
        |       |  (IDU)        |                      |
                +------+--------+
        |              |                               |
             Inter Facility Link (IFL)
        |              |                               |
                +-----+---------+
        |       | Outdoor Unit  |                      |
                | (ODU)         |
        |       +------+--------+                      |
                       |
        |              | Air interface                 |
        - - - - - - -  |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
          RCST         |
                       |        +----------------+
                       +------->| Network Control|
                                | Center (NCC)   |
                                +----------------+
      

       +----------------------------------------------------------+
       |                 IP Network Layer                         |
       +------+----------------------------------+----------------+
              |                                  |
       +------+-------+       +------------------+----------------+
       | Ethernet LAN |       |          dvbRcsMacLayer           |
       +--------------+       +-------------+---------------------+
                                            |                 |
                              +-------------+-----------+ +---+---+
                              |        dvbRcsTdma       | |dvbTdm |
                              +-----+-------------+-----+ +-------+
                                    |             |
                              +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+
                              |atm-logical| |atm-logical|
                              +-----------+ +-----------+
      

         .--.                  .--.                    .--.
       _(.   `)              _(.   `)                _(.   `)
     _( Visited`)_         _( Visited`)_           _(  Home  `)_
    (z.example.com`)<---->(x.example.com`)<------>(h.example.com`)
   ( `  .        )  )    ( `  .        )  )      ( `  .        )  )
    `--(_______)---'      `--(_______)---'        `--(_______)---'
          |                 __ /
          |               /
         .--.          .--.
       _(    `.      _(    `.
      (  NAP A )    (  NAP B )
     ( `  .  )  )  ( `  .  )  )
      `--(___.-'    `--(___.-'
                     )
            (  (   )
              (  |
                 +-+
                 |M|
                 +-+
      

                       Client                  Server
                  |                                     |
                  |                Connect              |
                  | >>------------------------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send Greeting           |
                  | <<-------------------------------<< |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send <login>            |
                  | >>------------------------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send Response           |
                  | <<-------------------------------<< |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send Command            |
                  | >>------------------------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send Response           |
                  | <<-------------------------------<< |
                  |                                     |
                  |            Send Command X           |
                  | >>------------------------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |    Send Command Y                   |
                  | >>---------------+                  |
                  |                  |                  |
                  |                  |                  |
                  |            Send Response X          |
                  | <<---------------(---------------<< |
                  |                  |                  |
                  |                  |                  |
                  |                  +--------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |            Send Response Y          |
                  | <<-------------------------------<< |
                  |                                     |
                  |             Send <logout>           |
                  | >>------------------------------->> |
                  |                                     |
                  |     Send Response & Disconnect      |
                  | <<-------------------------------<< |
                  |                                     |
      

   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Message Type         | Purpose                                    |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | NORM_DATA            | Sender message for application data        |
   |                      | transmission.  Implementations MUST        |
   |                      | support at least one of the                |
   |                      | NORM_OBJECT_DATA, NORM_OBJECT_FILE, or     |
   |                      | NORM_OBJECT_STREAM delivery services.  The |
   |                      | use of the NORM FEC Object Transmission    |
   |                      | Information header extension is OPTIONAL   |
   |                      | with NORM_DATA messages.                   |
   | NORM_CMD(FLUSH)      | Sender command to excite receivers for     |
   |                      | repair requests in lieu of ongoing         |
   |                      | NORM_DATA transmissions.  Note the use of  |
   |                      | the NORM_CMD(FLUSH) for positive           |
   |                      | acknowledgment of data receipt is          |
   |                      | OPTIONAL.                                  |

   | NORM_CMD(SQUELCH)    | Sender command to advertise its current    |
   |                      | valid repair window in response to invalid |
   |                      | requests for repair.                       |
   | NORM_CMD(REPAIR_ADV) | Sender command to advertise current repair |
   |                      | (and congestion control state) to group    |
   |                      | when unicast feedback messages are         |
   |                      | detected.  Used to control/suppress        |
   |                      | excessive receiver feedback in asymmetric  |
   |                      | multicast topologies.                      |
   | NORM_CMD(CC)         | Sender command used in collection of       |
   |                      | round-trip timing and congestion control   |
   |                      | status from group (this is OPTIONAL if     |
   |                      | alternative congestion control mechanism   |
   |                      | and round-trip timing collection is used). |
   | NORM_NACK            | Receiver message used to request repair of |
   |                      | missing transmitted content.               |
   | NORM_ACK             | Receiver message used to proactively       |
   |                      | provide feedback for congestion control    |
   |                      | purposes.  Also used with the OPTIONAL     |
   |                      | NORM Positive Acknowledgment Process.      |
   +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
      

   +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
   | Message Type          | Purpose                                   |
   +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
   | NORM_INFO             | Sender message for providing ancillary    |
   |                       | context information associated with NORM  |
   |                       | transport objects.  The use of the NORM   |
   |                       | FEC Object Transmission Information       |
   |                       | header extension is OPTIONAL with         |
   |                       | NORM_INFO messages.                       |
   | NORM_CMD(EOT)         | Sender command to indicate it has reached |
   |                       | end-of-transmission and will no longer    |
   |                       | respond to repair requests.               |
   | NORM_CMD(ACK_REQ)     | Sender command to support                 |
   |                       | application-defined, positively           |
   |                       | acknowledged commands sent outside of the |
   |                       | context of the bulk data content being    |
   |                       | transmitted.  The NORM Positive           |
   |                       | Acknowledgment Procedure associated with  |
   |                       | this message type is OPTIONAL.            |

   | NORM_CMD(APPLICATION) | Sender command containing                 |
   |                       | application-defined commands sent outside |
   |                       | of the context of the bulk data content   |
   |                       | being transmitted.                        |
   | NORM_REPORT           | Optional message type reserved for        |
   |                       | experimental implementations of the NORM  |
   |                       | protocol.                                 |
   +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
      

   +-----------------------+----------+--------------------------------+
   | Command               | Sub-type | Purpose                        |
   +-----------------------+----------+--------------------------------+
   | NORM_CMD(FLUSH)       |     1    | Used to indicate sender        |
   |                       |          | temporary end-of-transmission. |
   |                       |          | (Assists in robustly           |
   |                       |          | initiating outstanding repair  |
   |                       |          | requests from receivers).  May |
   |                       |          | also be optionally used to     |
   |                       |          | collect positive               |
   |                       |          | acknowledgment of reliable     |
   |                       |          | reception from a subset of     |
   |                       |          | receivers.                     |
   | NORM_CMD(EOT)         |     2    | Used to indicate sender        |
   |                       |          | permanent end-of-transmission. |

   | NORM_CMD(SQUELCH)     |     3    | Used to advertise sender's     |
   |                       |          | current repair window in       |
   |                       |          | response to out-of-range NACKs |
   |                       |          | from receivers.                |
   | NORM_CMD(CC)          |     4    | Used for GRTT measurement and  |
   |                       |          | collection of congestion       |
   |                       |          | control feedback.              |
   | NORM_CMD(REPAIR_ADV)  |     5    | Used to advertise sender's     |
   |                       |          | aggregated repair/feedback     |
   |                       |          | state for suppression of       |
   |                       |          | unicast feedback from          |
   |                       |          | receivers.                     |
   | NORM_CMD(ACK_REQ)     |     6    | Used to request                |
   |                       |          | application-defined positive   |
   |                       |          | acknowledgment from a list of  |
   |                       |          | receivers (OPTIONAL).          |
   | NORM_CMD(APPLICATION) |     7    | Used for application-defined   |
   |                       |          | purposes that need to          |
   |                       |          | temporarily preempt or         |
   |                       |          | supplement data transmission   |
   |                       |          | (OPTIONAL).                    |
   +-----------------------+----------+--------------------------------+
      

   +--------------------+-------+--------------------------------------+
   | Flag               | Value | Purpose                              |
   +--------------------+-------+--------------------------------------+
   | NORM_FLAG_CC_CLR   |  0x01 | Receiver is the current limiting     |
   |                    |       | receiver (CLR).                      |
   | NORM_FLAG_CC_PLR   |  0x02 | Receiver is a potential limiting     |
   |                    |       | receiver (PLR).                      |
   | NORM_FLAG_CC_RTT   |  0x04 | Receiver has measured RTT with       |
   |                    |       | respect to sender.                   |

   | NORM_FLAG_CC_START |  0x08 | Sender/receiver is in "slow start"   |
   |                    |       | phase of congestion control          |
   |                    |       | operation (i.e., the receiver has    |
   |                    |       | not yet detected any packet loss and |
   |                    |       | the "cc_rate" field is the           |
   |                    |       | receiver's actual measured receive   |
   |                    |       | rate).                               |
   | NORM_FLAG_CC_LEAVE |  0x10 | Receiver is imminently leaving the   |
   |                    |       | session and its feedback SHOULD not  |
   |                    |       | be considered in congestion control  |
   |                    |       | operation.                           |
   +--------------------+-------+--------------------------------------+
      

   Client                        Attacker                        Server
   ------                        -------                         ------
                                     <----------- Handshake ---------->
                                     <======= Initial Traffic ========>
   <--------------------------  Handshake ============================>
   <======================== Client Traffic ==========================>
      

                       _._._._._            _._._._._
                      |  IPv4   |          |  IPv4   |
                      | access  |          | access  |
                      | island  |          | island  |
                       _._._._._            _._._._._
                           |                    |
                       Dual-Stack           Dual-Stack
                       "4over6 PE"          "4over6 PE"
                           |                    |
                           |                    |
                         __+____________________+__
            4over6      /   :   :           :   :  \    IPv6 only
            Tunnels    |    :      :      :     :   |  transit core
            between    |    :        [P]        :   |  with multiple
              PEs      |    :     :       :     :   |   [P routers]
                       |    :   :            :  :   |
                        \_._._._._._._._._._._._._./
                           | /                \ |
                           |                    |
                        Dual-Stack          Dual-Stack
                        "4over6 PE"         "4over6 PE"
                          |  |                  |
                       _._._._._            _._._._._
                      |  IPv4   |          |  IPv4   |
                      | access  |          | access  |
                      | island  |          | island  |
                       _._._._._            _._._._._
      

                Tunnel from Ingress PE to Egress PE
                   ---------------------------->
                 Tunnel                      Tunnel
                 Entry-Point                 Exit-Point
                 Node                        Node
   +-+    IPv4    +--+   IPv6 Transit Core    +--+    IPv4    +-+
   |S|-->--//-->--|PE|=====>=====//=====>=====|PE|-->--//-->--|D|
   +-+            +--+                        +--+            +-+
   Original    Ingress PE                   Egress PE        Original
   Packet    (Encapsulation)              (Decapsulation)    Packet
   Source                                                    Destination
   Node                                                      Node
      

                           +----------------------------------//-----+
                           | IPv4 Header |   Packet Payload          |
                           +----------------------------------//-----+
                            <         Original IPv4 Packet           >
                                         |
                                         |(Encapsulation on ingress PE)
                                         |
                                         v
    < Tunnel IPv6 Headers > <         Original IPv4 Packet           >
   +-----------+ - - - - - +-------------+-----------//--------------+
   |   IPv6    | IPv6      |   IPv4      |                           |
   |           | Extension |             |      Packet Payload       |
   |   Header  | Headers   |  Header     |                           |
   +-----------+ - - - - - +-------------+-----------//--------------+
    <                      Tunnel IPv6 Packet                       >
                                         |
                                         |(Decapsulation on egress PE)
                                         |
                                         v
                           +----------------------------------//-----+
                           | IPv4 Header |   Packet Payload          |
                           +----------------------------------//-----+
                            <         Original IPv4 Packet           >
      

        +-------------+------------------------------------------------+
        | IPv4 Prefix | IPv6 Advertising Address Family Border Router  |
        +-------------+------------------------------------------------+
      

         +-----------------------------------------------------+
         |                    IPv6 (CERNET2)                   |
         |                                                     |
         +-----------------------------------------------------+
         |                  |                   |              |
 Tsinghua|Univ.       Peking|Univ.          SJTU|     Southeast|Univ.
      +------+           +------+           +------+        +------+
      |4over6|    ...    |4over6|           |4over6|   ...  |4over6|
      |router|           |router|           |router|        |router|
      +------+           +------+           +------+        +------+
         |                  |                  |                |
         |                  |                  |                |
         |                  |                  |                |
   +-----------+      +-----------+      +-----------+     +-----------+
   |IPv4 access| ...  |IPv4 access|      |IPv4 access| ... |IPv4 access|
   |  network  |      |  network  |      |  network  |     |  network  |
   +-----------+      +-----------+      +-----------+     +-----------+
         |
   +----------------------+
   |    IPv4 (Internet)   |
   |                      |
   +----------------------+
      

     KRS                                        KDS
   --------                                   -------
       |                                          |
       |       KDE-Request: AAA{KRT}              |
       |----------------------------------------->|
       |       KDE-Response: AAA{KDT}             |
       |<-----------------------------------------|
      

   DSUSR-KH                   DSR-KH                    EAP/AAA Server
   --------                   ------                     ------------
      |  KDE-Request'(KRT')     |   KDE-Request(KRT)        |
      |------------------------>|-------------------------->|
      |  KDE-Response'(KDT')    |   KDE-Response(KDT)       |
      |<----------------------- |<--------------------------|
      |                         |                           |
      

   Minimum  | ECDH or  | Key        | Key      | Content     | Curves
   Bits of  | ECMQV    | Derivation | Wrap     | Encryption  |
   Security | Key Size | Function   | Alg.     | Alg.        |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   80       | 160-223  | SHA-1      | 3DES     | 3DES CBC    | sect163k1
            |          | SHA-224    | AES-128  | AES-128 CBC | secp163r2
            |          | SHA-256    | AES-192  | AES-192 CBC | secp192r1
            |          | SHA-384    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC |
            |          | SHA-512    |          |             |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+---------
   112      | 224-255  | SHA-1      | 3DES     | 3DES CBC    | secp224r1
            |          | SHA-224    | AES-128  | AES-128 CBC | sect233k1
            |          | SHA-256    | AES-192  | AES-192 CBC | sect233r1
            |          | SHA-384    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC |
            |          | SHA-512    |          |             |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+---------
   128      | 256-383  | SHA-1      | AES-128  | AES-128 CBC | secp256r1
            |          | SHA-224    | AES-192  | AES-192 CBC | sect283k1
            |          | SHA-256    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC | sect283r1
            |          | SHA-384    |          |             |
            |          | SHA-512    |          |             |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+---------
   192      | 384-511  | SHA-224    | AES-192  | AES-192 CBC | secp384r1
            |          | SHA-256    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC | sect409k1
            |          | SHA-384    |          |             | sect409r1
            |          | SHA-512    |          |             |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+---------
   256      | 512+     | SHA-256    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC | secp521r1
            |          | SHA-384    |          |             | sect571k1
            |          | SHA-512    |          |             | sect571r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+---------
      

   Minimum  | ECDH or  | Key        | Key      | Content     | Curve
   Bits of  | ECMQV    | Derivation | Wrap     | Encryption  |
   Security | Key Size | Function   | Alg.     | Alg.        |
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   80       | 192      | SHA-256    | 3DES     | 3DES CBC    | secp192r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   112      | 224      | SHA-256    | 3DES     | 3DES CBC    | secp224r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   128      | 256      | SHA-256    | AES-128  | AES-128 CBC | secp256r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   192      | 384      | SHA-384    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC | secp384r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
   256      | 512+     | SHA-512    | AES-256  | AES-256 CBC | secp521r1
   ---------+----------+------------+----------+-------------+----------
      

   Minimum  | ECDSA    | Message   | Curve
   Bits of  | Key Size | Digest    |
   Security |          | Algorithm |
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   80       | 160-223  | SHA-1     | sect163k1
            |          | SHA-224   | secp163r2
            |          | SHA-256   | secp192r1
            |          | SHA-384   |
            |          | SHA-512   |
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   112      | 224-255  | SHA-224   | secp224r1
            |          | SHA-256   | sect233k1
            |          | SHA-384   | sect233r1
            |          | SHA-512   |
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   128      | 256-383  | SHA-256   | secp256r1
            |          | SHA-384   | sect283k1
            |          | SHA-512   | sect283r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   192      | 384-511  | SHA-384   | secp384r1
            |          | SHA-512   | sect409k1
            |          |           | sect409r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   256      | 512+     | SHA-512   | secp521r1
            |          |           | sect571k1
            |          |           | sect571r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
      

   Minimum  | ECDSA    | Message   | Curve
   Bits of  | Key Size | Digest    |
   Security |          | Algorithm |
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   80       | 192      | SHA-256   | sect192r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   112      | 224      | SHA-256   | secp224r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   128      | 256      | SHA-256   | secp256r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   192      | 384      | SHA-384   | secp384r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
   256      | 512+     | SHA-512   | secp521r1
   ---------+----------+-----------+-----------
      

            Td
           __^__
        t0/     \   t1        t2        t3        t4        t5
       ---+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------->
          \____ ____/         :         :         :         :
          :    V    :         :         :         :         :
          :T_summary:         :         :         :         :
          :=1.5 * Td:         :         :         :         :
          \______________ ______________/         :         :
                    :    V    :                   :         :
                    : 3 * T_summary               :         :
                    :         :                   :         :
                    \______________ ______________/         :
                              :    V                        :
                              : 3 * T_summary               :
                              :                             :
                              \______________ ______________/
                                             V
                                          3 * T_summary
      

                          Source-specific
         +--------+          Multicast
         |        |     +----------------> R(1)
         |M   D S |     |                    |
         |E   I O |  +--+                    |
         |D   S U |  |  |                    |
         |I   T R |  |  +-----------> R(2)   |
         |A   R C |->+-----  :          |    |
         |  = I E |  |  +------> R(n-1) |    |
         |S   B   |  |  |          |    |    |
         |E   U   |  +--+--> R(n)  |    |    |
         |N   T   |          |     |    |    |
         |D   I   |<---------+     |    |    |
         |E   O   |<---------------+    |    |
         |R   N   |<--------------------+    |
         |        |<-------------------------+
         +--------+            Unicast
      

                                      Source-specific
                        +-----+          Multicast
                        |     |     +----------------> R(1)
                        | D S |     |                    |
                        | I O |  +--+                    |
                        | S U |  |  |                    |
        +--------+      | T R |  |  +-----------> R(2)   |
        | Media  |<---->| R C |->+-----  :          |    |
        | Sender |      | I E |  |  +------> R(n-1) |    |
        +--------+      | B   |  |  |          |    |    |
                        | U   |  +--+--> R(n)  |    |    |
                        | T   |          |     |    |    |
                        | I   |<---------+     |    |    |
                        | O   |<---------------+    |    |
                        | N   |<--------------------+    |
                        |     |<-------------------------+
                        +-----+            Unicast
      

   Alice            Proxies             Bob
     |(1) INVITE       |                  |
     |---------------->|                  |
     |                 |(2) INVITE        |
     |                 |----------------->|
     |                 |(3) hello         |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(4) hello        |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(5) finished      |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |                 |(6) media         |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(7) finished     |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(8)  200 OK       |
     |                 <------------------|
     |(9)  200 OK      |                  |
     |<----------------|                  |
     |                 |(10) media        |
     |<---------------------------------->|
     |(11) ACK         |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
      

   Alice            Proxies             Bob
     |(1) INVITE       |                  |
     |---------------->|                  |
     |                 |(2) INVITE        |
     |                 |----------------->|
     |                 |(3) hello         |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(4) hello        |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(5) finished      |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |                 |(6) media         |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(7) finished     |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(8)  200 OK       |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(9) ACK          |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(10)  UPDATE      |
     |                 |<-----------------|
     |(11) UPDATE      |                  |
     |<----------------|                  |
     |(12) 200 OK      |                  |
     |---------------->|                  |
     |                 |(13) 200 OK       |
     |                 |----------------->|
     |                 |(14) media        |
     |<---------------------------------->|
      

   Alice            Proxies             Bob
     |(1) INVITE       |                  |
     |---------------->|                  |
     |                 |(2) INVITE        |
     |                 |----------------->|
     |                 |(3) hello         |
     |                 X<-----------------|
     |                 |(4)  200 OK       |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     | (5) conn-check  |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(6) conn-response |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |                 |(7) hello (rtx)   |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(8) hello        |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(9) finished      |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |                 |(10) media        |
     |<-----------------------------------|
     |(11) finished    |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |                 |(11) media        |
     |----------------------------------->|
     |(12) ACK         |                  |
     |----------------------------------->|
      

         ClientHello + use_srtp       -------->
                                              ServerHello + use_srtp
                                                        Certificate*
                                                  ServerKeyExchange*
                                                 CertificateRequest*
                                      <--------      ServerHelloDone
         Certificate*
         ClientKeyExchange
         CertificateVerify*
         [ChangeCipherSpec]
         Finished                     -------->
                                                  [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                      <--------             Finished
         SRTP packets                 <------->      SRTP packets
      

   TLS master
     secret   label
      |         |
      v         v
   +---------------+
   | TLS extractor |
   +---------------+
          |                                         +------+   SRTP
          +-> client_write_SRTP_master_key ----+--->| SRTP |-> client
          |                                    | +->| KDF  |   write
          |                                    | |  +------+   keys
          |                                    | |
          +-> server_write_SRTP_master_key --  | |  +------+   SRTCP
          |                                  \ \--->|SRTCP |-> client
          |                                   \  +->| KDF  |   write
          |                                    | |  +------+   keys
          +-> client_write_SRTP_master_salt ---|-+
          |                                    |
          |                                    |    +------+   SRTP
          |                                    +--->| SRTP |-> server
          +-> server_write_SRTP_master_salt -+-|--->| KDF  |   write
                                             | |    +------+   keys
                                             | |
                                             | |    +------+   SRTCP
                                             | +--->|SRTCP |-> server
                                             +----->| KDF  |   write
                                                    +------+   keys
      

      Client            Server
     (Sender)         (Receiver)
   (1)   <----- DTLS ------>    src/dst = a/b and b/a
         ------ SRTP ------>    src/dst = a/b, uses client write keys

   (2)   <----- DTLS ------>    src/dst = c/d and d/c
         ------ SRTCP ----->    src/dst = c/d, uses client write keys
         <----- SRTCP ------    src/dst = d/c, uses server write keys
      

                   +----------------+
                   | 127 < B < 192 -+--> forward to RTP
                   |                |
       packet -->  |  19 < B < 64  -+--> forward to DTLS
                   |                |
                   |       B < 2   -+--> forward to STUN
                   +----------------+
      

         ClientHello                  -------->
                                                         ServerHello
                                                        Certificate*
                                                  ServerKeyExchange*
                                                 CertificateRequest*
                                      <--------      ServerHelloDone
         Certificate*
         ClientKeyExchange
         CertificateVerify*
         [ChangeCipherSpec]
         Finished                     -------->
                                                  [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                      <--------             Finished
         Application Data             <------->     Application Data
      

   Alice                                   Bob
   -------------------------------------------
                      <-       ClientHello (1)
   ServerHello (1)    ->
   Certificate (1)
   ServerHelloDone (1)
                      <- ClientKeyExchange (1)
                          ChangeCipherSpec (1)
                                  Finished (1)
   ChangeCipherSpec (1)->
   Finished         (1)->
                                                <--- Channel 1 ready

                      <-       ClientHello (2)
   ServerHello (2)    ->
   ChangeCipherSpec(2)->
   Finished(2)        ->
                      <-  ChangeCipherSpec (2)
                                  Finished (2)
                                                <--- Channel 2 ready
      

   Alice                                   Bob
   -------------------------------------------
                      <-       ClientHello (1)
   ServerHello (1)    ->
   Certificate (1)
   ServerHelloDone (1)
                      <- ClientKeyExchange (1)
                          ChangeCipherSpec (1)
                                  Finished (1)
                      <-       ClientHello (2)
   ChangeCipherSpec (1)->
   Finished         (1)->
                                                <--- Channel 1 ready
   ServerHello (2)    ->
   ChangeCipherSpec(2)->
   Finished(2)        ->
                      <-  ChangeCipherSpec (2)
                                  Finished (2)
                                                <--- Channel 2 ready
      

   +-----------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
   |                 | File-sharing          | Realtime communication  |
   +-----------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
   | Distributed     | Shared file locations | User locations are      |
   | database        | are indexed in a      | indexed in a table      |
   |                 | table distributed     | distributed among       |
   |                 | among peers; often    | peers; rarely more than |
   |                 | hundreds or thousands | one per peer.           |
   |                 | per peer.             |                         |
   | Availability    | Same files are        | Users are unique;       |
   |                 | usually available at  | attacks targeting       |
   |                 | multiple locations    | single users may be     |
   |                 | and failures          | addressed both to the   |
   |                 | involving single      | distributed index and   |
   |                 | instances are         | to the user's device    |
   |                 | overcome by abundancy | directly.               |
   |                 | of resources; attacks |                         |
   |                 | targeting single      |                         |
   |                 | files need to be      |                         |
   |                 | addressed to the      |                         |
   |                 | distributed index.    |                         |
   | Integrity       | Attackers may want to | Attackers may want to   |
   |                 | share corrupted files | impersonate different   |
   |                 | in place of popular   | users in order to       |
   |                 | content, e.g., to     | handle calls directed   |
   |                 | discourage users from | to them; constitute a   |
   |                 | acquiring copyrighted | particular threat for   |
   |                 | material; constitute  | the user as, in case of |
   |                 | a threat for the      | success, the attacker   |
   |                 | service, but not for  | acquires full control   |
   |                 | the users.            | on the victim's         |
   |                 |                       | personal                |
   |                 |                       | communications.         |
   | Confidentiality | Shared files are, by  | Communications are      |
   |                 | definition, readable  | usually meant to be     |
   |                 | by all users; in some | private and need to be  |
   |                 | cases, encryption is  | encrypted;              |
   |                 | used to avoid         | eavesdropping may       |
   |                 | elements not involved | reveal sensitive data   |
   |                 | in the service to     | and is a serious threat |
   |                 | detect traffic.       | for users.              |

   | Bitrate and     | The file-transfer use | Realtime traffic almost |
   | latency         | case is particularly  | always requires a       |
   |                 | tolerant to unstable  | constant minimum        |
   |                 | bitrates and ability  | bitrate and low latency |
   |                 | to burst on and off   | in order to avoid       |
   |                 | as peers disappear or | problems like jitter.   |
   |                 | new ones become       | While this is not       |
   |                 | available.            | directly related to a   |
   |                 |                       | specific sort of        |
   |                 |                       | attacks, it is a        |
   |                 |                       | significant constraint  |
   |                 |                       | to the design of        |
   |                 |                       | certain design          |
   |                 |                       | solutions, and in       |
   |                 |                       | particular those that   |
   |                 |                       | somehow affect routing. |
   | Peer lifetime   | File-sharing users do | Realtime communication  |
   |                 | not need to stay in   | applications need not   |
   |                 | the overlay more than | leave the overlay for   |
   |                 | the time required for | as long as the user     |
   |                 | downloading the       | wants to stay connected |
   |                 | content they are      | and be reachable.  This |
   |                 | looking for.          | gives the attackers     |
   |                 |                       | longer time for         |
   |                 |                       | conducting successful   |
   |                 |                       | targeted attacks.       |
   +-----------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
      

                                        Peer A
                                        Server-Reflexive    +---------+
                                        Transport Address   |         |
                                        192.0.2.150:32102   |         |
                                            |              /|         |
                          TURN              |            / ^|  Peer A |
    Client's              Server            |           /  ||         |
    Host Transport        Transport         |         //   ||         |
    Address               Address           |       //     |+---------+
   10.1.1.2:49721       192.0.2.15:3478     |+-+  //     Peer A
            |               |               ||N| /       Host Transport
            |   +-+         |               ||A|/        Address
            |   | |         |               v|T|     192.168.100.2:49582
            |   | |         |               /+-+
 +---------+|   | |         |+---------+   /              +---------+
 |         ||   |N|         ||         | //               |         |
 | TURN    |v   | |         v| TURN    |/                 |         |
 | Client  |----|A|----------| Server  |------------------|  Peer B |
 |         |    | |^         |         |^                ^|         |
 |         |    |T||         |         ||                ||         |
 +---------+    | ||         +---------+|                |+---------+
                | ||                    |                |
                | ||                    |                |
                +-+|                    |                |
                   |                    |                |
                   |                    |                |
             Client's                   |            Peer B
             Server-Reflexive    Relayed             Transport
             Transport Address   Transport Address   Address
             192.0.2.1:7000      192.0.2.15:50000     192.0.2.210:49191
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |-- Allocate request --------------->|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<--------------- Allocate failure --|             |             |
    |                 (401 Unauthorized) |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |-- Allocate request --------------->|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<---------- Allocate success resp --|             |             |
    |            (192.0.2.15:50000)      |             |             |
    //                                   //            //            //
    |                                    |             |             |
    |-- Refresh request ---------------->|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<----------- Refresh success resp --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |                                    |             |             |
    |-- CreatePermission req (Peer A) -->|             |             |
    |<-- CreatePermission success resp --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Send ind (Peer A)-------------->|             |             |
    |                                    |=== data ===>|             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<== data ====|             |
    |<-------------- Data ind (Peer A) --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Send ind (Peer B)-------------->|             |             |
    |                                    | dropped     |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<== data ==================|
    |                            dropped |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |                                    |             |             |
    |-- ChannelBind req ---------------->|             |             |
    | (Peer A to 0x4001)                 |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<---------- ChannelBind succ resp --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |-- [0x4001] data ------------------>|             |             |
    |                                    |=== data ===>|             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<== data ====|             |
    |<------------------ [0x4001] data --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Send ind (Peer A)-------------->|             |             |
    |                                    |=== data ===>|             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<== data ====|             |
    |<------------------ [0x4001] data --|             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Allocate request -------------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xA56250D3F17ABE679422DE85     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example client, version 1.03"       |             |
    |    LIFETIME=3600 (1 hour)          |             |             |
    |    REQUESTED-TRANSPORT=17 (UDP)    |             |             |
    |    DONT-FRAGMENT                   |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- Allocate error response --------|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xA56250D3F17ABE679422DE85     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example server, version 1.17"       |             |
    |    ERROR-CODE=401 (Unauthorized)   |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="adl7W7PeDU4hKE72jdaQvbAMcr6h39sm"      |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Allocate request -------------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xC271E932AD7446A32C234492     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example client 1.03"  |             |             |
    |    LIFETIME=3600 (1 hour)          |             |             |
    |    REQUESTED-TRANSPORT=17 (UDP)    |             |             |
    |    DONT-FRAGMENT                   |             |             |
    |    USERNAME="George"               |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="adl7W7PeDU4hKE72jdaQvbAMcr6h39sm"      |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- Allocate success response ------|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xC271E932AD7446A32C234492     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example server, version 1.17"       |             |
    |    LIFETIME=1200 (20 minutes)      |             |             |
    |    XOR-RELAYED-ADDRESS=192.0.2.15:50000          |             |
    |    XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS=192.0.2.1:7000             |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |--- CreatePermission request ------>|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xE5913A8F460956CA277D3319     |             |
    |    XOR-PEER-ADDRESS=192.0.2.150:0  |             |             |
    |    USERNAME="George"               |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="adl7W7PeDU4hKE72jdaQvbAMcr6h39sm"      |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- CreatePermission success resp.--|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0xE5913A8F460956CA277D3319     |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |--- Send indication --------------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x1278E9ACA2711637EF7D3328     |             |
    |    XOR-PEER-ADDRESS=192.0.2.150:32102            |             |
    |    DONT-FRAGMENT                   |             |             |
    |    DATA=...                        |             |             |
    |                                    |-- UDP dgm ->|             |
    |                                    |  data=...   |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<- UDP dgm --|             |
    |                                    |  data=...   |             |
    |<-- Data indication ----------------|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x8231AE8F9242DA9FF287FEFF     |             |
    |    XOR-PEER-ADDRESS=192.0.2.150:32102            |             |
    |    DATA=...                        |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |--- ChannelBind request ----------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x6490D3BC175AFF3D84513212     |             |
    |    CHANNEL-NUMBER=0x4000           |             |             |
    |    XOR-PEER-ADDRESS=192.0.2.210:49191            |             |
    |    USERNAME="George"               |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="adl7W7PeDU4hKE72jdaQvbAMcr6h39sm"      |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- ChannelBind success response ---|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x6490D3BC175AFF3D84513212     |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |--- ChannelData ------------------->|             |             |
    |    Channel-number=0x4000           |--- UDP datagram --------->|
    |    Data=...                        |    Data=...               |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |                                    |<-- UDP datagram ----------|
    |                                    |    Data=... |             |
    |<-- ChannelData --------------------|             |             |
    |    Channel-number=0x4000           |             |             |
    |    Data=...                        |             |             |
      

  TURN                                 TURN           Peer          Peer
  client                               server          A             B
    |--- Refresh request --------------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x0864B3C27ADE9354B4312414     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example client 1.03"  |             |             |
    |    USERNAME="George"               |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="adl7W7PeDU4hKE72jdaQvbAMcr6h39sm"      |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- Refresh error response ---------|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x0864B3C27ADE9354B4312414     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example server, version 1.17"       |             |
    |    ERROR-CODE=438 (Stale Nonce)    |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="npSw1Xw239bBwGYhjNWgz2yH47sxB2j"       |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |--- Refresh request --------------->|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x427BD3E625A85FC731DC4191     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example client 1.03"  |             |             |
    |    USERNAME="George"               |             |             |
    |    REALM="example.com"             |             |             |
    |    NONCE="npSw1Xw239bBwGYhjNWgz2yH47sxB2j"       |             |
    |    MESSAGE-INTEGRITY=...           |             |             |
    |                                    |             |             |
    |<-- Refresh success response -------|             |             |
    |    Transaction-Id=0x427BD3E625A85FC731DC4191     |             |
    |    SOFTWARE="Example server, version 1.17"       |             |
    |    LIFETIME=600 (10 minutes)       |             |             |
      

      HIP                                                      HIP
      Relay                                                    Relay
      Client                                                   Server
        |   1. UDP(I1)                                           |
        +------------------------------------------------------->|
        |                                                        |
        |   2. UDP(R1(REG_INFO(RELAY_UDP_HIP)))                  |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------+
        |                                                        |
        |   3. UDP(I2(REG_REQ(RELAY_UDP_HIP)))                   |
        +------------------------------------------------------->|
        |                                                        |
        |   4. UDP(R2(REG_RES(RELAY_UDP_HIP), REG_FROM))         |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------+
        |                                                        |
      

     Initiator                                                Responder
     | 1. UDP(I1)                                                     |
     +--------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                                |
     | 2. UDP(R1(.., NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE(list of modes), ..))          |
     |<---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                                |
     | 3. UDP(I2(.., NAT_TRAVERSAL_MODE(selected mode), LOCATOR, ..)) |
     +--------------------------------------------------------------->|
     |                                                                |
     | 4. UDP(R2(.., LOCATOR, ..))                                    |
     |<---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                                |
      

     Initiator                   HIP relay                   Responder
     | 1. UDP(I1)                   |                                |
     +----------------------------->| 2. UDP(I1(RELAY_FROM))         |
     |                              +------------------------------->|
     |                              |                                |
     |                              | 3. UDP(R1(RELAY_TO, NAT_TM))   |
     | 4. UDP(R1(RELAY_TO, NAT_TM)) |<-------------------------------+
     |<-----------------------------+                                |
     |                              |                                |
     | 5. UDP(I2(LOCATOR, NAT_TM))  |                                |
     +----------------------------->| 6. UDP(I2(LOCATOR, RELAY_FROM, |
     |                              |           NAT_TM))             |
     |                              +------------------------------->|
     |                              |                                |
     |                              | 7. UDP(R2(LOCATOR, RELAY_TO))  |
     | 8. UDP(R2(LOCATOR, RELAY_TO))|<-------------------------------+
     |<-----------------------------+                                |
     |                              |                                |
      

   +-------------------------+-------------------------------+---------+
   |  Statistik Austria name |          Explanation          | PIDF-LO |
   |                         |                               | Element |
   +-------------------------+-------------------------------+---------+
   |        Adresscode       |       address identifier      | ADDCODE |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |      Gemeindename,      |  commune name and identifier  |    A3   |
   |    Gemeindekennziffer   |                               |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |     Ortschaftsname,     |  village name and identifier  |    A4   |
   |   Ortschaftskennziffer  |                               |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |      Strassenname,      |   street name and identifier  |    RD   |
   |    Strassenkennziffer   |                               |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |  Katastralgemeindename, |   cadastral municipality and  |    A5   |
   | Katastralgemeindenummer |           identifier          |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |     Hausnummerntext     |   text in front of the house  |   HNO   |
   |                         |             number            |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   | Hausnummer - 1.  Teil - |    first part of the house    |   HNO   |
   |          Nummer         |        number, numeric        |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   | Hausnummer - 1.  Teil - |    first part of the house    |   HNO   |
   |        Buchstabe        |       number, character       |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |       Hausnummer -      |  links first and Bis part of  |   HNO   |
   | Verbindungszeichen Teil |          house number         |         |
   |         1 -> Bis        |                               |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   | Hausnummer - Bis-Nummer |  number of Bis part of house  |   HNO   |
   |                         |             number            |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |       Hausnummer -      |    character of Bis part of   |   HNO   |
   |      Bis-Buchstabe      |          house number         |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |    Hausnummernbereich   |     indicates if all house    |   HNO   |
   |                         | numbers specified or just odd |         |
   |                         |   or even numbers are stated  |         |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |       Postleitzahl      |          postal code          |    PC   |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |   Postleitzahlengebiet  |     postal community code     |   PCN   |
   |                         |                               |         |

   |        Vulgoname        |           local name          |   NAM   |
   |                         |                               |         |
   |         Hofname         |           farm name           |   LMK   |
   +-------------------------+-------------------------------+---------+
      

   < -------- old key chain --------- >||< -------- new key chain --...
   +-----+-----+ .. +-----+-----+-----+||+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      0     1    ..   N-2   N-1    N   ||  N+1   N+2   N+3   N+4   N+5
                                       ||
   Key disclosures:                    ||
     N/A   N/A   ..  K_N-4 K_N-3 K_N-2 || K_N-1  K_N  K_N+1 K_N+2 K_N+3
                    |                  ||            |                 |
                    |< -------------- >||            |< ------------- >|
   Additional key        F(K_N+1)      ||                   K_N
   disclosures        (commitment to   ||              (last key of the
   (in parallel):      the new chain)  ||                 old chain)
      

                                                           +-----------+
                                                          +-----------+|
       +--------+          +-------------+              +------------+||
       |        |   IN     |             |              |            |||
       |        +--------->|             +------------->|            |||
       |Managed |          | Classifying |              | Unmanaged  |||
       |Terminal|   OUT    | Entity      |              | Terminal   |||
       |        |<---------+             |<-------------+            ||+
       |        |          |             |              |            |+
       +--------+          +-------------+              +------------+
                                  ^
                                  | Classifiers
                                  |
                           +------+------+
                           |             |
                           |     AAA     |
                           |             |
                           +-------------+
      

     Value | Name and Semantic
     ------+------------------------------------------------------------
       0   | Don't Fragment (DF)
       1   | More Fragments (MF)
      

      Bit  | Name
     ------+------------
       0   | SUNDAY
       1   | MONDAY
       2   | TUESDAY
       3   | WEDNESDAY
       4   | THURSDAY
       5   | FRIDAY
       6   | SATURDAY
      

    End                           Diameter                      Diameter
    Host                           Client                         Server
     |                               |                                |
     |        (initiate EAP)         |                                |
     |<----------------------------->|                                |
     |                               | Diameter-EAP-Request           |
     |                               | EAP-Payload(EAP Start)         |
     |                               | QoS-Capability                 |
     |                               |------------------------------->|
     |                               |                                |
     |                               |            Diameter-EAP-Answer |
     |                          Result-Code=DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH |
     |                               |    EAP-Payload(EAP Request #1) |
     |                               |<-------------------------------|
     |         EAP Request(Identity) |                                |
     |<------------------------------|                                |
     :                               :                                :
     :                     <<<more message exchanges>>>               :
     :                               :                                :
     |                               |                                |
     | EAP Response #N               |                                |
     |------------------------------>|                                |
     |                               | Diameter-EAP-Request           |
     |                               | EAP-Payload(EAP Response #N)   |
     |                               |------------------------------->|
     |                               |                                |
     |                               |            Diameter-EAP-Answer |
     |                               |   Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS |
     |                               |       EAP-Payload(EAP Success) |
     |                               |           (authorization AVPs) |
     |                               |  QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized) |
     |                               |<-------------------------------|
     |                               |                                |
     |                   EAP Success |                                |
     |<------------------------------|                                |
     |                               |                                |
      

      End                                             Diameter
      Host               NAS                            Server
       |                  |                              |
       |  Start Network   |                              |
       |  Attachment      |                              |
       |<---------------->|                              |
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |AA-Request                    |
       |                  |NASREQ-Payload                |
       |                  |QoS-Capability                |
       |                  +----------------------------->|
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                     AA-Answer|
       |            Result-Code=DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH|
       |                NASREQ-Payload(NASREQ Request #1)|
       |                  |<-----------------------------+
       |                  |                              |
       | Request          |                              |
       |<-----------------+                              |
       |                  |                              |
       :                  :                              :
       :          <<<more message exchanges>>>           :
       :                  :                              :
       | Response #N      |                              |
       +----------------->|                              |
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |AA-Request                    |
       |                  |NASREQ-Payload ( Response #N )|
       |                  +----------------------------->|
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                     AA-Answer|
       |                  |  Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS|
       |                  |          (authorization AVPs)|
       |                  | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized)|
       |                  |<-----------------------------+
       |                  |                              |
       | Success          |                              |
       |<-----------------+                              |
       |                  |                              |
      

       End                                            Diameter
       Host               NAS                          Server
        |                  |                              |
        |                  |                              |
        |  QoS Request     |                              |
        +----------------->|                              |
        |                  |                              |
        |                  |AA-Request                    |
        |                  |Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_ONLY
        |                  |NASREQ-Payload                |
        |                  |QoS-Resources(QoS-Desired)    |
        |                  +----------------------------->|
        |                  |                              |
        |                  |                     AA-Answer|
        |                  |       NASREQ-Payload(Success)|
        |                  | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized)|
        |                  |<-----------------------------+
        |  Accept          |                              |
        |<-----------------+                              |
        |                  |                              |
        |                  |                              |
        |                  |                              |
      

      End                                             Diameter
      Host               NAS                           Server
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                              |
       :                  :                              :
       :          <<<Initial Message Exchanges>>>        :
       :                  :                              :
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                   RA-Request |
       |                  |<-----------------------------+
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |RA-Answer                     |
       |                  |Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS  |
       |                  +----------------------------->|
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |AA-Request                    |
       |                  |NASREQ-Payload                |
       |                  |Auth-Request-Type=AUTHORIZE_ONLY
       |                  |QoS-Resources(QoS-Desired)    |
       |                  +----------------------------->|
       |                  |                              |
       |                  |                     AA-Answer|
       |                  |  Result-Code=DIAMETER_SUCCESS|
       |                  |          (authorization AVPs)|
       |                  | QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized)|
       |                  |<-----------------------------+
       |                  |                              |
      

                           Service Element
     End User            (CC Client)                        CC Server
        |                     |                                  |
        |(1) Service Request  |                                  |
        |-------------------->|                                  |
        |                     |(2) CCR (Initial,                 |
        |                     |    QoS-Resources(QoS-Desired))   |
        |                     |--------------------------------->|
        |                     |(3) CCA (Granted-Units,           |
        |                     |    QoS-Resources(QoS-Authorized))|
        |                     |<---------------------------------|
        |(4) Service Delivery |                                  |
        |<------------------->|                                  |
        |                     |                                  |
        |(5) End of Service   |                                  |
        |-------------------->|                                  |
        |                     |(6) CCR (Termination, Used-Units, |
        |                     |    QoS-Resources(QoS-Delivered)) |
        |                     |--------------------------------->|
        |                     |(7) CCA                           |
        |                     |<---------------------------------|
      

   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                                      AVP  Section                 |
   | Attribute Name                       Code Defined     Data Type   |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |QoS-Resources                         508    3.1       Grouped     |
   |Filter-Rule                           509    3.2       Grouped     |
   |Filter-Rule-Precedence                510    3.3       Unsigned32  |
   |Classifier                            511    4.1.1     Grouped     |
   |Classifier-ID                         512    4.1.2     OctetString |
   |Protocol                              513    4.1.3     Enumerated  |
   |Direction                             514    4.1.4     Enumerated  |
   |From-Spec                             515    4.1.5     Grouped     |
   |To-Spec                               516    4.1.6     Grouped     |
   |Negated                               517    4.1.7.1   Enumerated  |
   |IP-Address                            518    4.1.7.2   Address     |
   |IP-Address-Range                      519    4.1.7.3   Grouped     |
   |IP-Address-Start                      520    4.1.7.4   Address     |
   |IP-Address-End                        521    4.1.7.5   Address     |
   |IP-Address-Mask                       522    4.1.7.6   Grouped     |
   |IP-Mask-Bit-Mask-Width                523    4.1.7.7   Unsigned32  |
   |MAC-Address                           524    4.1.7.8   OctetString |
   |MAC-Address-Mask                      525    4.1.7.9   Grouped     |
   |MAC-Address-Mask-Pattern              526    4.1.7.10  OctetString |
   |EUI64-Address                         527    4.1.7.11  OctetString |
   |EUI64-Address-Mask                    528    4.1.7.12  Grouped     |
   |EUI64-Address-Mask-Pattern            529    4.1.7.13  OctetString |
   |Port                                  530    4.1.7.14  Integer32   |
   |Port-Range                            531    4.1.7.15  Grouped     |
   |Port-Start                            532    4.1.7.16  Integer32   |
   |Port-End                              533    4.1.7.17  Integer32   |
   |Use-Assigned-Address                  534    4.1.7.18  Enumerated  |
   |Diffserv-Code-Point                   535    4.1.8.1   Enumerated  |
   |Fragmentation-Flag                    536    4.1.8.2   Enumerated  |
   |IP-Option                             537    4.1.8.3   Grouped     |
   |IP-Option-Type                        538    4.1.8.4   Enumerated  |
   |IP-Option-Value                       539    4.1.8.5   OctetString |
   |TCP-Option                            540    4.1.8.6   Grouped     |
   |TCP-Option-Type                       541    4.1.8.7   Enumerated  |
   |TCP-Option-Value                      542    4.1.8.8   OctetString |
   |TCP-Flags                             543    4.1.8.9   Grouped     |

   |TCP-Flag-Type                         544    4.1.8.10  Unsigned32  |
   |ICMP-Type                             545    4.1.8.11  Grouped     |
   |ICMP-Type-Number                      546    4.1.8.12  Enumerated  |
   |ICMP-Code                             547    4.1.8.13  Enumerated  |
   |ETH-Option                            548    4.1.8.14  Grouped     |
   |ETH-Proto-Type                        549    4.1.8.15  Grouped     |
   |ETH-Ether-Type                        550    4.1.8.16  OctetString |
   |ETH-SAP                               551    4.1.8.17  OctetString |
   |VLAN-ID-Range                         552    4.1.8.18  Grouped     |
   |S-VID-Start                           553    4.1.8.19  Unsigned32  |
   |S-VID-End                             554    4.1.8.20  Unsigned32  |
   |C-VID-Start                           555    4.1.8.21  Unsigned32  |
   |C-VID-End                             556    4.1.8.22  Unsigned32  |
   |User-Priority-Range                   557    4.1.8.23  Grouped     |
   |Low-User-Priority                     558    4.1.8.24  Unsigned32  |
   |High-User-Priority                    559    4.1.8.25  Unsigned32  |
   |Time-Of-Day-Condition                 560    4.2.1     Grouped     |
   |Time-Of-Day-Start                     561    4.2.2     Unsigned32  |
   |Time-Of-Day-End                       562    4.2.3     Unsigned32  |
   |Day-Of-Week-Mask                      563    4.2.4     Unsigned32  |
   |Day-Of-Month-Mask                     564    4.2.5     Unsigned32  |
   |Month-Of-Year-Mask                    565    4.2.6     Unsigned32  |
   |Absolute-Start-Time                   566    4.2.7     Time        |
   |Absolute-Start-Fractional-Seconds     567    4.2.8     Unsigned32  |
   |Absolute-End-Time                     568    4.2.9     Time        |
   |Absolute-End-Fractional-Seconds       569    4.2.10    Unsigned32  |
   |Timezone-Flag                         570    4.2.11    Enumerated  |
   |Timezone-Offset                       571    4.2.12    Integer32   |
   |Treatment-Action                      572    5.1       Grouped     |
   |QoS-Profile-Id                        573    5.2       Unsigned32  |
   |QoS-Profile-Template                  574    5.3       Grouped     |
   |QoS-Semantics                         575    5.4       Enumerated  |
   |QoS-Parameters                        576    5.5       Grouped     |
   |Excess-Treatment                      577    5.6       Grouped     |
   |QoS-Capability                        578    6         Grouped     |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

                                        +--------+
                                        |Diameter|
                                        |Server  |
                                        +--------+
                                            ^
                                   Back-End | Diameter Mobile IPv6
                                   Protocol | HA<->AAA Server
                                   Support  | Interaction
                                            | (this document)
                                            v
    +---------+                      +---------------+
    | Mobile  |  Front-End Protocol  |Home Agent /   |
    | Node    |<-------------------->|Diameter Client|
    +---------+  IKEv2 or RFC 4285   +---------------+
      

    Mobile                           Home                      Diameter
    Node                             Agent                     Server
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SAi1, KEi, Ni  (1)         |                          |
     |-------------------------------->|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SAr1, KEr, Nr, [CERTREQ](2)|                          |
     |<--------------------------------|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SK{IDi,[CERTREQ,] [IDr,]   |                          |
     | [CP(CFG_REQUEST),]              |                          |
     | SAi2, TSi, TSr} (3)             | DER (EAP-Response) (4) + |
     |-------------------------------->| MIP6 Bootstrapping AVPs  |
     |                                 |------------------------->|
     |                                 |                          |
     |                                 | DEA (EAP-Request) (5)    |
     | HDR, SK{IDr, [CERT,] AUTH, EAP} |<-------------------------|
     |<------------------------------- |                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SK{EAP}                    |                          |
     |-------------------------------->| DER (EAP-Response)       |
     |                                 |------------------------->|
     |                                 |                          |
     |                                 | DEA (EAP-Request)        |
     | HDR, SK{EAP-Request}            |<-------------------------|
     |<--------------------------------|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SK{EAP-Response}           |                          |
     |-------------------------------->| DER (EAP-Response)       |
     |                                 |------------------------->|
     :               ...               :          ...             :
     |                                 |                          |
     |                                 | DEA (EAP-Success) +      |
     |                                 | MIP6 Bootstrapping AVPs  |
     | HDR, SK{EAP-Success}            |<-------------------------|
     |<--------------------------------|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SK{AUTH}                   |                          |
     |-------------------------------->|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
     | HDR, SK{AUTH, [CP(CFG_REPLY,]   |                          |
     | SAr2, TSi, TSr}                 |                          |
     |<--------------------------------|                          |
     |                                 |                          |
      

     Mobile                                Home                Diameter
     Node                                  Agent                 Server
       |                                     |                     |
       |                                     | MIP6-Request + MIP6 |
       |       Binding Update                | Bootstrapping AVPs  |
       |------------------------------------>|-------------------->|
       | (Mobile Node Identifier Option,     |                     |
       |  Mobility Message Replay Protection |                     |
       |  Option, Authentication Option)     |                     |
       |                                     |                     |
       |                                     | MIP6-Answer + MIP6  |
       |       Binding Acknowledgement       | Bootstrapping AVPs  |
       |<------------------------------------|<--------------------|
       | (Mobile Node Identifier Option      |                     |
       |  Mobility Message Replay Protection |                     |
       |  Option, Authentication Option)     |                     |
      

                                     +-----------------------+
                                     |     Command-Code      |
                                     |-----+-----+-----+-----+
      AVP Name                       | DER | DEA | MIR | MIA |
      -------------------------------|-----+-----+-----+-----+
      MIP6-Feature-Vector            | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
      MIP-Mobile-Node-Address        | 1-2 | 0-2 | 1-2 | 0-2 |
      MIP-MN-AAA-SPI                 |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      MIP-MN-HA-SPI                  |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      MIP6-Agent-Info                |  1  | 0-1 |  1  | 0-1 |
      MIP-Careof-Address             |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      MIP-Authenticator              |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      MIP-MAC-Mobility-Data          |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      MIP-MSA-Lifetime               |  0  |  0  |  0  |  1  |
      MIP-MN-HA-MSA                  |  0  |  0  |  0  | 0-1 |
      MIP-Timestamp                  |  0  |  0  | 0-1 | 0-1 |
      User-Name                      | 0-1 | 0-1 |  1  | 0-1 |
      Service-Selection              | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
      QoS-Resources                  |  0+ |  0+ |  0+ |  0+ |
      QoS-Capability                 | 0-1 |  0  | 0-1 |  0  |
      Chargeable-User-Identity       | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
      MIP6-Auth-Mode                 |  0  |  0  |  1  |  0  |
                                     +-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

                                              +-------------+
                                              | Command-Code|
                                              |------+------+
         Attribute Name                       |  ACR |  ACA |
         -------------------------------------|------+------+
         Accounting-Input-Octets              | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         Accounting-Input-Packets             | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         Accounting-Output-Octets             | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         Accounting-Output-Packets            | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         Acct-Multi-Session-Id                | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         Acct-Session-Time                    | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         MIP6-Feature-Vector                  | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         MIP6-Agent-Info                      | 0-1  |  0-1 |
         MIP-Mobile-Node-Address              | 0-2  |  0-2 |
         Event-Timestamp                      | 0-1  |   0  |
         MIP-Careof-Address                   | 0-1  |   0  |
         Service-Selection                    | 0-1  |   0  |
         QoS-Capability                       |  0+  |   0+ |
         QoS-Resources                        |  0+  |   0+ |
         Chargeable-User-Identity             | 0-1  |   0  |
         -------------------------------------|------+------+
      

   Command Code                       | Value
   -----------------------------------+------
   MIP6-Request/Answer (MIR/MIA)      | 325
      

   Result-Code                                   | Value
   ----------------------------------------------+------
   DIAMETER_SUCCESS_RELOCATE_HA                  | 2009
   DIAMETER_ERROR_MIP6_AUTH_MODE                 | 5041
      

   Token                                        | Value    | Description
   ---------------------------------------------+----------+------------
   MIP6_AUTH_MN_AAA                             | 1        | RFC 5778
      

    +--------+
    | HAAA & | Diameter +-----+
    | Policy |<---(2)-->| LMA |
    | Store  |          +-----+
    +--------+             | <--- LMA-Address
         ^                 |
         |               // \\
     +---|------------- //---\\----------------+
    (    |  IPv4/IPv6  //     \\                )
    (    |   Network  //       \\               )
     +---|-----------//---------\\-------------+
         |          //           \\
     Diameter      // <- Tunnel1  \\ <- Tunnel2
        (1)       //               \\
         |        |- MAG1-Address   |- MAG2-Address
         |     +----+             +----+
         +---->|MAG1|             |MAG2|
               +----+             +----+
                  |                 |
                  |                 |
                [MN1]             [MN2]
      

                                     +---------------+
                                     |  Command-Code |
                                     |-------+-------+
      Attribute Name                 |  REQ  |  ANS  |
      -------------------------------+-------+-------+
      PMIP6-DHCP-Server-Address      |   0   |  0+   |
      MIP6-Agent-Info                |  0+   |  0+   |
      MIP6-Feature-Vector            |  0-1  |  0-1  |
      Mobile-Node-Identifier         |  0-1  |  0-1  |
      Calling-Station-Id             |  0-1  |   0   |
      Service-Selection              |  0-1  |   0   |
      Service-Configuration          |   0   |  0+   |
                                     +-------+-------+
      

                                     +---------------+
                                     |  Command-Code |
                                     |-------+-------+
      Attribute Name                 |  REQ  |  ANS  |
      -------------------------------+-------+-------+
      MIP6-Agent-Info                |  0-1  |  0-1  |
      MIP6-Feature-Vector            |  0-1  |  0-1  |
      Calling-Station-Id             |  0-1  |   0   |
      Service-Selection              |  0-1  |  0-1  |
      User-Name                      |  0-1  |  0-1  |
                                     +-------+-------+
      

   MN                 MAG/NAS                LMA                  HAAA
   |                     |                    |                    |
   | L2 attach           |                    |                    |
   |-------------------->|                    |                    |
   | EAP/req-identity    |                    |                    |
   |<--------------------|                    |                    |
   | EAP/res-identity    | DER + MAG-to-HAAA AVPs                  | s
   |-------------------->|---------------------------------------->| t
   | EAP/req #1          | DEA (EAP request #1)                    | e
   |<--------------------|<----------------------------------------| p
   | EAP/res #2          | DER (EAP response #2)                   |
   |-------------------->|---------------------------------------->| 1
   :                     :                    :                    :
   :                     :                    :                    :
   | EAP/res #N          | DER (EAP response #N)                   |
   |-------------------->|---------------------------------------->|
   | EAP/success         | DEA (EAP success) + MAG-to-HAAA AVPs    |
   |<--------------------|<----------------------------------------|
   :                     :                    :                    :
   :                     :                    :                    :
   |                     | PMIPv6 PBU         | AAR +              | s
   |                     |------------------->| LMA-to-HAAA AVPs   | t
   |                     |                    |------------------->| e
   |                     |                    | AAA +              | p
   |                     |                    | LMA-to-HAAA AVPs   |
   |                     | PMIPv6 PBA         |<-------------------| 2
   | RA                  |<-------------------|                    |
   |<--------------------|                    |                    |
   :                     :                    :                    :
   :                     :                    :                    :
   | IP connectivity     | PMIPv6 tunnel up   |                    |
   |---------------------|====================|                    |
   |                     |                    |                    |
      

   Token                            | Value                | Description
   ---------------------------------+----------------------+------------
   PMIP6_SUPPORTED                  | 0x0000010000000000   | [RFC5779]
   IP4_HOA_SUPPORTED                | 0x0000020000000000   | [RFC5779]
   LOCAL_MAG_ROUTING_SUPPORTED      | 0x0000040000000000   | [RFC5779]
      

              ....................................................
              .                                                  .
              .            RC_5 ------------ RC_6                .
              .             |                 |                  .
              .             |                 |            RA_Y  .
     Upper    .           *********         *********            .
     Layer    ............* RC_1a *.........* RC_2a *.............
        __________________* |     *_________* |     *__________________
              ............* RC_1b *...   ...* RC 2b *.............
     Lower    .           *********  .   .  *********            .
     Layer    .             |        .   .    |                  .
              .  RA_Z       |        .   .    |            RA_X  .
              .            RC_3      .   .   RC_4                .
              .                      .   .                       .
              ........................   .........................
      

                           RC_5 ------------- RC_6
                            |                 |
                            |                 |            RA_Y
     Upper                *********         *********
     Layer    ............* RC_1a *.........* RC_2a *.............
        __________________* |     *_________* |     *__________________
              ............* RC_1b *.........* RC_2b *.............
     Lower                *********         *********
     Layer                  |                 |
                            |                 |            RA_X
                           RC_3 --- . . . --- RC_4
      

   +--------+ +-------+ +---------+ +--------+ +-------++--------+
   | Vndr. X| |  Std. | |   Std.  | |  Std.  | | Std.  || Vndr. X|
   |Patch PC| | OS PC | |   PBC   | |  PBS   | | OS PV ||Patch PV|
   +--+-----+ +-+-----+ +---+-----+ +-+------+ +-+------+--+-----+
      |         |   N/W Join|         |          |         |
      |         |     ----->|         |          |         |
      |         | Req Post. |         |          |         |
      |         |<----------|         |          |         |
      |         | Req Post. |         |          |         |
      |<--------------------|         |          |         |
      |Vndr X Patch Posture |         |          |         |
      |-------------------->|         |          |         |
      |         |OS Posture |         |          |         |
      |         |---------->|         |          |         |
      |         |           | Posture |          |         |
      |         |           | Report  |          |         |
      |         |           |-------->|          |         |
      |         |           |         |  Verify  |         |
      |         |           |         |  Posture |         |
      |         |           |         |--------->          |
      |         |           |         |          | Verify  |
      |         |           |         |          | Posture |
      |         |           |         |------------------->|
      |         |           |         | OS Reslt |         |
      |         |           |         |<---------|         |
      |         |           |         | VndrX Patch Result |
      |         |           | Assess  |<-------------------|
      |         |           | Result  |                    |
      |         |           |<--------|          |         |
      |         | OS Reslt  |         |          |         |
      |         |<----------|         |          |         |
      | VndrX Patch Result  |         |          |         |
      |<--------------------|         |          |         |
      

   +--------+  +-------+ +---------+ +--------+ +-------+ +--------+
   | Vndr Y |  | Vndr X| |   Std.  | |  Std.  | | Vndr X| | Vndr Y |
   |  AV PC |  | AV PC | |   PBC   | |  PBS   | | AV PV | |  AV PV |
   +----+---+  +---+---+ +-----+---+ +---+----+ +---+---+ +----+---+
        |          |           | N/W Join|          |          |
        |          |           | ------->|          |          |
        |          |           |         |  Create  |          |
        |          |           |         |Post. Req |          |
        |          |           |         |--------->|          |
        |          |           |         |Create Posture Req   |
        |          |           |         |----------+--------->|
        |          |           |         | Vndr Y AV Post Req  |
        |          |           |         |<---------+----------|
        |          |           |         |Vndr X AV |          |
        |          |           |         |Post. Req |          |
        |          |           | Posture |<---------|          |
        |          |           | Request |          |          |
        |          | Vndr X AV |<--------|          |          |
        |          | Post. Req |         |          |          |
        |          |<----------|         |          |          |
        |      Vndr Y AV       |         |          |          |
        |     Posture Req      |         |          |          |
        +<---------+-----------|         |          |          |
        |  Vndr Y AV Posture   |         |          |          |
        +----------+---------->|         |          |          |
        |          | Vndr X AV |         |          |          |
        |          |  Posture  |         |          |          |
        |          |---------->| Posture |          |          |
        |          |           |Response |          |          |
        |          |           |-------->|          |          |
        |          |           |         |  Verify  |          |
        |          |           |         |  Posture |          |
        |          |           |         |--------->|          |
        |          |           |         |     Verify Posture  |
        |          |           |         |----------+--------->|
        |          |           |         |Vndr Y AV Post Result|
        |          |           |         |<---------+----------|
        |          |           |         |Vndr X AV |          |
        |          |           |         |Post Reslt|          |
        |          |           |  Assess |<---------|          |
        |          |           |  Result |          |          |
        |          | Vndr X AV |<--------|          |          |
        |          |Post Reslt |<--------|          |          |
        |          |<----------|         |          |          |
        | Vndr Y AV Post Reslt |         |          |          |
        +<---------+-----------|         |          |          |
      

   +--------+  +-------+ +---------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
   |Vndr X  |  |Vndr Y | |Standard | |Standard| |Standard| |Standard|
   |VPNClnt |  |VPNClnt| | VPN PC  | |  PBC   | |  PBS   | | VPN PV |
   +----+---+  +---+---+ +-----+---+ +---+----+ +---+----+ +----+---+
   Enble|          |           |         |          |           |
   ---->|          |           |         |          |           |
        |  VPN Status Change   |         |          |           |
        |--------------------->| Posture |          |           |
        |          |           | Change  |          |           |
        |          |           |-------->|          |           |
        |          |           |Req. Post|          |           |
        |          |           |<--------|          |           |
        |          |Ins/Rq Info|         |          |           |
        |          |<----------|         |          |           |
        | Inspect/Request Info |         |          |           |
        |<---------+-----------|VPNX Post|          |           |
        |          |           |-------->|          |           |
        |          |           |VPNY Post|          |           |
        |          |           |-------->|          |           |
        |          |           |         | Posture  |           |
        |          |           |         |  Report  |           |
        |          |           |         |--------->|           |
        |          |           |         |          |Vrfy Post. |
        |          |           |         |          |---------->|
        |          |           |         |          |VPN PRslt  |
        |          |           |         |  Assess  |<----------|
        |          |           |         |  Result  |           |
        |          |           |         |<---------|           |
        |          |           |VPN PRslt|          |           |
        |          |           |<--------|          |           |
      

               Receive CRETRY        SRETRY
                    or SRETRY   +----------------+
                         +--+   |                |
                         v  |   v                |
                        +---------+  CRETRY  +---------+
              CDATA     | Server  |<---------| Decided | CLOSE
           +----------->| Working |--------->|         |-------+
           |            +---------+  RESULT  +---------+       |
           |                ^ |  |                             v
           |                | |  +---------------------->=======
         ========           | |              CLOSE       " End "
         " Init "      CDATA| |SDATA                     =======
         ========           | |                          ^    ^
           |  |             | v                          |    |
           |  | SDATA   +---------+          CLOSE       |    |
           |  +-------->| Client  |----------------------+    |
           |            | Working |                           |
           |            +---------+                           |
           |                |  ^                              |
           |                +--+                              |
           |            Receive CRETRY                        |
           |   CLOSE                                          |
           +--------------------------------------------------+
      

   +--------+  +-------+ +---------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
      

   +----+---+  +---+---+ +-----+---+ +---+----+ +---+----+ +----+---+
   Enble|          |           |         |          |           |
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | 1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0 |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | 1   1   1   0 |      CID      |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0              x-1  x       7
       --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
      :         Add-CID octet         :  if CID 1-15 and small CIDs
      +--- --- --- --- ---+--- --- ---+
      | type indication   |   body    |  1 octet (8-x bits of body)
      +--- --- --- --- ---+--- --- ---+
      :                               :
      /    0, 1, or 2 octets of CID   /  1 or 2 octets if large CIDs
      :                               :
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      /             body              /  variable length
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | profile-specific information  |  1 octet
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

        0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      |Acktype|                       |
      +---+---+   profile-specific    /  at least 2 octets
      /             information       |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

   R2    R3    R4    R5    R6
   |     |     |     |     |
   |     |     |     |     |
   ---------   ---------------
          |     |
          |     |
           \   /
             R1
           /   \
          |     |
          |     |
   ---------    --------------------
         |       |    |    |    |
         |       |    |    |    |
        R7      R8   R9   R10  R11
         |       |    |    |    |
                      |
                      |
                  -------------
                   |    |    |
                   |    |    |
                  R12  R13  R14
      

                                       |
            +++++                      |
            + B + SAb     ------------>|
            +   + SAa     <------------|
            +++++                      |
                                       |
            +++++ SAb     <------------|
            +   +                 ---->|
            +   +                /
            + A + SAa     -------
            +   +                \
            +   +                 ---->|
            +++++ SAc     <------------|
                                       |
            +++++                      |
            + C + SAc     ------------>|
            +   + SAa     <------------|
            +++++                      |
                                       |
                          Directly connected network
      

                                       |
            +++++                      |
            + B + SAo     ------------>|
            +   + SAi     <------------|
            +++++                      |
                                       |
            +++++ SAi     <------------|
            +   +                 ---->|
            +   +                /
            + A + SAo     -------
            +   +                \
            +   +                 ---->|
            +++++ SAi     <------------|
                                       |
            +++++                      |
            + C + SAo     ------------>|
            +   + SAi     <------------|
            +++++                      |
                                       |
                          Directly connected network
      

   +-------+------+-------------------+------+------+------------------+
   | cmd   | FEAT | description       | type | conf | RFC#s/References |
   |       | Code |                   |      |      | and Notes        |
   +-------+------+-------------------+------+------+------------------+
   | ABOR  | base | Abort             | s    | m    | 959              |
   | ACCT  | base | Account           | a    | m    | 959              |
   | ADAT  | secu | Authentication/   | a    | o    | 2228, 2773, 4217 |
   |       |      | Security Data     |      |      |                  |
   | ALLO  | base | Allocate          | s    | m    | 959              |
   | APPE  | base | Append (with      | s    | m    | 959              |
   |       |      | create)           |      |      |                  |
   | AUTH  | secu | Authentication/   | a    | o    | 2228             |
   |       |      | Security          |      |      |                  |
   |       |      | Mechanism         |      |      |                  |
   | AUTH+ | AUTH | Authentication/   | a    | o    | 2773, 4217 #2    |
   |       |      | Security          |      |      |                  |
   |       |      | Mechanism         |      |      |                  |
   | CCC   | secu | Clear Command     | a    | o    | 2228             |
   |       |      | Channel           |      |      |                  |
   | CDUP  | base | Change to Parent  | a    | o    | 959              |
   |       |      | Directory         |      |      |                  |
   | CONF  | secu | Confidentiality   | a    | o    | 2228             |
   |       |      | Protected Command |      |      |                  |
   | CWD   | base | Change Working    | a    | m    | 959              |
   |       |      | Directory         |      |      |                  |
   | DELE  | base | Delete File       | s    | m    | 959              |
   | ENC   | secu | Privacy Protected | a    | o    | 2228, 2773, 4217 |
   |       |      | Command           |      |      |                  |
   | EPRT  | nat6 | Extended Port     | p    | o    | 2428             |
   | EPSV  | nat6 | Extended Passive  | p    | o    | 2428             |
   |       |      | Mode              |      |      |                  |
      

   | STOR  | base | Store             | s    | m    | 959              |
   | STOU  | base | Store Unique      | a    | o    | 959, 1123        |
   | STRU  | base | File Structure    | p    | m    | 959              |
   | SYST  | base | System            | s    | o    | 959              |
   | TYPE  | base | Representation    | p    | m    | 959 #4           |
   |       |      | Type              |      |      |                  |
   | USER  | base | User Name         | a    | m    | 959              |
   | XCUP  | hist | {precursor for    | s    | h    | 775, 1123        |
   |       |      | CDUP}             |      |      |                  |
   | XCWD  | hist | {precursor for    | s    | h    | 775, 1123        |
   |       |      | CWD}              |      |      |                  |
   | XMKD  | hist | {precursor for    | s    | h    | 775, 1123        |
   |       |      | MKD}              |      |      |                  |
   | XPWD  | hist | {precursor for    | s    | h    | 775, 1123        |
   |       |      | PWD}              |      |      |                  |
   | XRMD  | hist | {precursor for    | s    | h    | 775, 1123        |
   |       |      | RMD}              |      |      |                  |
   | -N/A- | TVFS | Trivial Virtual   | p    | o    | 3659             |
   |       |      | File Store        |      |      |                  |
   +-------+------+-------------------+------+------+------------------+
      

        +-----------+ +-----------+
        |   Rtr1    | |   Rtr2    |
        |(MR VRID=1)| |(BR VRID=1)|
        |           | |           |
VRID=1  +-----------+ +-----------+
IPvX A--------->*            *<---------IPvX B
                |            |
                |            |
----------------+------------+-----+----------+----------+----------+--
                                   ^          ^          ^          ^
                                   |          |          |          |
default rtr IPvX addrs-------> (IPvX A)   (IPvX A)   (IPvX A)   (IPvX A)
                                   |          |          |          |
                          IPvX H1->* IpvX H2->* IPvX H3->* IpvX H4->*
                                +--+--+    +--+--+    +--+--+    +--+--+
                                |  H1 |    |  H2 |    |  H3 |    |  H4 |
                                +-----+    +-----+    +--+--+    +--+--+
   Legend:
         --+---+---+-- = Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI
                     H = Host computer
                    MR = Master Router
                    BR = Backup Router
                    *  =  IPvX Address; X is 4 everywhere in IPv4 case
                                        X is 6 everywhere in IPv6 case
                    (IPvX) = default router for hosts
      

        +-----------+      +-----------+
        |   Rtr1    |      |   Rtr2    |
        |(MR VRID=1)|      |(BR VRID=1)|
        |(BR VRID=2)|      |(MR VRID=2)|
VRID=1  +-----------+      +-----------+  VRID=2
IPvX A -------->*            *<---------- IPvX B
                |            |
                |            |
----------------+------------+-----+----------+----------+----------+--
                                   ^          ^          ^          ^
                                   |          |          |          |
default rtr IPvX addrs -----> (IPvX A)   (IPvX A)   (IPvX B)   (IPvX B)
                                   |          |          |          |
                          IPvX H1->* IpvX H2->* IPvX H3->* IpvX H4->*
                                +--+--+    +--+--+    +--+--+    +--+--+
                                |  H1 |    |  H2 |    |  H3 |    |  H4 |
                                +-----+    +-----+    +--+--+    +--+--+
   Legend:
        ---+---+---+--  =  Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI
                     H  =  Host computer
                    MR  =  Master Router
                    BR  =  Backup Router
                     *  =  IPvX Address; X is 4 everywhere in IPv4 case
                                         X is 6 everywhere in IPv6 case
                (IPvX)  =  default router for hosts
      

   The following is an extension of tables 4 and 5 in [RFC3261] for the
   Diversion header:
                       where  enc.  e-e ACK BYE CAN INV OPT REG
   _____________________________________________________________
   Diversion              R           h   -   -   -   o   -   -
   Diversion             3xx          h   -   -   -   o   -   -
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNC->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A             P1              P2            B          C
                            recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INVITE Carol@C------->|
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@P2     |
|              |              |    ;reason=unconditional
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-200-------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200---------|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNC->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            non-recursing  non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-302---------|              |             |          |
|  Contact: Carol@C           |             |          |
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=unconditional    |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK-------->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--INVITE Carol@C------------------------------------->|
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=unconditional    |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200-------------------------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNC->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                                    +-----------------------+
                                    | Bob@B: CFUNC->Carol@C |
                                    +------+----------------+
                                            \
                                             \
A              P1             P2              B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |               |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |               |          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|               |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B--->|          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |              |<-302----------|          |
|              |              |  Contact: Carol@C        |
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@B        |
|              |              |    ;reason=unconditional
|              |              |               |          |
|              |              |--ACK--------->|          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |<-302---------|               |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C            |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B            |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional     |          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|               |          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C------------------------>|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B            |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional     |          |
|              |              |               |          |
|              |<-200------------------------------------|
|              |              |               |          |
|<-200---------|              |               |          |
|              |              |               |          |
|--ACK-------------------------------------------------->|
|              |              |               |          |
|              |              |               |          |
      

                     +----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFB->Carol@C |
                     +------+---------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
                           recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-486--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--ACK------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INVITE Carol@C------->|
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@P2     |
|              |              |    ;reason=user-busy   |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-200-------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200---------|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFB->Carol@C |
                     +------+---------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            non-recursing  non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-486--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--ACK------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-302---------|              |             |          |
|  Contact: Carol@C           |             |          |
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=user-busy        |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK-------->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--INVITE Carol@C------------------------------------->|
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=user-busy        |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200-------------------------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFB->Carol@C |
                     +------+---------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-486--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--ACK------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                               +---------------------+
                               | Bob@B: CFB->Carol@C |
                               +------+--------------+
                                          \
                                           \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-302--------|          |
|              |              |  Contact: Carol@C      |
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@B      |
|              |              |    ;reason=user-busy   |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--ACK------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B          |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B          |          |
|              |    ;reason-user-busy       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +-----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFNA->Carol@C |
                     +------+----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
                           recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-180--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |           timeout          |          |
|              |              |--INVITE Carol@C------->|
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@P2     |
|              |              |    ;reason=no-answer   |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-200-------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200---------|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +-----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFNA->Carol@C |
                     +------+----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            non-recursing  non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-180--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |           timeout          |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=no-answer       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-302---------|              |             |          |
|  Contact: Carol@C           |             |          |
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=no-answer        |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK-------->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--INVITE Carol@C------------------------------------->|
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=no-answer        |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200-------------------------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +-----------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFNA->Carol@C |
                     +------+----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-180--------|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |            timeout         |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=no-answer       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=no-answer       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                                  +----------------------+
                                  | Bob@B: CFNA->Carol@C |
                                  +------+---------------+
                                          \
                                           \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |          timeout       |
|              |              |<-302--------|          |
|              |              |  Contact: Carol@C      |
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@B      |
|              |              |    ;reason=no-answer   |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |--ACK------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B          |          |
|              |    ;reason=no-answer       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@B          |          |
|              |    ;reason-no-answer       |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNV->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
                           recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|<-100---------|              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |<-100---------|             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |  ...        |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |           timeout          |          |
|              |              |--INVITE Carol@C------->|
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@P2     |
|              |              |    ;reason=unavailable
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |<-200-------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200---------|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNV->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            non-recursing  non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-100---------|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-100---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |  ...        |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |           timeout          |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unavailable     |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-302---------|              |             |          |
|  Contact: Carol@C           |             |          |
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=unavailable      |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK-------->|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--INVITE Carol@C------------------------------------->|
|  Diversion: Bob@P2          |             |          |
|    ;reason=unavailable      |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200-------------------------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

                     +------------------------+
                     | Bob@P2: CFUNV->Carol@C |
                     +------+-----------------+
                             \
                              \
A              P1             P2            B          C
            recursing      non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |
|<-100---------|              |             |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |
|              |<-100---------|             |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |              |  ...        |          |
|              |              |--INV Bob@B->|          |
|              |           timeout          |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unavailable     |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |
|              |    ;reason=unavailable     |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|              |<-200----------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
|--ACK------------------------------------------------>|
|              |              |             |          |
|              |              |             |          |
      

            +------------------------+     +-------------------------+
            | Bob@P2: CFUNC->Carol@C |     | Carol@C: CFB->5551234@D |
            +---------------+--------+     +--------+----------------+
                             \                       \
                              \                       \
A              P1             P2            B          C          D
            recursing      non-recursing          non-recursing
|              |              |             |          |          |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |             |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|             |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |<-302---------|             |          |          |
|              |  Contact: Carol@C          |          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |--ACK-------->|             |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |--INVITE Carol@C---------------------->|          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |<-302----------------------------------|          |
|              |  Contact: 5551234@D        |          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Carol@C        |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |          |
|              |    ;privacy="full"         |          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |--ACK--------------------------------->|          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |--INVITE 5551234@D------------------------------->|
|              |  Diversion: Carol@C        |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=user-busy       |          |          |
|              |    ;privacy="full"         |          |          |
|              |  Diversion: Bob@P2         |          |          |
|              |    ;reason=unconditional   |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |<-200---------------------------------------------|
|              |              |             |          |          |
|<-200---------|              |             |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
|--ACK----------------------------------------------------------->|
|              |              |             |          |          |
|              |              |             |          |          |
      

         +------------------------+  +--------------------------+
         | Bob@P2: CFUNC->Carol@C |  | Carol@C: CFNA->5551234@D |
         +------------------+-----+  +-----+--------------------+
                             \              \
                              \              \
A              P1             P2       B      C                 D
                            recursing       recursing
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|--INV Bob@P1->|              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |--INV Bob@P2->|        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |--INV Carol@C->|                 |
|              |              |  Diversion: Bob@P2              |
|              |              |    ;reason=unconditional        |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |<--180---------|                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |<-180---------|        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|<-180---------|              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |    timeout             |
|              |              |        |      |--INV 5551234@D->|
|              |              |        |      |Diversion: Carol@C
|              |              |        |      |  ;reason=no-answer
|              |              |        |      |  ;privacy="full"
|              |              |        |      |Diversion: Bob@P2
|              |              |        |      |  ;reason= unconditional
|              |              |        |      |                 |
|              |              |        |      |<-200------------|
|              |              |        |      |         |       |
|              |              |<-200----------|         |       |
|              |              |        |      |         |       |
|              |<-200---------|        |      |         |       |
|              |              |        |      |         |       |
|<-200---------|              |        |      |         |       |
|              |              |        |      |         |       |
|--ACK--------------------------------------------------------->|
|              |              |        |      |         |       |
      

                +-------------------------------------+
                | WeSellPizza@P2: CFTOD->nightserv@P3 |
                +------------+------------------------+
                              \
                               \
UAC             P1             P2                 P3               UAS1
                        (WeSellPizza.com)  (NightService.com)
                                                (ACD)
| [1]           |              |                   |                  |
|-INV pizza@P1->|              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               | [2] INVITE WeSellPizza@P2        |                  |
|               |------------->|                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               |              | [3]               |                  |
|               |              |-INV nightserv@P3->|                  |
|               |              | Diversion: WeSellPizza@P2            |
|               |              |   ;reason=time-of-day                |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   | [4]              |
|               |              |                   |-INV Carol@uas1-->|
|               |              |            Diversion: WeSellPizza@P2 |
|               |              |                ;reason=time-of-day   |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |<-[5] 200---------|
|               |              |<-[6] 200----------|                  |
|               |<-[7] 200-----|                   |                  |
|<-[8] 200------|              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |                  |
|--[9] ACK----------------------------------------------------------->|
|               |              |                   |                  |
|<=========================================="Hello, WeSellPizza"======|
|               |              |                   |                  |
|               |              |                   |                  |
      

                 +---------------------------------------+
                 | WeSellFlowers@P4: CFTOD->nightserv@P3 |
                 +-------------+-------------------------+
                                \
                                 \
UAC             P1               P4                 P3              UAS1
                         (WeSellFlowers.com)  (NightService.com)
                                                   (ACD)
| [1]           |                |                   |                |
|-INV roses@P1->|                |                   |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|               | [2] INVITE WeSellFlowers@P4        |                |
|               |--------------->|                   |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|               | [3]            |                   |                |
|               |<-302-----------|                   |                |
|               |  Contact: nightservice@P3          |                |
|               |  Diversion: WeSellFlowers@P4       |                |
|               |    ;reason=time-of-day             |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|               |--[4] ACK------>|                   |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|               | [5]            |                   |                |
|               |-INVITE nightservice@P3------------>|                |
|               | Diversion: WeSellFlowers@P4        |                |
|               |   ;reason=time-of-day              |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|               |                |                   | [6]            |
|               |                |               -INV Carol@uas1----->|
|               |                |          Diversion: WeSellFlowers@P4
|               |                |            ;reason=time-of-day
|               |                |                                    |
|               |                |              |<-[7] 200------------|
|               |<-[8] 200---------------------------|                |
|<-[9] 200------|                |                   |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
|--[10] ACK---------------------------------------------------------->|
|               |                |                   |                |
|<======================================="Hello, WeSellFlowers"=======|
|               |                |                   |                |
|               |                |                   |                |
      

                 +---------------------------------------------+
                 | Bob@UAS1: CFDoNotDisturb->voicemail@isp.com |
                 +--------------------------------------+------+
                                                         \
                                                          \
UAC1               P1                P2            UAS1        UAS2
                                                          Voicemail.com
|                  |                  |              |          |
|--[1] INV Bob@P1->|                  |              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |--[2] INV Bob@P2->|              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |               [3] INV Bob@uas1->|          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |                [4] <- 302-------|          |
|                  |               Contact: voicemail@isp.com   |
|                  |               Diversion: Bob@uas1          |
|                  |                 ;reason=do-not-disturb     |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |                  |[5] ACK------>|          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |<-[6] 302---------|              |          |
|                  |  Contact: voicemail@isp.com     |          |
|                  |  Diversion: Bob@uas1            |          |
|                  |    ;reason=do-not-disturb       |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |--[7] ACK-------->|              |          |
|<-[8] 302---------|                  |              |          |
|  Contact: voicemail@isp.com         |              |          |
|  Diversion: Bob@uas1                |              |          |
|    ;reason=do-not-disturb           |              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|--[9] ACK-------->|                  |              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|--[10] INVITE voicemail@isp.com------------------------------->|
|  Diversion: Bob@uas1                |              |          |
|    ;reason=do-not-disturb           |              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
|<--[11] 200----------------------------------------------------|
|                  |                  |              |          |
|---[12] ACK--------------------------------------------------->|
|                  |                  |              |          |
|                  |                  |              |          |
      

                                   ISUP/SIP GW
                                       |
--IAM--------------------------------->|
  Called Party Number    =+19195551004 |
  Redirecting Number     =+19195551002 |
    Address Presentation =presentation restricted
  Original Called Number =+19195551001 |
  RedirectionInformation:              |
    Original Redirecting Reason = Unconditional (1111)
    Redirecting Reason = User busy (0001)
    Redirection Counter = 5            |
                                       |
                                       |--INVITE +19195551004------>
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551002>
                                       |    ;reason=user-busy
                                       |    ;privacy="full"
                                       |    ;counter=4
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551001>
                                       |    ;reason=unconditional
                                       |    ;counter=1
                                       |
                                       |
      

                                   ISUP/SIP GW
                                       |
                                       |<--INVITE +19195551004------
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551002>
                                       |    ;reason=user-busy
                                       |    ;privacy="full"
                                       |    ;counter=4
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551001>
                                       |    ;reason=unconditional
                                       |    ;counter=1
                                       |
                                       |
                                       |
<--IAM---------------------------------|
  Called Party Number    =+19195551004 |
  Redirecting Number     =+19195551002 |
    Address Presentation =presentation restricted
  Original Called Number =+19195551001 |
  RedirectionInformation:              |
    Original Redirecting Reason = Unconditional (1111)
    Redirecting Reason = User busy (0001)
    Redirection Counter = 5            |
      

                        ISDN/SIP GW
                                       |
--Setup------------------------------->|
  Called party number      =+19195551004
  Redirecting Number information element:
    Redirecting Number     =+19195551001
    Reason for redirection = Unconditional (1111)
    Origin of Number       = passed network screening
    Presentation Status    = presentation allowed
  Redirecting Number information element:
    Redirecting Number     =+19195551002
    Reason for redirection = User busy (0001)
    Origin of Number       = passed network screening
    Presentation Status    = presentation prohibited
                                       |
                                       |--INVITE tel:+19195551004---->
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551002>
                                       |    ;reason=user-busy
                                       |    ;screen="yes"
                                       |    ;privacy="off"
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551001>
                                       |    ;reason=unconditional
                                       |    ;screen="yes"
                                       |    ;privacy="full"
                                       |
                                       |
      

                                   ISDN/SIP GW
                                       |
<--Setup-------------------------------|
  Called party number      =+19195551004
  Redirecting Number information element:
    Redirecting Number     =+19195551001
    Reason for redirection = Unconditional (1111)
    Origin of Number       = passed network screening
    Presentation Status    = presentation allowed
  Redirecting Number information element:
    Redirecting Number     =+19195551002
    Reason for redirection = User busy (0001)
    Origin of Number       = passed network screening
    Presentation Status    = presentation prohibited
                                       |
                                       |<--INVITE tel:+19195551004----
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551002>
                                       |    ;reason=user-busy
                                       |    ;screen="yes"
                                       |    ;privacy="off
                                       |  Diversion: <tel:+19195551001>
                                       |    ;reason=unconditional
                                       |    ;screen="yes"
                                       |    ;privacy="full"
                                       |
      

                                                RADIUS,
                                                Diameter,
          +-----+       PANA        +-----+     LDAP, API, etc. +-----+
          | PaC |<----------------->| PAA |<------------------->| AS  |
          +-----+                   +-----+                     +-----+
             ^                         ^
             |                         |
             |         +-----+         |
     IKE,    +-------->| EP  |<--------+ ANCP, API, etc.
     4-way handshake,  +-----+
     etc.                 .
                          .
                          .
                          v
                     Data traffic
      

            +---------+---------+   Location    +-----------+
            |         |         |  Dereference  | Location  |
            |      LIS/LS       +---------------+ Recipient |
            |         |         |   Protocol    |           |
            +----+----+----+----+      (3)      +-----+-----+
                 |           *                        |
                 |      Policy *                      |
        Location |      Exchange *                    |
   Configuration |        (*)      *                  | Location
        Protocol |              +----+----+           | Conveyance
           (1)   |              |  Rule   |           | Protocol
                 |              |  Maker  |           |    (2)
            +----+----+         +---------+           |
            |         |                               |
            | Target  +-------------------------------+
            |         |
            +---------+
      

                            ---------------------------------------
                            | ForCES Network Element              |
     --------------   Fc    | --------------      --------------  |
     | CE Manager |---------+-|     CE 1   |------|    CE 2    |  |
     --------------         | |            |  Fr  |            |  |
           |                | --------------      --------------  |
           | Fl             |         |  |    Fp       /          |
           |                |       Fp|  |----------| /           |
           |                |         |             |/            |
           |                |         |             |             |
           |                |         |     Fp     /|----|        |
           |                |         |  /--------/      |        |
     --------------     Ff  | --------------      --------------  |
     | FE Manager |---------+-|     FE 1   |  Fi  |     FE 2   |  |
     --------------         | |            |------|            |  |
                            | --------------      --------------  |
                            |   |  |  |  |          |  |  |  |    |
                            ----+--+--+--+----------+--+--+--+-----
                                |  |  |  |          |  |  |  |
                                |  |  |  |          |  |  |  |
                                  Fi/f                   Fi/f
      

         -------------------------------------------------
         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
         |OSPF   |RIP    |BGP    |RSVP   |LDP    |. . .  |
         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
         -------------------------------------------------    CE
         |               ForCES Interface                |
         -------------------------------------------------
                                 ^   ^
                                 |   |
                         ForCES  |   |data
                         control |   |packets
                         messages|   |(e.g., routing packets)
                                 |   |
                                 v   v
         -------------------------------------------------
         |               ForCES Interface                |
         -------------------------------------------------    FE
         |       |       |       |       |       |       |
         |LPM Fwd|Meter  |Shaper |MPLS   |Classi-|. . .  |
         |       |       |       |       |fier   |       |
         -------------------------------------------------
      

         +------------------------------------------------
         |               CE PL                           |
         +------------------------------------------------
         |              CE TML                           |
         +------------------------------------------------
                                   ^
                                   |
                      ForCES       |   (i.e.,  ForCES data + control
                      PL           |    packets )
                      messages     |
                      over         |
                      specific     |
                      TML          |
                      encaps       |
                      and          |
                      transport    |
                                   |
                                   v
         +------------------------------------------------
         |              FE TML                           |
         +------------------------------------------------
         |               FE PL                           |
         +------------------------------------------------
      

                       CE sends Association Setup
           +---->--->------------>---->---->---->------->----+
           |                                                 Y
           ^                                                 |
           |                                                 Y
       +---+-------+                                     +-------------+
       |FE pre-    |                                     | FE post-    |
       |association|    CE sends Association Teardown    | association |
       |phase      |<------- <------<-----<------<-------+ phase       |
       |           |                                     |             |
       +-----------+                                     +-------------+
             ^                                               Y
             |                                               |
             +-<---<------<-----<------<----<---------<------+
                           FE loses association
      

      <----Ff ref pt--->              <--Fc ref pt------->
      FE Manager      FE                CE Manager    CE
       |              |                 |             |
       |              |                 |             |
    (security exchange)               (security exchange)
      1|<------------>| authentication 1|<----------->|authentication
       |              |                 |             |
     (FE ID, components)              (CE ID, components)
      2|<-------------| request        2|<------------|request
       |              |                 |             |
      3|------------->| response       3|------------>|response
      (corresponding CE ID)          (corresponding FE ID)
       |              |                 |             |
       |              |                 |             |
      

      FE Manager      FE               CE Manager     CE
       |              |                 |             |
       |              |                 |             |
      (security exchange)               |             |
      1|<------------------------------>|             |
       |              |                 |             |
      (a list of CEs and their components)            |
      2|<-------------------------------|             |
       |              |                 |             |
      (a list of FEs and their components)            |
      3|------------------------------->|             |
       |              |                 |             |
       |              |                 |             |
      

           |                                                      |
           | (1) Config, SOT,AT, EM=All-or-None, OP= SET/DEL,etc  |
           |<-----------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                      |
           | (2) ACKnowledge                                      |
           |----------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                      |
           | (3) Config, MOT,AT, EM=All-or-None, OP= SET/DEL,etc  |
           |<-----------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                      |
           | (4) ACKnowledge                                      |
           |----------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                      |
           | (5) Config, MOT,AT, EM=All-or-None, OP= SET/DEL,etc  |
           |<-----------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                      |
           | (6) ACKnowledge                                      |
           |----------------------------------------------------->|
           .                                                      .
           .                                                      .
           .                                                      .
           .                                                      .
           |                                                      |
           | (N) Config, EOT,AT, EM=All-or-None, OP= COMMIT       |
           |<-----------------------------------------------------|
           |                                                      |
           | (N+1)Config-response, ACKnowledge, OP=COMMIT-RESPONSE|
           |----------------------------------------------------->|
           |                                                      |
           | (N+2) Config, OP=TRCOMP                              |
           |<-----------------------------------------------------|
      

             |                       |
             |   Asso Setup Req      |
             |---------------------->|
             |                       |
             |   Asso Setup Resp     |
             |<----------------------|
             |                       |
             | LFBx Query capability |
             |<----------------------|
             |                       |
             | LFBx Query Resp       |
             |---------------------->|
             |                       |
             | FEO Query (Topology)  |
             |<----------------------|
             |                       |
             | FEO Query Resp        |
             |---------------------->|
             |                       |
             | FEO OperEnable Event  |
             |---------------------->|
             |                       |
             |  Config FEO Adminup   |
             |<----------------------|
             |                       |
             | FEO Config-Resp       |
             |---------------------->|
             |                       |
      

             |                              |
             |    Heartbeat                 |
             |<---------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |   Heartbeat                  |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             | Config-set LFBy (Event sub.) |
             |<-----------------------------|
             |                              |
             |     Config Resp LFBy         |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |  Config-set LFBx Component   |
             |<-----------------------------|
             |                              |
             |     Config Resp  LFBx        |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |Config-Query LFBz (Stats)     |
             |<--------------------------- -|
             |                              |
             |    Query Resp LFBz           |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |    FE Event Report           |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |  Config-Del LFBx Component   |
             |<-----------------------------|
             |                              |
             |     Config Resp LFBx         |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |    Packet Redirect LFBx      |
             |----------------------------->|
             |                              |
             |    Heartbeat                 |
             |<-----------------------------|
             .                              .
             .                              .
             |                              |
      

   +-----------------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
   |         Result Value        |   Value   |        Definition       |
   +-----------------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
   |          E_SUCCESS          |    0x00   |         Success         |
   |       E_INVALID_HEADER      |    0x01   |  Unspecified error with |
   |                             |           |         header.         |
   |      E_LENGTH_MISMATCH      |    0x02   |   Header length field   |
   |                             |           |  does not match actual  |
   |                             |           |      packet length.     |
   |      E_VERSION_MISMATCH     |    0x03   |  Unresolvable mismatch  |
   |                             |           |       in versions.      |
   |  E_INVALID_DESTINATION_PID  |    0x04   |    Destination PID is   |
   |                             |           | invalid for the message |
   |                             |           |        receiver.        |
   |        E_LFB_UNKNOWN        |    0x05   |   LFB Class ID is not   |
   |                             |           |    known by receiver.   |
   |       E_LFB_NOT_FOUND       |    0x06   |  LFB Class ID is known  |
   |                             |           |   by receiver but not   |
   |                             |           |    currently in use.    |
   | E_LFB_INSTANCE_ID_NOT_FOUND |    0x07   |  LFB Class ID is known  |
   |                             |           |    but the specified    |
   |                             |           |  instance of that class |
   |                             |           |     does not exist.     |
   |        E_INVALID_PATH       |    0x08   |  The specified path is  |
   |                             |           |       impossible.       |
   |  E_COMPONENT_DOES_NOT_EXIST |    0x09   |  The specified path is  |
   |                             |           |     possible but the    |
   |                             |           |    component does not   |
   |                             |           | exist (e.g., attempt to |
   |                             |           | modify a table row that |
   |                             |           |  has not been created). |
   |           E_EXISTS          |    0x0A   |   The specified object  |
   |                             |           |   exists but it cannot  |
   |                             |           | exist for the operation |
   |                             |           |    to succeed (e.g.,    |
   |                             |           |    attempt to add an    |
   |                             |           |  existing LFB instance  |
   |                             |           |   or array subscript).  |
   |         E_NOT_FOUND         |    0x0B   |   The specified object  |
   |                             |           |  does not exist but it  |
   |                             |           |    MUST exist for the   |
   |                             |           |   operation to succeed  |
   |                             |           |    (e.g., attempt to    |
   |                             |           |  delete a non-existing  |
   |                             |           |  LFB instance or array  |
   |                             |           |       subscript).       |

   |         E_READ_ONLY         |    0x0C   |   Attempt to modify a   |
   |                             |           |     read-only value.    |
   |   E_INVALID_ARRAY_CREATION  |    0x0D   |   Attempt to create an  |
   |                             |           | array with an unallowed |
   |                             |           |        subscript.       |
   |     E_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE    |    0x0E   |     Attempt to set a    |
   |                             |           |   parameter to a value  |
   |                             |           |      outside of its     |
   |                             |           |     allowable range.    |
   |     E_CONTENTS_TOO_LONG     |    0x0D   |     Attempt to write    |
   |                             |           |   contents larger than  |
   |                             |           | the target object space |
   |                             |           |    (i.e., exceeding a   |
   |                             |           |         buffer).        |
   |     E_INVALID_PARAMETERS    |    0x10   |   Any other error with  |
   |                             |           |     data parameters.    |
   |    E_INVALID_MESSAGE_TYPE   |    0x11   |   Message type is not   |
   |                             |           |       acceptable.       |
   |       E_INVALID_FLAGS       |    0x12   |  Message flags are not  |
   |                             |           |    acceptable for the   |
   |                             |           |   given message type.   |
   |        E_INVALID_TLV        |    0x13   | A TLV is not acceptable |
   |                             |           |  for the given message  |
   |                             |           |          type.          |
   |        E_EVENT_ERROR        |    0x14   | Unspecified error while |
   |                             |           |    handling an event.   |
   |       E_NOT_SUPPORTED       |    0x15   |   Attempt to perform a  |
   |                             |           |  valid ForCES operation |
   |                             |           |  that is unsupported by |
   |                             |           |  the message receiver.  |
   |        E_MEMORY_ERROR       |    0x16   | A memory error occurred |
   |                             |           |    while processing a   |
   |                             |           |    message (no error    |
   |                             |           | detected in the message |
   |                             |           |         itself).        |
   |       E_INTERNAL_ERROR      |    0x17   |   An unspecified error  |
   |                             |           |      occurred while     |
   |                             |           |   processing a message  |
   |                             |           |  (no error detected in  |
   |                             |           |   the message itself).  |
   |              -              | 0x18-0xFE |         Reserved        |
   |     E_UNSPECIFIED_ERROR     |    0xFF   |  Unspecified error (for |
   |                             |           |    when the FE cannot   |
   |                             |           |     decide what went    |
   |                             |           |         wrong).         |
   +-----------------------------+-----------+-------------------------+
      

   main hdr (Config in this case)
        |
        |
        +--- T = LFBselect
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBCLASSID
        |        |
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBInstance
        |        |
        |        +-- T = SET
        |        |   |
        |        |   +--  // one or more path targets
        |        |        // with their data here to be added
        |        |
        |        +-- T  = DEL
        |        .   |
        |        .   +--  // one or more path targets to be deleted
        |
        |
        +--- T = LFBselect
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBCLASSID
        |        |
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBInstance
        |        |
        |        + -- T= SET
        |        |    .
        |        |    .
        |        + -- T= DEL
        |        |    .
        |        |    .
        |        |
        |        + -- T= SET
        |        |    .
        |        |    .
        |
        |
        +--- T = LFBselect
                |
                +-- LFBCLASSID
                |
                +-- LFBInstance
                .
                .
                .
                     Figure 21: PL PDU Logical Layout
      

        T = SET
        |  |
        |  +- T = Path-data
        |       |
        |       + -- flags
        |       + -- IDCount
        |       + -- IDs
        |       |
        |       +- T = Path-data
        |          |
        |          + -- flags
        |          + -- IDCount
        |          + -- IDs
        |          |
        |          +- T = Path-data
        |             |
        |             + -- flags
        |             + -- IDCount
        |             + -- IDs
        |             + -- T = KEYINFO-TLV
        |             |    + -- KEY_ID
        |             |    + -- KEY_DATA
        |             |
        |             + -- T = FULLDATA-TLV
        |                  + -- data
        |
        |
        T = SET
        |  |
        |  +- T = Path-data
        |  |  |
        |  |  + -- flags
        |  |  + -- IDCount
        |  |  + -- IDs
        |  |  |
        |  |  + -- T = FULLDATA-TLV
        |  |          + -- data
        |  +- T = Path-data
        |     |
      

   main hdr (type =  Association Setup)
        |
        |
        +--- T = LFBselect
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBCLASSID = FE object
        |        |
        |        |
        |        +-- LFBInstance = 0x1
        |
        +--- T = LFBselect
                 |
                 +-- LFBCLASSID = FE Protocol object
                 |
                 |
                 +-- LFBInstance = 0x1
                       |
                       +---OPER-TLV = REPORT
                           |
                           +-- Path-data to one or more components
      

   main hdr (type = Config)
    |
    |
    +--- T = LFBselect
    .        |
    .        +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class
    .        |
             |
             +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance
             |
             |
             +-- T = operation { SET }
             |   |
             |   +--  // one or more path targets
             |      // associated with FULLDATA-TLV or SPARSEDATA-TLV(s)
             |
             +-- T = operation { DEL }
             |   |
             |   +--  // one or more path targets
             |
             +-- T = operation { COMMIT } //A COMMIT TLV is an empty TLV
                      .
                      .
      

    main hdr (type = ConfigResponse)
     |
     |
     +--- T = LFBselect
     .        |
     .        +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class
     .        |
              |
              +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance
              |
              |
              +-- T = operation { SET-RESPONSE }
              |   |
              |   +--  // one or more path targets
              |        // associated with FULL or SPARSEDATA-TLV(s)
              |
              +-- T = operation { DEL-RESPONSE }
              |   |
              |   +--  // one or more path targets
              |
              +-- T = operation { COMMIT-RESPONSE }
              |           |
              |           +--  RESULT-TLV
      

   main hdr (type = Query)
    |
    |
    +--- T = LFBselect
    .        |
    .        +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class
    .        |
             |
             +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance
             |
             |
             +-- T = operation { GET }
             |   |
             |   +--  // one or more path targets
             |
             +-- T = operation { GET }
             .   |
             .   +--  // one or more path targets
             .
      

   main hdr (type = QueryResponse)
     |
     |
     +--- T = LFBselect
     .        |
     .        +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class
     .        |
              |
              +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance
              |
              |
              +-- T = operation { GET-RESPONSE }
              |   |
              |   +--  // one or more path targets
              |
              +-- T = operation { GET-PROP-RESPONSE }
              .   |
              .   +--  // one or more path targets
              .
      

   main hdr (type = Event Notification)
     |
     |
     +--- T = LFBselect
                |
                +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class
                |
                |
                +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance
                |
                |
                +-- T = operation { REPORT }
                |   |
                |   +--  // one or more path targets
                |        // associated with FULL/SPARSE DATA TLV(s)
                +-- T = operation { REPORT }
                .   |
                .   +--  // one or more path targets
                .        // associated with FULL/SPARSE DATA TLV(s)
      

   main hdr (type = PacketRedirect)
           |
           |
           +--- T = Redirect
           .        |
           .        +-- T = METADATA-TLV
                    |          |
                    |          +--  Meta Data ILV
                    |          |
                    |          +--  Meta Data ILV
                    |          .
                    |          .
                    |
                    +-- T = REDIRECTDATA-TLV
                        |
                        +--  // Redirected Data
      

       (CE issues Teardown ||    +-----------------+
          Lost association) &&   | Pre-association |
         CE failover policy = 0  | (Association    |
             +------------>-->-->|   in            +<----+
             |                   | progress)       |     |
             |     CE issues     +--------+--------+     |
             |     Association        |                  | CFTI
             |       Setup            V                  | timer
             |     ___________________+                  | expires
             |     |                                     |
             |     V                                     ^
           +-+-----------+                          +-------+-----+
           |             |                          |  Not        |
           |             |  (CE issues Teardown ||  |  Associated |
           |             |    Lost association) &&  |             |
           | Associated  |  CE failover policy = 1  | (May        |
           |             |                          | Continue    |
           |             |---------->------->------>|  Forwarding)|
           |             |                          |             |
           +-------------+                          +-------------+
                ^                                         V
                |                                         |
                |            CE issues                    |
                |            Association                  |
                |            Setup                        |
                +_________________________________________+
      

         FE                   CE Primary        CE Secondary
         |                       |                    |
         |  Asso Estb,Caps exchg |                    |
       1 |<--------------------->|                    |
         |                       |                    |
         |       All msgs        |                    |
       2 |<--------------------->|                    |
         |                       |                    |
         |                       |                    |
         |                   FAILURE                  |
         |                                            |
         |         Asso Estb,Caps exchange            |
       3 |<------------------------------------------>|
         |                                            |
         |              Event Report (pri CE down)    |
       4 |------------------------------------------->|
         |                                            |
         |                   All Msgs                 |
       5 |<------------------------------------------>|
      

                      +----------------------------+
                      |  +----------------------+  |
                      |  |                      |  |
     +---------+      |  |          PL          |  |
     |         |      |  +----------------------+  |
     |FEM/CEM  |<---->|             ^              |
     |         |      |             |              |
     +---------+      |             |TML API       |
                      |             |              |
                      |             V              |
                      |  +----------------------+  |
                      |  |                      |  |
                      |  |          TML         |  |
                      |  |                      |  |
                      |  +----------------------+  |
                      +----------------------------+
      

                  PL
                  +----------------------+
                  |                      |
                  +-----------+----------+
                              |   TML API
                   TML        |
                  +-----------+----------+
                  |           |          |
                  |    +------+------+   |
                  |    |  TML core   |   |
                  |    +-+----+----+-+   |
                  |      |    |    |     |
                  |    SCTP socket API   |
                  |      |    |    |     |
                  |      |    |    |     |
                  |    +-+----+----+-+   |
                  |    |    SCTP     |   |
                  |    +------+------+   |
                  |           |          |
                  |           |          |
                  |    +------+------+   |
                  |    |      IP     |   |
                  |    +-------------+   |
                  +----------------------+
      

                  +--------------------+
                  |                    |
                  |     TML   core     |
                  |                    |
                  +-+-------+--------+-+
                    |       |        |
                    |   Med prio,    |
                    |  Semi-reliable |
                    |    channel     |
                    |       |      Low prio,
                    |       |      Unreliable
                    |       |      channel
                    |       |        |
                    ^       ^        ^
                    |       |        |
                    Y       Y        Y
          High prio,|       |        |
           reliable |       |        |
            channel |       |        |
                    Y       Y        Y
                 +-+--------+--------+-+
                 |                     |
                 |        SCTP         |
                 |                     |
                 +---------------------+
      

          SCTP channel            +----------+
          Work available          |   DONE   +---<--<--+
              |                   +---+------+         |
              Y                                        ^
              |         +-->--+         +-->---+       |
      +-->-->-+         |     |         |      |       |
      |       |         |     |         |      |       ^
      |       ^         ^     v         ^      v       |
      ^      / \        |     |         |      |       |
      |     /   \       |     ^         |      ^       ^
      |    / Is  \      |    / \        |     / \      |
      |   / there \     |   /Is \       |    /Is \     |
      ^  / HP work \    ^  /there\      ^   /there\    ^
      |  \    ?    /    | /MP work\     |  /LP work\   |
      |   \       /     | \    ?  /     |  \   ?   /   |
      |    \     /      |  \     /      |   \     /    ^
      |     \   /       ^   \   /       ^    \   /     |
      |      \ /        |    \ /        |     \ /      |
      ^       Y-->-->-->+     Y-->-->-->+      Y->->->-+
      |       |    NO         |    NO          |  NO
      |       |               |                |
      |       Y               Y                Y
      |       | YES           | YES            | YES
      ^       |               |                |
      |       Y               Y                Y
      |  +----+------+    +---|-------+   +----|------+
      |  |- process  |    |- process  |   |- process  |
      |  |  HP work  |    |  MP work  |   | LP work   |
      |  +------+----+    +-----+-----+   +-----+-----+
      |         |               |               |
      ^         Y               Y               Y
      |         |               |               |
      |         Y               Y               Y
      +--<--<---+--<--<----<----+-----<---<-----+
      

   FE PL      FE TML           FEM  CEM        CE TML              CE PL
     |            |             |    |            |                    |
     |            |             |    |            |      Bootup        |
     |            |             |    |            |<-------------------|
     |  Bootup    |             |    |            |                    |
     |----------->|             |    |get CEM info|                    |
     |            |get FEM info |    |<-----------|                    |
     |            |------------>|    ~            ~                    |
     |            ~             ~    |----------->|                    |
     |            |<------------|                 |                    |
     |            |                               |-initialize TML     |
     |            |                               |-create the 3 chans.|
     |            |                               | to listen to FEs   |
     |            |                               |                    |
     |            |-initialize TML                |Bootup success      |
     |            |-create the 3 chans. locally   |------------------->|
     |            |-connect 3 chans. remotely     |                    |
     |            |------------------------------>|                    |
     |            ~                               ~ - FE TML connected ~
     |            ~                               ~ - FE TML info init ~
     |            | channels connected            |                    |
     |            |<------------------------------|                    |
     | Bootup     |                               |                    |
     | succeeded  |                               |                    |
     |<-----------|                               |                    |
     |            |                               |                    |
      

   FE PL      FE TML                      CE TML              CE PL
     |            |                         |                    |
     |  Shutdown  |                         |                    |
     |----------->|                         |                    |
     |            |-disconnect 3 chans.     |                    |
     |            |-SCTP level shutdown     |                    |
     |            |------------------------>|                    |
     |            |                         |                    |
     |            |                         |TML detects shutdown|
     |            |                         |-FE TML info cleanup|
     |            |                         |-optionally tell PL |
     |            |                         |------------------->|
     |            |                         |                    |
     |            |- clean up any state of  |                    |
     |            |-channels disconnected   |                    |
     |            |<------------------------|                    |
     |            |-SCTP shutdown ACK       |                    |
     |            |                         |                    |
     | Shutdown   |                         |                    |
     | succeeded  |                         |                    |
     |<-----------|                         |                    |
     |            |                         |                    |
      

   FE PL       FE TML           CE TML                CE PL
      |            |              |                      |
      |PL send     |              |                      |
      |----------->|              |                      |
      |            |              |                      |
      |            |              |                      |
      |            |-pick channel |                      |
      |            |-TML  Send    |                      |
      |            |------------->|                      |
      |            |              |                      |
      |            |              |-TML Receive on chan. |
      |            |              |- mux to PL/PL recv   |
      |            |              |--------------------->|
      |            |              |                      ~
      |            |              |                      ~ PL Process
      |            |              |                      ~
      |            |              |  PL send             |
      |            |              |<---------------------|
      |            |              |-pick chan to send on |
      |            |              |-TML send             |
      |            |<-------------|                      |
      |            |-TML Receive  |                      |
      |            |-mux to PL    |                      |
      | PL Recv    |              |                      |
      |<---------- |              |                      |
      |            |              |                      |
      

   +-------+                                          +-------+
   |       | FE capabilities: what it can/cannot do.  |       |
   |       |<-----------------------------------------|       |
   |       |                                          |       |
   |   CE  | FE state: what it is now.                |  FE   |
   |       |<-----------------------------------------|       |
   |       |                                          |       |
   |       | FE configuration: what it should be.     |       |
   |       |----------------------------------------->|       |
   +-------+                                          +-------+
      

                             +-----------+
                             |    CE     |
                             +-----------+
                                   ^
                                   | Fp reference point
                                   |
        +--------------------------|-----------------------------------+
        | FE                       |                                   |
        |                          v                                   |
        | +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
        | |                ForCES protocol                           | |
        | |                   termination point                      | |
        | +----------------------------------------------------------+ |
        |           ^                            ^                     |
        |           :                            : Internal control    |
        |           :                            :                     |
        |       +---:----------+             +---:----------|          |
        |       |   :LFB1      |             |   :     LFB2 |          |
        | =====>|   v          |============>|   v          |======>...|
        | Inputs| +----------+ |Outputs      | +----------+ |          |
        | (P,M) | |Components| |(P',M')      | |Components| |(P",M")   |
        |       | +----------+ |             | +----------+ |          |
        |       +--------------+             +--------------+          |
        |                                                              |
        +--------------------------------------------------------------+
      

    +---------------+               +-----------------+
    |               |               |                 |
    |               |               |             OUT +-->
    ...          OUT +-->           ...               |
    |               |               |    EXCEPTIONOUT +-->
    |               |               |                 |
    +---------------+               +-----------------+
      

    +---------------+               +-----------------+
    |               |               |    EXCEPTIONOUT +-->
    |         OUT:1 +-->            |                 |
    ...       OUT:2 +-->           ...          OUT:1 +-->
    |         ...   +...            |           OUT:2 +-->
    |         OUT:n +-->            |           ...   +...
    +---------------+               |           OUT:n +-->
                                    +-----------------+
      

        FE Address = FE01
        +--------------------------------------------------------------+
        |                                                              |
        | +--------------+             +--------------+                |
        | | LFB ClassID 1|             |LFB ClassID 91|                |
        | | InstanceID 3 |============>|InstanceID 3  |======>...      |
        | | +----------+ |             | +----------+ |                |
        | | |Components| |             | |Components| |                |
        | | +----------+ |             | +----------+ |                |
        | +--------------+             +--------------+                |
        |                                                              |
        +--------------------------------------------------------------+
      

          LFB Class ID 1,InstanceID 3 Components
          +-------------------------------------+
          |                                     |
          | LFB ComponentID 1                   |
          | +----------------------+            |
          | |                      |            |
          | +----------------------+            |
          |                                     |
          | LFB ComponentID 31                  |
          | +----------------------+            |
          | |                      |            |
          | +----------------------+            |
          |                                     |
          | LFB ComponentID 51                  |
          | +----------------------+            |
          | | LFB ComponentID 89   |            |
          | | +-----------------+  |            |
          | | |                 |  |            |
          | | +-----------------+  |            |
          | +----------------------+            |
          |                                     |
          |                                     |
          +-------------------------------------+
      

                                   +----------+
                            P      |   LFB#1  |
                        +--------->|(Compon-1)|
   +-------------+      |          +----------+
   |            1|------+   P      +----------+
   |            2|---------------->|   LFB#2  |
   | classifier 3|                 |(Compon-2)|
   |          ...|...              +----------+
   |            N|------+          ...
   +-------------+      |   P      +----------+
                        +--------->|   LFB#N  |
                                   |(Compon-N)|
                                   +----------+
      

   +-------------+                 +-------------+
   |            1|                 |   Meter     |
   |            2|   (P, M)        | (Compon-1)  |
   |            3|---------------->| (Compon-2)  |
   |          ...|                 |   ...       |
   |            N|                 | (Compon-N)  |
   +-------------+                 +-------------+
      

                      +---------------------------------------------+
                      |                                             |
        +----------+  V      +----------+           +------+        |
        |          |  |      |          |if IP-in-IP|      |        |
   ---->| ingress  |->+----->|classifier|---------->|Decap.|---->---+
        | ports    |         |          |---+       |      |
        +----------+         +----------+   |others +------+
                                            |
                                            V
   (a)  The LFB topology with a logical loop

       +-------+   +-----------+            +------+   +-----------+
       |       |   |           |if IP-in-IP |      |   |           |
   --->|ingress|-->|classifier1|----------->|Decap.|-->+classifier2|->
       | ports |   |           |----+       |      |   |           |
       +-------+   +-----------+    |others +------+   +-----------+
                                    |
                                    V
   (b) The LFB topology without the loop utilizing two independent
              classifier instances.
      

         +----------+     +-----------+
    ---->| Ingress  |---->|classifier |--------------+
         |          |     |chip       |              |
         +----------+     +-----------+              |
                                                     v
                         +-------------------------------------------+
           +--------+    |   Network Processor                       |
      <----| Egress |    |   +------+    +------+   +-------+        |
           +--------+    |   |Meter |    |Marker|   |Dropper|        |
                 ^       |   +------+    +------+   +-------+        |
                 |       |                                           |
      +----------+-------+                                           |
      |          |                                                   |
      |    +---------+       +---------+   +------+    +---------+   |
      |    |Forwarder|<------|Scheduler|<--|Queue |    |Counter  |   |
      |    +---------+       +---------+   +------+    +---------+   |
      +--------------------------------------------------------------+
      

           +-----+    +-------+                      +---+
           |    A|--->|Queue1 |--------------------->|   |
    ------>|     |    +-------+                      |   |  +---+
           |     |                                   |   |  |   |
           |     |    +-------+      +-------+       |   |  |   |
           |    B|--->|Meter1 |----->|Queue2 |------>|   |->|   |
           |     |    |       |      +-------+       |   |  |   |
           |     |    |       |--+                   |   |  |   |
           +-----+    +-------+  |   +-------+       |   |  +---+
         classifier              +-->|Dropper|       |   |  IPv4
                                     +-------+       +---+  Fwd.
                                                  Scheduler
      

                                                          +--------+
                                             ..........-->|   CE   |
                        /----\               .            +--------+
                        \____/ FE Model      .              ^    |
                        |    |................        (1),2 |    | 6, 7
                        |    |  (off-line)   .      3, 4, 5 |    |
                        \____/               .              |    v
                                             .            +--------+
                      e.g., RFCs              ..........-->|   FE   |
                                                          +--------+
      

            +-----------------------------------------------------+
            |  +---------+   +------------+   +---------+         |
          input|         |   |            |   |         | output  |
         ---+->| Ingress |-->|Header      |-->|IPv4     |---------+--->+
            |  | port    |   |Decompressor|   |Forwarder| FE      |    |
            |  +---------+   +------------+   +---------+ #1      |    |
            +-----------------------------------------------------+    V
                                                                       |
                 +-----------------------<-----------------------------+
                 |
                 |    +----------------------------------------+
                 V    |  +------------+   +----------+         |
                 | input |            |   |          | output  |
                 +->--+->|Header      |-->| Egress   |---------+-->
                      |  |Compressor  |   | port     | FE      |
                      |  +------------+   +----------+ #2      |
                      +----------------------------------------+
      

                       allocated      available
                          +-+------------+-+
                       A  |x|            | |  B
                          +-+------------+-+
                             data channel
      

                          <---------LSP--------->
                          +-+-------+-+-------+-+
                          | |       |X|       | |
                          +-+-------+-+-------+-+
                           A         B         C
      

                         Good           Failed
                          +-+------------+-+
                       A  | |            |X|  B
                          +-+------------+-+
                             data channel
                  Path Message with Upstream Label---->
      

                        ......................
                        |Receive a Hello     |
                    (1) |from a new potential|
                        |neighbor            |
                        '`''''''''''''''''''''
                                  |
                                  |
                                  |
                        ,''''''''''''''''''''''|
                        |Check to see if there |
                    (2) |is a router-LSA from  |----no--(4)form a
                        |the new potential     |          new
                        |neighbor in the link  |          neighbor
                        |state database, which |
                        |is reachable in SPT   |
                        '`''''''''''''''''''''''
                                  |
                                  |yes
         (3)                      |
      ,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''|
      |                            (3b)........................ |
      |(3a),______________________     |Determine if the      | |
      |    |Determine if the new |     |number of redundant   | |
      |    |link cost is better  |     |paths to the potential| |
      |    |than the current path|     |neighbor is < the     | |
      |    |cost by a configured |     |maximum configured    | |
      |    |amount               |     |value                 | |
      |    '`'''''''''''''''''''''     '`'''''''''''''''''''''' |
      |                       \             /                   |
      |                   .....\.........../....                |
      |                   |User configurable   |                |
      |                   |selection algorithm |                |
      |                   '`'''/'''''''\''''''''                |
      |                       /         \                       |
      '`'''''''''''''''''''''/'''''''''''\'''''''''''''''''''''''
                            /             \
                     requirements     requirements
                        met              not met
                        /                    \
                       /                      \
           (4) form a new neighbor      (5) do not become
                                            neighbors
      

   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+- -+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
   | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |...| * | * | * | * | F | I | RS| LR|
   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+- -+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

                                C-TE LSP1
             <---------------------------------------------->
                                P-TE LSP1
                      <--------------------------->
   .............                                         .............
   . ---   --- .     ---      ---       ---      ---     . ---   --- .
   .|H0 | |CE1|-----|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|-----|CE2| |H1 |.
   . ---   --- .     ---      ---       ---      ---     . ---   --- .
   .........|...     ---      ---       ---      ---     ...|.........
            +-------|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-------+
                     ---      ---       ---      ---

                      <--------------------------->
                                P-TE LSP2
             <---------------------------------------------->
                                C-TE LSP2

   <--customer-->    <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------->    <--customer->
      network                                               network
      

                                C-TE LSP1
             <---------------------------------------------->
                                P-TE LSP1
                      <--------------------------->
   .............                                         .............
   . ---   --- .     ---      ---       ---      ---     . ---   --- .
   .|CE0| |CE1|-----|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|-----|CE2| |CE3|.
   . ---   --- .     ---      ---       ---      ---     . ---   --- .
   .........|...     ---      ---       ---      ---     ...|.........
            +-------|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-------+
                     ---      ---       ---      ---

                      <--------------------------->
                                P-TE LSP2
             <---------------------------------------------->
                                C-TE LSP2

    <---SP B---->    <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------->     <---SP B--->
       network                 SP A network                 network
      

             C-TE LSP1(P=0),2(P=1) (CE0->CE1->...->CE4->CE5)
                                   (CE0<-CE1<-...<-CE4<-CE5)
            <---------------------------------------------->

             C-TE LSP3(P=0),4(P=1) (CE2->CE1->...->CE4->CE7)
                                   (CE2<-CE1<-...<-CE4<-CE7)
            <---------------------------------------------->
                             P-TE LSP1 (p=0)
                         <-------------------->
                             P-TE LSP2 (p=1)
                         <-------------------->
   ..................                             ..................
   .      ---   --- .  ---    ---     ---    ---  . ---   ---      .
   .     |CE0|-|CE1|--|PE1|--|P1 |---|P2 |--|PE2|--|CE4|-|CE5|     .
   . --- /---   --- .  ---     ---    ---    ---  . ---   ---\ --- .
   .|H0 |     +     .              +              .     +     |H1 |.
   . --- \---   --- .  ---    ---     ---    ---  . ---   ---/ --- .
   .     |CE2|-|CE3|--|PE3|--|P3 |---|P4 |--|PE4|--|CE6|-|CE7|     .
   .      ---   --- .  ---    ---     ---    ---  . ---   ---      .
   ..................                             ..................
                         <-------------------->
                             P-TE LSP3 (p=0)
                         <-------------------->
                             P-TE LSP4 (p=1)
            <---------------------------------------------->
             C-TE LSP5(P=0),6(P=1)  (CE0->CE3->...->CE6->CE5)
                                    (CE0<-CE3<-...<-CE6<-CE5)

            <---------------------------------------------->
             C-TE LSP7(P=0),8(P=1)  (CE2->CE3->...->CE6->CE7)
                                    (CE2<-CE3<-...<-CE6<-CE7)

    <-----SP C----->   <----BGP/MPLS IP-VPN---->   <-----SP C----->
         network               SP A network             network
      

                                C-RSVP path
        <----------------------------------------------------->

                                P-TE LSP
                     <--------------------------->
    .............                                     .............
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .|H1 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H2 |.
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .............                                     .............
                   ^                               ^
                   |                               |
               VRF instance                    VRF instance

     <-customer->   <--------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------->   <-customer->
       network                                           network
      

                               Non-TE LSP
                     <--------------------------->
    .............                                     .............
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .|H1 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H2 |.
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .............                                     .............
                   ^                               ^
                   |                               |
               VRF instance                    VRF instance

     <-customer->   <-------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------->   <-customer->
       network                                          network
      

                               C-TE LSP1
               <----------------------------------------->
                               Non-TE LSP
                      <-------------------------->
     .............                                     .............
     . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
     .|H0 | |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |H1 |.
     . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
     .........|...   ---      ---       ---      ---   ...|.........
              +-----|PE3|----|P3 |-----|P4 |----|PE4|-----+
                     ---      ---       ---      ---

                      <-------------------------->
                               Non-TE LSP
               <----------------------------------------->
                               C-TE LSP2

     <-customer->     <------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------>    <-customer->
        network                                           network
      

                               P-TE LSP
                     <--------------------------->
    .............                                     .............
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .|CE0| |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |CE3|.
    . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
    .............                                     .............
                   ^                               ^
                   |                               |
              VRF instance                    VRF instance

     <-customer->    <------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------>     <-customer->
       network                                           network
         or                                                or
       another                                           another
   service-provider                                  service-provider
       network                                           network
      

                                 C-TE LSP
        <------------------------------------------------------->
      

                                 P-TE LSP
                      <--------------------------->
     .............                                     .............
     . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
     .|CE0| |CE1|---|PE1|----|P1 |-----|P2 |----|PE2|---|CE2| |CE3|.
     . ---   --- .   ---      ---       ---      ---   . ---   --- .
     .............                                     .............
                    ^                               ^
                    |                               |
               VRF instance                    VRF instance

      <-customer->   <-------BGP/MPLS IP-VPN------->    <-customer->
        network                                           network
           or                                                or
        another                                           another
    service-provider                                  service-provider
        network                                           network
      

                                 PBB Network
                                Service Types
                             _,,-'    |    '--.._
                       _,.-''         |          `'--.._
                 _,.--'               |                 `'--..
           Port based              S-tagged              I-tagged
                                  _,-     -.
                               _.'          `.
                            _,'               `.
                        one-to-one           bundled
                                            _.-   =.
                                        _.-'        ``-.._
                                    _.-'                 `-..
                               many-to-one              all-to-one
                                                             |
                                                             |
                                                             |
                                                        Transparent
      

        +-------------+        +-------------+
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        | |         | |        | |         | |GMPLS
        | |  LMP    |-|<------>|-|  LMP    | |Link Property
        | |         | |        | |         | |Correlation
        | |  (opt)  | |GMPLS   | |  (opt)  | |
        | |         | |        | |         | | Bundling
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        | |         | |        | |         | |
        | | 802.1AB |-|<------>|-| 802.1AB | |P2P
        | |  (opt)  | |Ethernet| |  (opt)  | |link identifiers
        | |         | |        | |         | |
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        | |         | |        | |         | |End-to-End
   -----|-| 802.1ag |-|<------>|-| 802.1ag |-|-------
        | | Y.1731  | |Ethernet| | Y.1731  | |Fault Management
        | |  (opt)  | |        | |  (opt)  | |Performance
        | |         | |        | |         | |Management
        | +---------+ |        | +---------+ |
        +-------------+        +-------------+
             Switch 1    link      Switch 2
      

                                   appendix
                                      |
                      +-------------------------------+
                      |                               |
      +-----------+   +------------------------+- - - +
      | message M |---| digital signature zeta | text |
      +-----------+   +------------------------+- - - +
      

                          Sub-Path Metrics
                 ++  M1   ++ ++  M2   ++ ++  M3   ++
             Src ||.......|| ||.......|| ||.......|| Dst
                 ++   `.  ++ ++   |   ++ ++  .'   ++
                        `.        |       .-'
                          `-.     |     .'
                             `._..|.._.'
                           ,-'         `-.
                         ,'               `.
                         |   Composition   |
                         \     Function    '
                          `._           _,'
                             `--.....--'
                                  |
                 ++               |               ++
             Src ||...............................|| Dst
                 ++        Composed Metric        ++
      

                             Sub-Path Metrics
                    ++  M1   ++ ++  M2   ++ ++  M3   ++
                Src ||.......|| ||.......|| ||.......||Rcvr1
                    ++       ++ ++`.     ++ ++       ++
                                    `-.
                                     M4`.++ ++  M5   ++
                                         || ||.......||Rcvr2
                                         ++ ++`.     ++
                                                `-.
                                                 M6`.++
                                                     ||Rcvr3
                                                     ++
      

         +------+      +-------+      +---------+      +---------+
         |  MD  |------|  SAP  |------|         |      |         |
         +------+      +-------+      |   IP    |      | EAP/AAA
            .                         |         |------|         |
            . Move                    | Network |      | Server  |
            v          +-------+      |         |      |         |
                       |  CAP  |------|         |      |         |
                       +-------+      +---------+      +---------+
      

    Mobile             Serving             Candidate            AAA/EAP
    Device         Attachment Point      Authenticator          Server
                        (SAP)
      |                   |                    |                   |
      |                   |                    |                   |
      |     EAP over MD-CAP Signaling (L3)     |    EAP over AAA   |
      |<------------------+------------------->|<----------------->|
      |                   |                    |                   |
      |                   |                    |                   |
      

    Mobile             Serving              Candidate            AAA/EAP
    Device         Attachment Point     Attachment Point         Server
                        (SAP)                (CAP)
      |                   |                    |                   |
      |     EAP over      |       EAP over     |   EAP over AAA    |
      | MD-SAP Signaling  |  SAP-CAP Signaling |                   |
      |    (L2 or L3)     |        (L3)        |                   |
      |<----------------->|<------------------<|<----------------->|
      |                   |                    |                   |
      |                   |                    |                   |
      

   Bit     0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
       +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
       | Interface Role| Rsvd1 | Rsvd2 |ifIndex| IPAddr|  name |  MTU  |
       +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
      

                      0                            31
                     +-------+-------+-------+-------+
                     |      AFI      |    Reserved   |
                     +-------+-------+-------+-------+
                     |         IP Address   ....
      

        octet    0        1                                   63
             +--------+-----------................-----------------+
             | length |   interface name octets 1-63               |
             +--------+-----------................-----------------+
      

                          <--------       (3) NOTIFY
                                              Subscription-State: active
                                              SIP-ETag: ffee2
      (4) 200             -------->
      

      (5) SUBSCRIBE       -------->                \ if "ffee2"
          Suppress-If-Match: ffee2                 |   matches
          Expires: 3600                            |   local
                                                   |   entity-tag
                                                   |
                          <--------       (6) 204  / then
      

                          <--------       (7) NOTIFY
                                              Subscription-State: active
                                              SIP-ETag: ca89a
      (8) 200             -------->
      

      (9) SUBSCRIBE       -------->                \ if "ca89"
          Suppress-If-Match: ca89a                 |   matches
          Expires: 0                               |   local
                                                   |   entity-tag
                                                   |
                          <--------      (10) 204  / then
      

                      <--------       (3) NOTIFY
                                          Subscription-State: terminated
                                          SIP-ETag: f2e45
                                          Content-Length: 17539
      

  (5) SUBSCRIBE       -------->
      Suppress-If-Match: f2e45
      Expires: 0
                      <--------       (6) 202

                      <--------       (7) NOTIFY
                                          Subscription-State: terminated
                                          SIP-ETag: f2e45
                                          Content-Length: 0
      

      (1) SUBSCRIBE       -------->
          Suppress-If-Match: ega23
          Expires: 3600
                          <--------       (2) 202

                          <--------       (3) NOTIFY
                                              Subscription-State: active
                                              SIP-ETag: ega23
                                              Content-Length: 0
      (4) 200             -------->
      

      BEFORE APPLYING WESP -IPv4
            -------------------------------------------------
            |orig IP hdr  | ESP |     |      |   ESP   | ESP|
            |(any options)| Hdr | TCP | Data | Trailer | ICV|
            -------------------------------------------------
                                |<---- encryption ---->|
                          |<------- integrity -------->|

      AFTER APPLYING WESP - IPv4
            --------------------------------------------------------
            |orig IP hdr  | WESP | ESP |     |      |   ESP   | ESP|
            |(any options)| Hdr  | Hdr | TCP | Data | Trailer | ICV|
            --------------------------------------------------------
                                       |<---- encryption ---->|
                                 |<------- integrity -------->|

      BEFORE APPLYING WESP - IPv6
          --------------------------------------------------------------
          | orig |hop-by-hop,dest*,|   |dest|   |    | ESP   | ESP|
          |IP hdr|routing,fragment |ESP|opt*|TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
          --------------------------------------------------------------
                                       |<---- encryption --->|
                                   |<----- integrity ------->|

      AFTER APPLYING WESP - IPv6
          --------------------------------------------------------------
          | orig |hop-by-hop,dest*,|    |   |dest|   |    | ESP   | ESP|
          |IP hdr|routing,fragment |WESP|ESP|opt*|TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
          --------------------------------------------------------------
                                            |<---- encryption --->|
                                        |<----- integrity ------->|
      

      BEFORE APPLYING WESP - IPv4
          ---------------------------------------------------------
          |new IP hdr*  |   | orig IP hdr*  |   |    | ESP   | ESP|
          |(any options)|ESP| (any options) |TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
          ---------------------------------------------------------
                            |<--------- encryption --------->|
                        |<----------- integrity ------------>|

      AFTER APPLYING WESP - IPv4
          --------------------------------------------------------------
          |new IP hdr*  |    |   | orig IP hdr*  |   |    | ESP   | ESP|
          |(any options)|WESP|ESP| (any options) |TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
          --------------------------------------------------------------
                                 |<--------- encryption --------->|
                             |<----------- integrity ------------>|

      BEFORE APPLYING WESP - IPv6
      -----------------------------------------------------------------
      |new IP|new ext |   |orig IP|orig ext|   |    | ESP   | ESP|
      | hdr* | hdrs*  |ESP|  hdr* | hdrs * |TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
      -----------------------------------------------------------------
                          |<--------- encryption ---------->|
                      |<------------- integrity ----------->|

      AFTER APPLYING WESP - IPv6
      -----------------------------------------------------------------
      |new IP|new ext |    |   |orig IP|orig ext|   |    | ESP   | ESP|
      | hdr* | hdrs*  |WESP|ESP|  hdr* | hdrs * |TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
      -----------------------------------------------------------------
                               |<--------- encryption ---------->|
                           |<------------- integrity ----------->|
      

           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |00011001|00000100|00111010|00101001|
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+
            Kind=25  Length=4 ASCII :  ASCII )

           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
           |00011001|00000101|00111110|00111010|01000000|
           +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
            Kind=25  Length=5 ASCII >  ACSII :  ASCII @
      

                     +-------------------------+
                     | Root Collection         |
                     |  bindings:              |
                     |  CollX          CollY   |
                     +-------------------------+
                         |            /
                         |           /
                         |          /
                     +------------------+
                     | Collection C1    |
                     | bindings:        |
                     | x.gif     y.jpg  |
                     +------------------+
                         |          \
                         |           \
                         |            \
                     +-------------+   +-------------+
                     | Resource R1 |   | Resource R2 |
                     +-------------+   +-------------+
      

     URI-1   URI-2    URI-3                           URI-X
        |       |        |                              |
        |       |        |   <---- URI Mappings ---->   |
        |       |        |                              |
     +---------------------+                 +------------------------+
     |     Resource R      |                 |     Resource R'        |
     +---------------------+                 +------------------------+
      

                                +------------------+
                                | Root Collection  |
                                |  bindings:       |
                                |  CollX     CollY |
                                +------------------+
                                   /              \
                                  /                \
                                 /                  \
              +--------------------------+   +-----------------+
              |      Collection C1       |   | Collection C2   |
              |      bindings:           |   | bindings:       |
              |     x.gif     y.gif      |   | x.gif     y.gif |
              +--------------------------+   +-----------------+
                      |         |                |         |
                      |         |                |         |
            +-------------+  +-------------+   +-------------+
            | Resource R1 |  | Resource R2 |   | Resource R3 |
            +-------------+  +-------------+   +-------------+
      

                            +------------------+
                            | Root Collection  |
                            |  bindings:       |
                            |  CollX           |
                            +------------------+
                               |
                               |
                               |
                            +----------------+
                            | Collection C1  |
                            | bindings:      |
                            | x.gif    y.gif |
                            +----------------+
                               |         |
                               |         |
                             +-------------+
                             | Resource R1 |
                             +-------------+
      

                  +------------------+
                  | Root Collection  |
                  |  bindings:       |
                  |  CollX     CollY |
                  +------------------+
                     |              \
                     |               \
                     |                \
                  +----------------+  +-----------------+
                  | Collection C1  |  | Collection C2   |
                  | bindings:      |  | bindings:       |
                  | x.gif    y.gif |  | x.gif     y.gif |
                  +----------------+  +-----------------+
                     |         |          |         |
                     |         |          |         |
                   +-------------+      +-------------+
                   | Resource R1 |      | Resource R2 |
                   +-------------+      +-------------+
      

                URI-1   URI-2    URI-3
                  |       |        |
                  |       |        |      <---- URI Mappings
                  |       |        |
               +---------------------+
               |     Resource R      |
               +---------------------+
      

                URI-1   URI-2    URI-X
                  |       |        |
                  |       |        |      <---- URI Mappings
                  |       |        |
               +---------------------+
               |     Resource R      |
               +---------------------+
      

                        +-------------------------+
                        | Root Collection         |
                        |  bindings:              |
                        |  CollX          CollY   |
                        +-------------------------+
                            |            /
                            |           /
                            |          /
                        +-----------------+
                        | Collection C1   |
                        | bindings:       |
                        | x.gif    y.gif  |
                        +-----------------+
                             |      |
                             |      |
                             |      |
                         +-------------+
                         | Resource R1 |
                         +-------------+
      

              +------------------+
              | Root Collection  |
              |  bindings:       |
              |  CollW           |
              +------------------+
                   |
                   |
                   |
              +-------------------------------+
              | Collection C1                 |<--------+
              | LOCKED infinity               |         |
              | (lock token L1)               |         |
              | bindings:                     |         |
              | CollX               CollY     |         |
              +-------------------------------+         |
                   |                  |                 |
                   |                  |  (creates loop) |
                   |                  |                 |
              +-----------------+  +------------------+ |
              | Collection C2   |  | Collection C3    | |
              | (inherit lock)  |  | (inherit lock)   | |
              | (lock token L1) |  | (lock token L1)  | |
              | bindings:       |  | bindings:        | |
              |  {none}         |  | y.gif     CollZ  | |
              +-----------------+  +------------------+ |
                                     |            |     |
                                     |            +-----+
                                     |
                                 +---------------------------+
                                 | Resource R2               |
                                 | (lock inherited from C1)  |
                                 | (lock token L1)           |
                                 +---------------------------+
      

              +------------------+
              | Root Collection  |
              |  bindings:       |
              |  CollW           |
              +------------------+
                   |
                   |
                   |
              +-------------------------------+
              | Collection C1                 |
              | LOCKED infinity               |
              | (lock token L1)               |
              | bindings:                     |
              | CollX                  CollY  |
              +-------------------------------+
                   |              ^      |
                   |              |      |
              +-----------------+ | +------------------+
              | Collection C2   | | | Collection C3    |
              |(inherited lock) | | | (inherited lock) |
              |(lock token L1)  | | | (lock token L1)  |
              | bindings:       | | | bindings:        |
              | CollA           | | | y.gif            |
              +-----------------+ | +------------------+
                  |               |    |
                  +---------------+    |
                   (creates loop)      |
                                 +---------------------------+
                                 | Resource R2               |
                                 | (inherited lock from C1)  |
                                 | (lock token L1)           |
                                 +---------------------------+
      

                         +-------------------------+
                         | Root Collection         |
                         |  bindings:              |
                         |  CollX          CollY   |
                         +-------------------------+
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                    | Collection C1 |  | Collection C2 |
                    | bindings:     |  | bindings:     |
                    |     test      |  |     test      |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                             |               |
                             |               |
                             |               |
                            +------------------+
                            |    Resource R    |
                            +------------------+
      

                         +-------------------------+
                         | Workspace               |
                         |  bindings:              |
                         |  CollX          CollY   |
                         +-------------------------+
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                    | Collection C1 |  | Collection C2 |
                    | bindings:     |  |               |
                    |     test      |  |               |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                             |
                             |
                             |
                            +------------------+
                            |    Resource R    |
                            +------------------+
      

                         +-------------------------+
                         | Workspace               |
                         |  bindings:              |
                         |  CollX          CollY   |
                         +-------------------------+
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                    | Collection C1 |  | Collection C2 |
                    | bindings:     |  | bindings:     |
                    |     test      |  |     test      |
                    +---------------+  +---------------+
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                            +------------------+
                            |    Resource R    |
                            +------------------+
      

     MN   MAG(DHCP-S)  LMA
      |------>|        |    1. DHCPDISCOVER
      |       |------->|    2. Proxy Binding Update
      |       |<-------|    3. Proxy Binding Acknowledgement (IPv4 HoA)
      |       |========|    4. Tunnel/Route Setup
      |<------|        |    5. DHCPOFFER  (IPv4 HoA)
      |------>|        |    6. DHCPREQUEST (IPv4 HoA)
      |<------|        |    7. DHCPACK
      |       |        |
      

  MN   MAG(DHCP-R) LMA   DHCP-S
   |       |------->|      | 1. Proxy Binding Update *
   |       |<-------|      | 2. Proxy Binding Acknowledgement (IPv4 HoA)
   |       |========|      | 3. Tunnel/Route Setup*
   |------>|-------------->| 4. DHCPDISCOVER (IPv4 HoA) via DHCP-R
   |<------|<--------------| 5. DHCPOFFER (IPv4 HoA) via DHCP-R
   |------>|-------------->| 6. DHCPREQUEST (IPv4 HoA) via DHCP-R
   |<------|<--------------| 7. DHCPACK (IPv4 HoA) via DHCP-R
   |       |               |
      

            IPv4-Proxy-CoA                      IPv4-LMAA
                   |         + - - - - - - +        |
   +--+          +---+      /               \     +---+          +--+
   |MN|----------|MAG|=====   IPv4  Network  =====|LMA|----------|CN|
   +--+          +---+      \               /     +---+          +--+
                             + - - - - - - +
      

         MN                                         HA
         |                                           |
         |           HoA in Type 2 Routing Hdr       |
         |<<<------------...  +  ...-----------------|
         |      BRI [seq.#, Revocation Trigger]      |
         |                                           |
         |                                           |
         | BRA (HoA in Dest. Option)[seq.#, Status]  |
         |---------------------------------------->>>|
         |                                           |
         |                                           |
      

                                                    HA Binding Cache
                                                    ================
                                                    MN-BID1 [CoA1+HoA]
   MN                                           HA  MN-BID2 [CoA2+HoA]
    |                                            |  MN-BID3 [CoA3+HoA]
    |                                            |  MN-BID4 [CoA4+HoA]
    |             HoA in Type 2 Routing Hdr      |
    |<<<<--------------  +  ---------------------|
    |     BRI [seq.#, R. Trigger, BID1, BID4]    |
    |                                            |
    |                                            |
    | BRA (HoA in Dest. Option) [seq.#, Status]  |
    |---------------------------------------->>>>|
    |                                            |
    |                                            |
      

             oldMAG       newMAG                          LMA
               |             |                            |
               |             |        PBU                 |
               |             |--------------------------->|
               |             |                      PBU triggers
               |             |                   BRI Msg to oldMAG
               |             |                            |
               |             |        PBA                 |
               |             |<---------------------------|
               |             |                            |
               |             |                            |
               |    BRI [seq.#, R. Trigger, P bit, NAI]   |
               |<-----------------------------------------|
               |             |                            |
               |             |                            |
               |             |                            |
               |             |                            |
               |        BRA [seq.#, Status, P bit]        |
               |----------------------------------------->|
               |             |                            |
               |             |                            |
      

                          Access Node Control Mechanism
                         <----------------------------->
                                 PPP, DHCP, IP
    <---------><----------------------------------------->
      

     |      Path      |                |                |
     |--------------->|      Path      |                |
     |                |---------------X|                |
     |                |    PathErr     |                |
     |    PathErr     |<---------------|                |
     |<---------------|                |                |
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |                |                |
     |--------------->|      Path      |                |
     |                |---------------X|                |
     |                |---------------X|                |
     |                |      ...       |                |
     |                |---------------X|                |
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

        |      Path      |                |                |
        |--------------->|      Path      |                |
        |                |----------X     |                |
        |                |                |                |
   TIMER EXPIRES         |                |                |
        |   Path Tear    |   Path Tear    |   Path Tear    |
        |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
        |                |                |                |
      Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
     |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |      Resv      |
     |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
     |                |X---------------|                |
     |    PathErr     |    PathTear    |    PathTear    |
     |<---------------|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
     |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |      Resv      |
     |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
     |                |      X---------|                |
     |                |      X---------|                |
     |                |      ...       |                |
     |                |      X---------|                |
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress
         LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

           |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
           |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
           |                |                |      Resv      |
           |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
           |                |      X---------|                |
   TIMER EXPIRES            |                |                |
           |   Path Tear    |   Path Tear    |   Path Tear    |
           |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
           |                |                |                |
      Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
     |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |      Resv      |
     |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
     |                X      X---------|                |
     |   PathTear                      |                |
     |-------X                   Restart Timer          |
     |                              Expires             |
     |                     PathErr     |    PathTear    |
     |                        X--------|--------------->|
     |                                 |                |
     |                X                |                |
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
     |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |      Resv      |
     |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
     |                X      X---------|                |
     |   PathTear                      |                |
     |-------X                         |                |
     |                                 |                |
     |                X                |                |
     |                |                |                |
     |                |          Recovery Timer         |
     |                |             Expires             |
     |    PathErr     |    PathErr     |    PathTear    |
     |<---------------|<---------------|--------------->|
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

     |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
     |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
     |                |                |      Resv      |
     |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
     |                X      X---------|                |
     |                                 |                |
     |                X                |                |
     |                |                |                |
     |      Path      |      Path      |                |
     |--------------->|--------------->|                |
     |    PathErr     |    PathErr     |    PathTear    |
     |<---------------|<---------------|--------------->|
     |                |                |                |
   Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

           |      Path      |      Path      X                |
           |--------------->|--------------X                  |
           |                |                                 |
           |                |                X                |
           |                |                |                |
           |                |                |                |
      Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

           |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
           |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
           |                |                |      Resv      |
           |                |      Resv      |<---------------|
           |                X      X---------|                |
           |                                 |                |
           |                X                |                |
           |                |                |                |
      Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

           |      Path      |      Path      |      Path      |
           |--------------->|--------------->|--------------->|
           |      Resv      |      Resv      |      Resv      |
           |<---------------|<---------------|<---------------|
           |    PathTear    |                |                |
           |--------------->|    PathTear    X                |
           |                |------------X                    |
           |                |                X                |
           |                |                |                |
      Ingress LER      LSR A            LSR B       Egress LER
      

                            +-----------------+
                            |       SBC       |
                [signaling] |  +-----------+  |
               <------------|->| signaling |<-|---------->
                  outer     |  +-----------+  |  inner
                  network   |        |        |  network
                            |  +-----------+  |
               <------------|->|   media   |<-|---------->
                  [media]   |  +-----------+  |
                            +-----------------+
      

        caller                    SBC                     callee
          |                        |                        |
          |  Identify the caller   |                        |
          |<- - - - - - - - - - - >|                        |
          |                        |                        |
          |      INVITE + SDP      |                        |
          |----------------------->|                        |
          |                [Modify the SDP]                 |
          |                        | INVITE + modified SDP  |
          |                        |----------------------->|
          |                        |                        |
          |                        |      200 OK + SDP      |
          |                        |<-----------------------|
          |                [Modify the SDP]                 |
          |                        |                        |
          | 200 OK + modified SDP  |                        |
          |<-----------------------|                        |
          |                        |                        |
          |       Media   [Media inspection]   Media        |
          |<======================>|<======================>|
          |                        |                        |
      

     caller              SBC#1                SBC#2              callee
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |   INVITE + SDP     |                    |                    |
      |------------------->|                    |                    |
      |             [Modify the SDP]            |                    |
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |                    | INVITE + mod. SDP  |                    |
      |                    |------------------->|                    |
      |                    |             [Modify the SDP]            |
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |                    |                    | INVITE + mod. SDP  |
      |                    |                    |------------------->|
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |                    |                    |     200 OK + SDP   |
      |                    |                    |<-------------------|
      |                    |             [Modify the SDP]            |
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |                    | 200 OK + mod. SDP  |                    |
      |                    |<-------------------|                    |
      |             [Modify the SDP]            |                    |
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |  200 OK + mod. SDP |                    |                    |
      |<-------------------|                    |                    |
      |                    |                    |                    |
      |    Encrypted       |         Plain      |         Encrypted  |
      |      media     [enc./dec.]   media   [enc./dec.]    media    |
      |<==================>|<- - - - - - - -  ->|<==================>|
      |                    |                    |                    |
      

             -----------------------------------------------------------
       IPv4  | new IP hdr  |     | orig IP hdr   |   |    | ESP   | ESP|
             |(any options)| ESP | (any options) |TCP|Data|Trailer| ICV|
             -----------------------------------------------------------
             |<-------(1)------->|<------(2)-------->|
      

                  +-------------------------------+
                  | ROHC Module                   |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
        +-----+   |     +-----+     +---------+   |
        |     |   |     |     |     |  ROHC   |   |
      --|  A  |---------|  B  |-----| Process |------> Path 1
        |     |   |     |     |     |         |   |   (ROHC-enabled SA)
        +-----+   |     +-----+     +---------+   |
           |      |        |                      |
           |      |        |-------------------------> Path 2
           |      |                               |   (ROHC-enabled SA,
           |      +-------------------------------+  but no compression)
           |
           |
           |
           |
           +-----------------------------------------> Path 3
                                                      (ROHC-disabled SA)
      

                BEFORE COMPRESSION AND APPLICATION OF ESP
                ----------------------------
          IPv4  |orig IP hdr  |     |      |
                |(any options)| TCP | Data |
                ----------------------------

                 AFTER ROHCOIPSEC COMPRESSION AND APPLICATION OF ESP
               ------------------------------------------------------
         IPv4  | new IP hdr  |     | Cmpr. |    | ROHC | ESP   | ESP|
               |(any options)| ESP | Hdr.  |Data| ICV  |Trailer| ICV|
               ------------------------------------------------------
      

              Code   Len   IPv4 Configuration Server Address(es)
             +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
             | 150 |  n  |     IPv4 address      | ...
             +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
      

      +-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
      | S T R E A M *   O R G A N I Z A T I O N A L   T R U S T     |
      | R I S K     *     Low            Medium           High      |
      |             +***************+***************+***************+
      | Low         * BENIGN:       | DILIGENT:     | PRISTINE      |
      |             *    Moderate   |    Mild       |    Accept     |
      |             *    filter     |    filter     |               |
      |             +---------------+---------------+---------------+
      | Medium      * UNKNOWN:      | TYPICAL:      | PROTECTED:    |
      |             *    Strong     |    Targeted   |    Accept &   |
      |             *    filter     |    filter     |    Contact    |
      |             +---------------+---------------+---------------+
      | High        * MALICIOUS:    | NEGLIGENT:    | COMPROMISED:  |
      |             *    Block &    |    Block      |    Block &    |
      |             *    Counter    |               |    Contact    |
      +-------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
      

                                        _.--------.
                                    ,-''           `--.
                                 ,-'                   `-.
           ,-------.           ,',-------.                `.
         ,'         `.       ,','         `.                `.
        /  User       \ UNI / /   Service   \                 \
       (    Network    +-----+    Network    )                 `.
        \             /  ;    \             /                    :
         `.         ,'   ;     `.         .+                     :
           '-------'    /        '-------'  \ NNI                 \
                       ;                     \                     :
                       ;     "The Internet"   \  ,-------.         :
                      ;                        +'         `.        :
        UNI: User/Network Interface           /   Service   \       |
                     |                       (    Network    )      |
        NNI: Network/Network Interface        \             /       |
                      :                        +.         ,'        ;
                       :                      /  '-------'         ;
                       :                     /                     ;
           ,-------.    \        ,-------.  / NNI                 /
         ,'         `.   :     ,'         `+                     ;
        /  User       \ UNI   /   Service   \                    ;
       (    Network    +-----+    Network    )                 ,'
        \             /     \ \             /                 /
         `.         ,'       `.`.         ,'                ,'
           '-------'           `.'-------'                ,'
                                 `-.                   ,-'
                                    `--.           _.-'
                                        `--------''
      

                                                .
                        policers    priorities  |`.
                Admitted EF <=> ----------||----+  `.
                                            high|    `.
              Unadmitted EF <=> ----------||----+     .'-----------
                              .             medium  .'
                 rate queues  |`.         +-----+ .' Priority
              AF1------>||----+  `.      /  low |'   Scheduler
                              |    `.   /
              AF2------>||----+     .'-+
                              |   .'
              CS0------>||----+ .' Rate Scheduler
                              |'   (WFQ, WRR, etc.)
      

                       policers    priorities  .
               Admitted EF <=> -------\        |`.
                                       --||----+  `.
             Unadmitted EF <=> -------/    high|    `.
                             .                 |     .'--------
                rate queues  |`.         +-----+   .'
             AF1------>||----+  `.      /  low | .' Priority
                             |    `.   /       |'   Scheduler
             AF2------>||----+     .'-+
                             |   .'
             CS0------>||----+ .' Rate Scheduler
                             |'   (WFQ, WRR, etc.)
      

               +-------+---------+
               |   Authorizing   |
               |     Entity      |
               |(Diameter Server)|
               +-------+---------+
                       |
                       |
                /\-----+-----/\
            ////               \\\\
          ||       AAA Cloud       ||
         |   (Diameter application)  |
          ||                       ||
            \\\\               ////
                \-------+-----/
                        |
       +---+--+   +-----+----+   +---+--+
       |      |   |    NE    |   |      |    Media
       +  NE  +===+(Diameter +===+  NE  +=============>>
       |      |   |  Client) |   |      |    Flow
       +------+   +----------+   +------+
      

               +-------------------------------------------------------+
               | DIAMETER Client                                       |
               | Functionality                                         |
               | +---------------++-----------------++---------------+ |
               | | User          || QoS Application || Accounting    | |
               | | Authentication|| Client          || Client (e.g., | |
               | | Client        || (Authorization  ||for QoS Traffic| |
               | +---------------+| of QoS Requests)|+---------------+ |
               |                  +-----------------+                  |
               +-------------------------------------------------------+
                                              ^
                                              v
            +--------------+            +----------+
            |QoS Signaling |            | Resource |
            |Msg Processing|<<<<<>>>>>>>|Management|
            +--------------+            +----------+
                 .  ^   |              *      ^
                 |  v   .            *        ^
            +-------------+        *          ^
            |Signaling msg|       *           ^
            | Processing  |       *           V
            +-------------+       *           V
                 |      |         *           V
     ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
                 .      .         *           V
                 |      |         *     .............................
                 .      .         *     .   Traffic Control         .
                 |      |         *     .                +---------+.
                 .      .         *     .                |Admission|.
                 |      |         *     .                | Control |.
       +----------+    +------------+   .                +---------+.
   <.->|  Input   |    | Outgoing   |<.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->
       |  Packet  |    | Interface  |   .+----------+    +---------+.
   ===>|Processing|====| Selection  |===.|  Packet  |====| Packet  |.=>
       |          |    |(Forwarding)|   .|Classifier|     Scheduler|.
       +----------+    +------------+   .+----------+    +---------+.
                                        .............................
           <.-.-> = signaling flow
           =====> = data flow (sender --> receiver)
           <<<>>> = control and configuration operations
           ****** = routing table manipulation
      

                                        +--------------+
                                        | Authorizing  |
                                        | Entity       |
                                        | authorizing  | <......+
                                        | resource     |        .
                                        | request      |        .
                                        +------------+-+        .
                                        --^----------|--   .    .
                                   /////  |          |  \\\\\   .
                                 //       |          |       \\ .
                                |     QoS | QoS AAA  | QoS     |.
                                |    authz| protocol |authz    |.
                                |     req.|          | res.    |.
                                 \\       |          |       // .
                                   \\\\\  |          |  /////   .
                          QoS           --|----------v--   .    .
       +-------------+    request       +-+------------+        .
       |  Entity     |----------------->| NE           |        .
       |  requesting |                  | performing   |        .
       |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          |  <.....+
       |             |<-----------------| reservation  | financial
       +-------------+                  +--------------+ settlement
      

                               financial settlement
                                ...........................+
      Authorization             V             -------      .
      Token Request   +--------------+      / QoS AAA \    .
      +-------------->|              |     /  protocol \   .
      |               | Authorizing  +--------------+   \  .
      |               | Entity       |   |          |    | .
      |        +------+              |<--+----+     |    | .
      |        |      +--------------+  |QoS  |     |QoS  |.
      |        |                        |authz|     |authz|.
      |        |Authorization           |req.+|     |res. |.
      |        |Token                   |Token|     |     |.
      |        |                         |    |     | .  | .
      |        |                          \   |     | . /  .
      |        |                            \ |     | /    .
      |        |      QoS request             |-----V .    .
    +-------------+ + Authz  Token   +--------+-----+      .
    |  Entity     |----------------->| NE           |      .
    |  requesting |                  | performing   |      .
    |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          | <....+
    |             |<-----------------| reservation  |
    +-------------+                  +--------------+
      

                               financial settlement
                                ...........................+
      Application               V             -------      .
      signaling msg   +--------------+      / QoS AAA \    .
      +-------------->|              |     /  protocol \   .
      |               | Authorizing  +--------------+   \  .
      |               | Entity       |   |          |    | .
      |               +              |<--+----+     |    | .
      |               +--------------+  |QoS  |     |QoS  |.
      |                                install|     |install
      |                                 |rsp. |     |req. |.
      |                                 |     |     |     |.
      |                                  |    |     | .  | .
      |                                   \   |     | . /  .
      |                                     \ |     | /    .
      V                                       |-----V .    .
    +-------------+                  +--------+-----+      .
    |  Entity     |                  | NE           |      .
    |  requesting |                  | performing   |      .
    |  resource   |QoS rsrc granted  | QoS          | <....+
    |             |<-----------------| reservation  |
    +-------------+                  +--------------+
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       +---QoS-Reserve---->|                         |
       |                   +- - - - - QAR - - - - - >|
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,          |
       |                   |   QoS-Auth-Data,User-ID)|
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |< - - - - QAA - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Result-Code,            |
       |                   |QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |                QoS Responder
       |           |                 |                    Node
       |           +-------+---------+                      |
       |                   +----------QoS-Reserve---....--->|
       |                   |                                |
       |                   |<---------QoS-Response--....----|
       |<--QoS-Response----+                                |
       |                   |                                |
       |=====================Data Flow==============....===>|
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |                          |<-- Trigger --
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                 |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                 |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                 |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |<-- - -- - QIR - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Initial Request,Decision |
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |
       |           |                 |
       |           +-------+---------+
       |                   + - - - - QIA - - - - - ->|
       |                   |    (Result-Code,        |
       |                   |     QoS-Resources)      |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Report for successful |
       |                   |                |   QoS reservation     |
       |                   |                |Update of reserved QoS |
       |                   |                |      resources        |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                         QoS Responder
       |                   |                               Node
       |                   |                                |
       |=====================Data Flow==============....===>|
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |                         |
       |           +-------+----------+              |
       |           |Authz-time/CC-Time|              |
       |           |    expires       |              |
       |           +-------+----------+              |
       |                   +- - - - - QAR - - - - - >|
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,          |
       |                   | QoS-Authorization-Data,User-ID) |
                           |                +--------+--------------+
    NOTE:                  |                |  Authorize request    |
    Re-authorization       |                | Update session data   |
    is transparent to      |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
    the End-Host           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |< - - - - QAA - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Result-Code,            |
       |                   |QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+               |
       |           |Update QoS state |               |
       |           |       +         |               |
       |           | Authz  session  |               |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |               |
       |           |                 |               |
       |           +-------+---------+               |
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |                          |<-- Trigger --
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                 |  Authorize request    |
       |                   |                 |  Keep session data    |
       |                   |                 |/Authz-time,Session-Id/|
       |                   |                 +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                          |
       |                   |<-- - -- - RAR - - - - - -+
       |                   |(Request,Decision         |
       |                   |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|
       |           +-------+---------+
       |           |Install QoS state|
       |           |       +         |
       |           | Authz  session  |
       |           | /Authz-time/    |
       |           |                 |
       |           +-------+---------+
       |                   + - - - - RAA - - - - - ->|
       |                   |    (Result-Code,        |
       |                   |     QoS-Resources)      |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Report for successful |
       |                   |                |   QoS reservation     |
       |                   |                |Update of reserved QoS |
       |                   |                |      resources        |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                         |
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |==Data Flow==>X /Stop of the data flow/      |
       |                   |                         |
       +---QoS-Reserve---->|                         |
       |  (Delete QoS      +- - - - - STR - - - - - >|
       |   reservation)    |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |                | Remove authorization  |
       |                   |                | session state         |
       |                   |                +--------+--------------+
       |                   |< - - - - STA - - - - - -+
       |           +-------+--------+                |
       |           |Delete QoS state|
       |           +-------+--------+                   QoS Responder
       |                   |                                Node
       |                   +----------QoS-Reserve-----....--->|
       |                   |         (Delete QoS              |
       |                   |          reservation)            |
       |                   |<---------QoS-Response----....----+
       |<--QoS-Response----+                                  |
      

                                               Authorizing
     End-Host         Network Element             Entity
   requesting QoS       (Diameter               (Diameter
                        QoS Client)             QoS Server)
       |                   |                         |
       |=====================Data Flow==========================>
       |                   |
       |                   |< - - - - ASR - - - - - -+
       |                   |                         |
       |====Data Flow=====>X                         |  QoS Responder
       |                   |                         |      Node
       |<--QoS-Notify------+----------QoS-Reserve-----....--->|
       |                   |         (Delete QoS     |        |
                           |          reservation)   |
                   +-------+--------+                |
                   |Delete QoS state|                |
                   +-------+--------+                |
                           +- - - - - ASA - - - - - >|
                           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |                | Remove authorization  |
                           |                |     session state     |
                           |                +--------+--------------+
                           |                            QoS Responder
                           |                                Node
                           |<---------QoS-Response----....----+
                           |                                  |
      

                                                  +-------------------+
                                                  |    AVP Flag rules |
   +----------------------------------------------|----+--------+-----+
   |                       AVP  Section           |    |    SHLD| MUST|
   | Attribute Name        Code Defined Data Type |MUST|     NOT|  NOT|
   +----------------------------------------------+----+--------+-----+
   |QoS-Authorization-Data 579    7.2  OctetString| M  |        |  V  |
   |Bound-Auth-Session-Id  580    7.2  UTF8String | M  |        |  V  |
   +----------------------------------------------+----+--------+-----+
   |M - Mandatory bit. An AVP with the "M" bit set and its value MUST |
   |    be supported and recognized by a Diameter entity in order for |
   |    the message, which carries this AVP, to be accepted.          |
   |V - Vendor-specific bit that indicates whether the AVP belongs to |
   |    an address space.                                              |
   +------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

     End-Host                                 SIP Proxy  Correspondent
   requesting QoS                            (DQA Server)        Node
         |                                          |              |
       ..|....Application-layer SIP signaling.......|..............|..
       . |  Invite (SDP)                            |              | .
       . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->              | .
       . |  100 Trying                              |              | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+  Invite (SDP)| .
       . |                                          +-.-.-.....-.-.> .
       . |                                          |  180 SDP'    | .
       . |                                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
       . |                                 +--------+--------+     | .
       . |                                 |Authorize session|     | .
       . |                                 |   parameters    |     | .
       . | 180 (Session parameters)        +--------+--------+     | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+              | .
       ..|..........................................|... ..........|..
         |                                          |              |
         |           +------------+                 |              |
         |           |     NE     |                 |              |
         |           |(DQA Client)|                 |              |
         |           +------+-----+                 |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                       |              |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         | (POLICY_DATA>v   +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |  QSPEC)  v   >===>(Destination-Host,     |              |
         |      v   >=======>QoS-Authorization-Data++------------+ |
         |      >===========>QoS-Resources)        |Authorize    | |
         |                  |                      |QoS resources| |
         |                  |                      ++------------+ |
         |                  | QAA                   |              |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |                  |(Result-Code,          |              |
         |                  |QoS-Resources,         |              |
         |                  |Authorization-Lifetime)|              |

         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |        |Install QoS state1|              |              |
         |        |+ Authz  session  |              |              |
         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |                  |QoS NSLP Reserve                      |
         |                  +---------------..............--------->
         |                  |                                      |
         |                  |                     QoS NSLP Response|
         |QoS NSLP Response <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |                  |                        QoS NSLP Query|
         |QoS NSLP Query    <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                                      |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         |                  +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |                  |                   +---+---------+    |
         |                  |                   |Authorize    |    |
         |                  |                   |QoS resources|    |
         |                  | QAA               +---+---------+    |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |        +---------+--------+              |              |
         |        |Install QoS state2|                             |
         |        |+ Authz  session  |                             |
         |        +---------+--------+                             |
         |                  |  QoS NSLP Reserve                    |
         |                  +---------------..............--------->
         |                  |                     QoS NSLP Response|
         |QoS NSLP Response <---------------..............---------+
         <------------------+                                      |
         |                  |                                      |
         /------------------+--Data Flow---------------------------\
         \------------------+--------------------------------------/
         |                  |                                      |
      

         |                                          |              |
       ..|...................SIP Signaling..........|..............|..
       . |  Invite (SDP)                            |              | .
       . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.->              | .
       . |  100 Trying                              |              | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+  Invite (SDP)| .
       . |                                          +-.-.-.....-.-.> .
       . |                                          |  180 SDP'    | .
       . |                                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
       . |                                 +--------+--------+     | .
       . |                                 |Authorize session|     | .
       . |                                 |   parameters    |     | .
       . | 180 (Session parameters)        +--------+--------+     | .
       . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-+              | .
       ..|..........................................|... ..........|..
         |                                          |              |
         |           +------------+                 |              |
         |           |     NE     |                 |              |
         |           |(DQA Client)|                 |              |
         |           +------+-----+                 |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Reserve  |                       |              |
         +------------------> QAR                   |              |
         | (POLICY_DATA>v   +- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - ->              |
         |  QSPEC)  v   >===>(Destination-Host,     |              |
         |      v   >=======>QoS-Authorization-Data++------------+ |
         |      >===========>QoS-Resources)        |Authorize    | |
         |                  |                      |QoS resources| |
         |                  |                      ++------------+ |
         |                  | QAA                   |              |
         |                  <- - - - -<<AAA>>- - - -+              |
         |                  |(Result-Code = 5003)   |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |QoS NSLP Response |                       |              |
         |(with error 0x02) |                       |              |
         <------------------+                       |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
         |                  |                       |              |
      

        |                  |                          |              |
      ..|..................|...SIP Signaling..........|..............|..
      . | Invite(SDP Offer)|                          |              | .
      . +.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+-.-.-.-.-.-.->| .
      . |                  |                          |   180        | .
      . |<-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+-.-.-.-.-.-.-.| .
      ..|.............................................|..............|..
        |                  |                +---------+-------------+|
        |                  |                |  Authorize Request    ||
        |                  |                |  Keep Session Data    ||
        |                  |                |/Authz-time,Session-Id/||
        |                  |                +---------+-------------+|
        |                  |                          |              |
        |                  |<-- - -- - QIR - -- - -- -+              |
        |                  |(Initial Request,Decision |              |
        |                  |(QoS-Resources,Authz-time)|              |
        |          +-------+---------+                |              |
        |          |Install QoS State|                |              |
        |          |       +         |                |              |
        |          | Authz  Session  |                |              |
        |          | /Authz-time/    |                |              |
        |          +-------+---------+                |              |
        |                  + - - -- - QIA - - - - - ->|              |
        |                  |     (Result-Code,        |              |
        |                  |      QoS-Resources)      |              |
        |                  |               +----------+------------+ |
        |                  |               |     Successful        | |
        |                  |               |     QoS Reservation   | |
        |                  |               +----------+------------+ |

      ..|.............................................|..............|..
      . |                  |                          |              | .
      . |                  |                          |  200 OK (SDP)| .
      . |                  |                          <-.-.-.....-.-.+ .
      . |                  |                 +--------+-----------+  | .
      . |                  |                 |   Activate Session |  | .
      . |                  |                 |   Parameters       |  | .
      . |                  |                 +--------+-----------+  | .
      . | 200 (SDP)        |                          |              | .
      . <.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.+              | .
      ..|.............................................|..............|..
        |                  <- - - - - - RAR - - - - - +              |
        |        +---------+--------+                 |              |
        |        |Activate QoS State|                 |              |
        |        +---------+--------+                 |              |
        |                  +- - - - - - RAA - - - - - >              |
        |                  |                                         |
        /------------------+-----Data Flow---------------------------\
        \------------------+-----------------------------------------/
        |                  |                                         |
      

        PaC                                               CPAA
         |                                                 |
   +------------------+                                    |
   |Pre-authentication|                                    |
   |trigger           |                                    |
   +------------------+                                    |
         |                  PCI w/'E' bit set              |
         |------------------------------------------------>|
         |            PAR w/'S' and 'E' bits set           |
         |<------------------------------------------------|
         |            PAN w/'S' and 'E' bits set           |
         |------------------------------------------------>|
         |           PAR-PAN exchange w/'E' bit set        |
         |<----------------------------------------------->|
         |            PAR w/'C' and 'E' bits set           |
         |<------------------------------------------------|
         |            PAN w/'C' and 'E' bits set           |
         |------------------------------------------------>|
         .                        .                        .
         .                        .                        .
   +----------+                                            |
   | Movement |                                            |
   +----------+                                            |
         |        PNR w/ 'P' bit set and w/o 'E' bit set   |
         |------------------------------------------------>|
         |                                        +-----------------+
         |                                        |CPAA becomes SPAA|
         |                                        +-----------------+
         |        PNA w/ 'P' bit set and w/o 'E' bit set   |
         |<------------------------------------------------|
         |                                                 |
      

                                        ServerHello (w/ extensions)
                                                  SupplementalData*
                                                       Certificate*
                                                 ServerKeyExchange*
                                                CertificateRequest*
                                <--------           ServerHelloDone
    SupplementalData*
    Certificate*
    ClientKeyExchange
    CertificateVerify*
    [ChangeCipherSpec]
    Finished                    -------->
                                                 [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                <--------                  Finished
    Application Data            <------->          Application Data
      

    ClientHello (no extensions) -------->                            |0
                                        ServerHello (no extensions)  |0
                                                       Certificate*  |0
                                                 ServerKeyExchange*  |0
                                                CertificateRequest*  |0
                                <--------           ServerHelloDone  |0
    Certificate*                                                     |0
    ClientKeyExchange                                                |0
    CertificateVerify*                                               |0
    [ChangeCipherSpec]                                               |0
    Finished                    -------->                            |1
                                                 [ChangeCipherSpec]  |0
                                <--------                  Finished  |1
    ClientHello (w/ extensions) -------->                            |1
                                        ServerHello (w/ extensions)  |1
                                  SupplementalData (w/ authz data)*  |1
                                                       Certificate*  |1
                                                 ServerKeyExchange*  |1
                                                CertificateRequest*  |1
                                <--------           ServerHelloDone  |1
    SupplementalData (w/ authz data)*                                |1
    Certificate*                                                     |1
    ClientKeyExchange                                                |1
    CertificateVerify*                                               |1
    [ChangeCipherSpec]                                               |1
    Finished                    -------->                            |2
                                                 [ChangeCipherSpec]  |1
                                <--------                  Finished  |2
    Application Data            <------->          Application Data  |2
      

                             +--+
                             |  | UP, ADMIN DOWN, TIMER
                             |  V
                     DOWN  +------+  INIT
              +------------|      |------------+
              |            | DOWN |            |
              |  +-------->|      |<--------+  |
              |  |         +------+         |  |
              |  |                          |  |
              |  |               ADMIN DOWN,|  |
              |  |ADMIN DOWN,          DOWN,|  |
              |  |TIMER                TIMER|  |
              V  |                          |  V
            +------+                      +------+
       +----|      |                      |      |----+
   DOWN|    | INIT |--------------------->|  UP  |    |INIT, UP
       +--->|      | INIT, UP             |      |<---+
            +------+                      +------+
      

                                    ASCII Label
      __________________________________________________________________
      |                                                                |
      |     ____________________ LDH Label (1) (4) ________________    |
      |    |  ___________________________________                  |   |
      |    |  |IDN Reserved LDH Labels          |                  |   |
      |    |  | ("??--") or R-LDH Labels        | _______________  |   |
      |    |  | _______________________________ | |NON-RESERVED |  |   |
      |    |  | |       XN-labels             | | | LDH Labels  |  |   |
      |    |  | | _____________   ___________ | | | (NR-LDH     |  |   |
      |    |  | | | A-labels  |   | Fake (3) || | |   labels)   |  |   |
      |    |  | | | "xn--"(2) |   | A-labels || | |_____________|  |   |
      |    |  | | |___________|   |__________|| |                  |   |
      |    |  | |_____________________________| |                  |   |
      |    |  |_________________________________|                  |   |
      |    |_______________________________________________________|   |
      |                                                                |
      |       _____________NON-LDH label________                       |
      |       |      ______________________    |                       |
      |       |      | Underscore labels  |    |                       |
      |       |      |  e.g., _tcp        |    |                       |
      |       |      |____________________|    |                       |
      |       |      | Labels with leading|    |                       |
      |       |      | or trailing        |    |                       |
      |       |      | hyphens "-abcd"    |    |                       |
      |       |      | or "xyz-"          |    |                       |
      |       |      | or "-uvw-"         |    |                       |
      |       |      |____________________|    |                       |
      |       |      | Labels with other  |    |                       |
      |       |      | non-LDH ASCII chars|    |                       |
      |       |      | e.g., #$%_         |    |                       |
      |       |      |____________________|    |                       |
      |       |________________________________|                       |
      |________________________________________________________________|
      

                        __________________________
                        |  Non-ASCII             |
                        |                        |
                        |    ___________________ |
                        |    | U-label (5)     | |
                        |    |_________________| |
                        |    |                 | |
                        |    |  Binary Label   | |
                        |    | (including      | |
                        |    |  high bit on)   | |
                        |    |_________________| |
                        |    |                 | |
                        |    | Bit String      | |
                        |    |   Label         | |
                        |    |_________________| |
                        |________________________|
      

                    +---------------------------------+
                    |                                 |
                    | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
                    | |     UI      | |     UI      | |
                    | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
                    | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
                    | |             | |             | |
                    | |  Service 1  | |  Service 2  | |
                    | |             | |             | |
                    | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
                    | +-----------------------------+ |
                    | |                             | |
                    | |             SIP             | |
                    | |            Layer            | |
                    | |                             | |
                    | +-----------------------------+ |
                    |                                 |
                    +---------------------------------+
      

               A                                    B
               |  INVITE                            |
               |  a=curr:conn e2e none              |
               |  a=des:conn mandatory e2e sendrecv |
               |  a=setup:holdconn                  |
               |----------------------------------->|
               |                                    |
               |  183 Session Progress              |
               |  a=curr:conn e2e none              |
               |  a=des:conn mandatory e2e sendrecv |
               |  a=setup:holdconn                  |
               |<-----------------------------------|
               |                                    |
               |  UPDATE                            |
               |  a=curr:conn e2e none              |
               |  a=des:conn mandatory e2e sendrecv |
     A's radio |  a=setup:actpass                   |
     bearer is +----------------------------------->|
     up        |                                    |
               |  200 OK                            |
               |  a=curr:conn e2e none              |
               |  a=des:conn mandatory e2e sendrecv |
               |  a=setup:active                    |
               |<-----------------------------------|
               |                                    |
               |                                    |
               |                                    |
               |                                    | B's radio
               |<---TCP Connection Establishment--->+ bearer is up
               |                                    | B sends TCP SYN
               |                                    |
               |                                    |
               |  180 Ringing                       | TCP connection
               |<-----------------------------------+ is up
               |                                    | B alerts the user
               |                                    |
      

                  |                                            |
                  |-------------(1) INVITE SDP1--------------->|
                  |                                            |
                  |<------(2) 183 Session Progress SDP2--------|
                  |                                            |
                  |~~~~~ Connectivity check to B ~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|
                  |<~~~~ Connectivity to B OK ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|
                  |                                            |
                  |-------------(3) UPDATE SDP3--------------->|
                  |                                            |
                  |<--------(4) 200 OK (UPDATE) SDP4-----------|
                  |                                            |
                  |<-------------(5) 180 Ringing---------------|
                  |                                            |
                  |                                            |
      

       Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
      -----------+----------+------------------+----------
         send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
         recv    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
      

       Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
      -----------+----------+------------------+----------
         send    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
         recv    |    no    |   mandatory      |    no
      

       Direction |  Current | Desired Strength |  Confirm
      -----------+----------+------------------+----------
         send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    no
         recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |    yes
      

       Direction | Current  | Desired Strength | Confirm
      -----------+----------+------------------+----------
         send    |    no    |   mandatory      |   no
         recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |   no
      

       Direction | Current  | Desired Strength | Confirm
      -----------+----------+------------------+----------
         send    |    yes   |   mandatory      |   no
         recv    |    yes   |   mandatory      |   no
      

   +-----------+        +------------------+
   | Fraudster |<---<-- | Collection Site  |<---O--<----<----+
   +----+------+        +------------------+    |            |
        |                                       |            |
        |                                    +--|-----+      ^
        |                                    | Sensor | Credentials
        |                                    +-|------+      |
        |      +---------------+               |        +-------+
        \--->--| Attack Source |--Lure--->-----O------> | User/ |
               +---------------+                        |Victim |
                                                        +-------+
      

   +--------------------+
   | Incident           |
   +--------------------+
   | ENUM purpose       |<>----------[ IncidentID ]
   | STRING ext-purpose |<>--{0..1}--[ AlternativeID ]
   | ENUM lang          |<>--{0..1}--[ RelatedActivity ]
   | ENUM restriction   |<>--{0..1}--[ DetectTime ]
   |                    |<>--{0..1}--[ StartTime ]
   |                    |<>--{0..1}--[ EndTime ]
   |                    |<>----------[ ReportTime ]
   |                    |<>--{0..*}--[ Description ]
   |                    |<>--{1..*}--[ Assessment ]
   |                    |<>--{0..*}--[ Method ]
   |                    |<>--{1..*}--[ Contact ]
   |                    |<>--{0..*}--[ EventData ]
   |                    |              |<>--[ AdditionalData ]
   |                    |                     |<>--[ PhraudReport ]
   |                    |<>--{0..1}--[ History ]
   |                    |<>--{0..*}--[ AdditionalData ]
   +------------------+
      

   +----------------+
   | DomainContacts |
   +----------------+
   |                |<>--(0..1)--[ SameDomainContact ]
   |                |<>--(1..*)--[ Contact ]
   +----------------|
      

   .....................................................................
   . Remote   .   Peer/Poll  .              System          .  Clock   .
   . Servers  .   Processes  .              Process         .Discipline.
   .          .              .                              . Process  .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. +------------+               .          .
   .|        |->|           |. |            |               .          .
   .|Server 1|  |Peer/Poll 1|->|            |               .          .
   .|        |<-|           |. |            |               .          .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. |            |               .          .
   .          .       ^      . |            |               .          .
   .          .       |      . |            |               .          .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. |            |  +-----------+.          .
   .|        |->|           |. | Selection  |->|           |. +------+ .
   .|Server 2|  |Peer/Poll 2|->|    and     |  | Combine   |->| Loop | .
   .|        |<-|           |. | Cluster    |  | Algorithm |. |Filter| .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. | Algorithms |->|           |. +------+ .
   .          .       ^      . |            |  +-----------+.    |     .
   .          .       |      . |            |               .    |     .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. |            |               .    |     .
   .|        |->|           |. |            |               .    |     .
   .|Server 3|  |Peer/Poll 3|->|            |               .    |     .
   .|        |<-|           |. |            |               .    |     .
   .+--------+. +-----------+. +------------+               .    |     .
   ....................^.........................................|......
                       |                                    .    V     .
                       |                                    . +-----+  .
                       +--------------------------------------| VFO |  .
                                                            . +-----+  .
                                                            .  Clock   .
                                                            .  Adjust  .
                                                            .  Process .
                                                            ............
      

                          +-----                 -----+^1/2
                          |  n-1                      |
                          |  ---                      |
                  1       |  \                     2  |
      psi   =  -------- * |  /    (theta_0-theta_j)   |
                (n-1)     |  ---                      |
                          |  j=1                      |
                          +-----                 -----+
      

             +-----                       -----+^1/2
             |        n-1                      |
             |        ---                      |
             |   1    \                     2  |
     psi_s = | ---- * /  (theta_s - theta_j)   |
             |  n-1   ---                      |
             |        j=1                      |
             +-----                       -----+
      

                theta_r + +---------\        +----------------+
            NTP --------->|  Phase   \  V_d  |                | V_s
                theta_c - | Detector  ------>|  Clock Filter  |----+
                +-------->|          /       |                |    |
                |         +---------/        +----------------+    |
                |                                                  |
              -----                                                |
             /     \                                               |
             | VFO |                                               |
             \     /                                               |
              -----    .......................................     |
                ^      .            Loop Filter              .     |
                |      . +---------+   x  +-------------+    .     |
                | V_c  . |         |<-----|             |    .     |
                +------.-|  Clock  |   y  | Phase/Freq  |<---------+
                       . | Adjust  |<-----| Prediction  |    .
                       . |         |      |             |    .
                       . +---------+      +-------------+    .
                       .......................................
      

                   +-------------+-------------+--------+--------+
                   | Src Address | Dst Address | Key ID | Cookie |
                   +-------------+-------------+--------+--------+
      

+-----------+-----------+------+------+   +---------+  +-----+------+
|Src Address|Dst Address|Key ID|Cookie|-->|         |  |Final|Final |
+-----------+-----------+------+------+   | Session |  |Index|Key ID|
     |           |         |        |     | Key ID  |  +-----+------+
    \|/         \|/       \|/      \|/    |  List   |     |       |
   *************************************  +---------+    \|/     \|/
   *          COMPUTE HASH             *             *******************
   *************************************             *COMPUTE SIGNATURE*
     |                    Index n                    *******************
    \|/                                                       |
   +--------+                                                 |
   |  Next  |                                                \|/
   | Key ID |                                           +-----------+
   +--------+                                           | Signature |
   Index n+1                                            +-----------+
      

                   +------------------+
                   |  NTP Header and  |
                   | Extension Fields |
                   +------------------+
                        |       |
                       \|/     \|/                     +---------+
                     ****************    +--------+    | Session |
                     * COMPUTE HASH *<---| Key ID |<---| Key ID  |
                     ****************    +--------+    |  List   |
                             |                |        +---------+
                            \|/              \|/
                   +-----------------------------------+
                   | Message Authentication Code (MAC) |
                   +-----------------------------------+
      

                     +---------------------------------------------+
                     |                  Eileen                     |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Eileen|   | Eileen|             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Brenda| 4 | Carol | 4           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice |   | Carol |             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice*| 2 | Carol*| 2           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Brenda|   | Denise|             |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |           | Alice | 2 | Carol | 2           |
                     |           +-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+             |
                     |                                             |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                 | Eileen|                   |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                 | Eileen| 1                 |
                     |                 +-+-+-+-+                   |
                     |                                             |
                     |                 +=======+                   |
                     |                 ||Alice|| 3                 |
                     |                 +=======+                   |
                     +---------------------------------------------+
                                       Stratum 3
      

                             Trusted
                            Authority
              Secure     +-------------+    Secure
          +--------------| Certificate |-------------+
          |              +-------------+             |
          |                                          |
         \|/                                        \|/
   +-------------+                            +-------------+
   | Certificate |                            | Certificate |
   +-------------+                            +-------------+
       Server                                     Client
      

                                        NS:SL3=S,DL3=Sol(A),TA=A
                               +-----+     SL2=s,DL2=sol(a),SLL=s
                               |     |<================
                               |     |
                               |     |================>
                               +-----+  NA:SL3=P,DL3=S,TA=A,
                                           SL2=p,DL2=s,TLL=p
      

     NS:SL3=S,DL3=Sol(A),TA=A,          NS:SL3=S,DL3=Sol(A),TA=A,
        SL2=p,DL2=sol(a),SLL=p +-----+      SL2=s,DL2=sol(a),SLL=s
            <==================|     |<================
                               |     |
            ==================>|     |================>
     NA:SL3=A,DL3=S,TA=A,      +-----+  NA:SL3=A,DL3=S,TA=A
        SL2=a,DL2=p,TLL=a                  SL2=p,DL2=s,TLL=p
      

     RS:SL3=S,DL3=AllR,                 RS:SL3=S,DL3=AllR,
        SL2=p,DL2=allr,SLL=p   +-----+     SL2=s,DL2=allr,SLL=s
            <==================|     |<================
                               |     |
            ==================>|     |================>
     RA:SL3=A,DL3=S,           +-----+  RA:SL3=A,DL3=S,
        SL2=a,DL2=p,SLL=a                 SL2=p,DL2=s,SLL=p
      

                         /-------------\
      +------------+    /               \         +------------+
      | MPLS/GMPLS +---/                 \--------+ MPLS/GMPLS |
      | user          |  MPLS/GMPLS Core  |         user       |
      | site       +---\                 /XXX-----+ site       |
      +------------+    \               / XXX     +------------+
                         \-------------/  | |
                                          | |
                                          | +------\
                                          +--------/  "Internet"
      

                +---------------+        +----------------+
                |               |        |                |
                | MPLS/GMPLS   ASBR1----ASBR3  MPLS/GMPLS |
          CE1--PE1   Network    |        |     Network   PE2--CE2
                | Provider A   ASBR2----ASBR4  Provider B |
                |               |        |                |
                +---------------+        +----------------+
                                InterCarrier
                                Interconnect (ICI)
   For Provider A:
        Trusted Zone: Provider A MPLS/GMPLS network
        Authorized but untrusted neighbor: provider B
        Unauthorized neighbors: CE1, CE2
      

   PW-Based               MPLS Labeled                 IP
   Services                  Services                Transport
 |------------|  |-----------------------------|  |------------|
      

    :          User-Network Interface        :           MPLS-TP
    :<-------------------------------------->:           Network <----->
    :                                        :
   -:-------------             --------------:------------------
    :             |           |              : Transport        |
    :             |           |  Transport   :   Path           |
    :             |           |   Service    : Mux/Demux        |
    :             |           |   Control    :    --            |
    :             |           |    Plane     :   |  |  Transport|
    : ----------  | Signaling |  ----------  :   |  |    Path   |
    :|Signaling |_|___________|_|Signaling | :   |  |    --------->
    :|Controller| |           | |Controller| :   |  |   |
    : ----------  |           |  ----------  :   |  |    --------->
    :      :......|...........|......:       :   |  |           |
    :             |  Control  |              :   |  |  Transport|
    :             |  Channel  |              :   |  |    Path   |
    :             |           |              :   |  |    --------->
    :             |           |              :   |  |  -+----------->TSI
    :             |           |  Transport   :   |  | |  --------->
    :             |  Client   |   Service    :   |  | |         |
    :             |  Traffic  |  Data Plane  :   |  | |         |
    : ----------  |  Flows    |  --------------  |  | |Transport|
    :|Signaling |-|-----------|-|Client/Service|-|  |-   Path   |
    :|Controller|=|===========|=|    Traffic   | |  |    --------->
    : ----------  |           | |  Processing  |=|  |===+===========>TSI
    :      |      |           |  --------------  |  |    --------->
    :      |______|___________|______|       :   |  |           |
    :             | Data Link |              :   |  |           |
    :             |           |              :    --            |
    :             |           |              :        Transport |
    :             |           |              :         Service  |
    :             |           |              :        Data Plane|
   ---------------             ---------------------------------
   Customer Edge Node              MPLS-TP Provider Edge Node
      

        --------------From UNI------->            :
       -------------------------------------------:------------------
      |                     | Client Traffic Unit :                  |
      | Link-Layer-Specific | Link Decapsulation  : Service Instance |
      |    Processing       |         &           :    Transport     |
      |                     |  Service Instance   :  Encapsulation   |
      |                     |   Identification    :                  |
       -------------------------------------------:------------------
                                                  :
                                                  :
       -------------------------------------------:------------------
      |                     |                     : Service Instance |
      |                     |                     :    Transport     |
      | Link-Layer-Specific | Client Traffic Unit :  Decapsulation   |
      |    Processing       | Link Encapsulation  :        &         |
      |                     |                     : Service Instance |
      |                     |                     :  Identification  |
       -------------------------------------------:------------------
        <-------------To UNI ---------            :
      

                   :      Network-Network Interface    :
                   :<--------------------------------->:
                   :                                   :
       ------------:-------------         -------------:------------
      |  Transport :             |       |             : Transport  |
      |    Path    : Transport   |       |  Transport  :   Path     |
      |  Mux/Demux :  Service    |       |   Service   : Mux/Demux  |
      |      --    :  Control    |       |   Control   :    --      |
      |     |  |   :   Plane     |Sig-   |    Plane    :   |  |     |
      |TP   |  |   : ----------  | naling|  ---------- :   |  |   TP|
    <---    |  |   :|Signaling |_|_______|_|Signaling |:   |  |    --->
   TSI<-+-  |  |   :|Controller| |       | |Controller|:   |  |   |
    <---  | |  |   : ----------  |       |  ---------- :   |  |    --->
      |   | |  |   :      :......|.......|......:      :   |  |     |
      |   | |  |   :             |Control|             :   |  |     |
      |TP | |  |   :             |Channel|             :   |  |   TP|
    <---  | |  |   :             |       |             :   |  |    --->
        | | |  |   :             |       |             :   |  |  -+->TSI
    <---  | |  |   : Transport   |       |  Transport  :   |  | |  --->
      |   | |  |   :  Service    |Service|   Service   :   |  | |   |
      |   | |  |   : Data Plane  |Traffic|  Data Plane :   |  | |   |
      |   | |  |  -------------  | Flows |  -------------  |  | |   |
      |TP  -|  |-|   Service   |-|-------|-|   Service   |-|  |-  TP|
    <---    |  | |   Traffic   | |       | |   Traffic   | |  |    --->
   TSI<=+===|  |=|  Processing |=|=======|=|  Processing |=|  |===+=>TSI
    <---    |  |  -------------  |       |  -------------  |  |    --->
      |     |  |   :      |______|_______|______|      :   |  |     |
      |     |  |   :             | Data  |             :   |  |     |
      |      --    :             | Link  |             :    --      |
      |            :             |       |             :            |
       --------------------------         --------------------------
       MPLS-TP Provider Edge Node         MPLS-TP Provider Edge Node
      

                                                   :
        --------------From NNI------->             :
       --------------------------------------------:------------------
      |                     | Service Traffic Unit :                  |
      | Link-Layer-Specific |  Link Decapsulation  : Service Instance |
      |    Processing       |          &           :  Encapsulation   |
      |                     |   Service Instance   :  Normalization   |
      |                     |    Identification    :                  |
       --------------------------------------------:------------------
                                                   :
                                                   :
       --------------------------------------------:------------------
      |                     |                      : Service Instance |
      |                     |                      :  Identification  |
      | Link-Layer-Specific | Service Traffic Unit :        &         |
      |    Processing       |  Link Encapsulation  : Service Instance |
      |                     |                      :  Encapsulation   |
      |                     |                      :  Normalization   |
       --------------------------------------------:------------------
        <-------------To NNI ---------             :
      

            |<----------------- Client Layer ------------------->|
            |                                                    |
            |          |<-------- Pseudowire -------->|          |
            |          |      encapsulated, packet    |          |
            |          |      transport service       |          |
            |          |                              |          |
            |          |          Transport           |          |
            |          |    |<------ LSP ------->|    |          |
            |          V    V                    V    V          |
            V    AC    +----+      +-----+       +----+     AC   V
      +-----+    |     | PE1|=======\   /========| PE2|     |    +-----+
      |     |----------|.......PW1.| \ / |............|----------|     |
      | CE1 |    |     |    |      |  X  |       |    |     |    | CE2 |
      |     |----------|.......PW2.| / \ |............|----------|     |
      +-----+  ^ |     |    |=======/   \========|    |     | ^  +-----+
            ^  |       +----+   ^  +-----+       +----+       |  ^
            |  |      Provider  |     ^         Provider      |  |
            |  |       Edge 1   |     |           Edge 2      |  |
     Customer  |                |  P Router                   | Customer
      Edge 1   |             TE LSP                           |  Edge 2
               |                                              |
               |                                              |
         Native service                                 Native service
      

     |<--------------------- Client Layer ------------------------>|
     |                                                             |
     |                  Pseudowire encapsulated,                   |
     |    |<---------- Packet Transport Service ------------->|    |
     |    |                                                   |    |
     |    |              Transport               Transport    |    |
     | AC |     |<-------- LSP1 --------->|    |<--LSP2-->|   | AC |
     | |  V     V                         V    V          V   V |  |
     V |  +----+              +-----+    +----+          +----+ |  V
 +---+ |  |TPE1|===============\   /=====|SPE1|==========|TPE2| |  +---+
 |   |----|......PW1-Seg1.... | \ / | ......X...PW1-Seg2......|----|   |
 |CE1| |  |    |              |  X  |    |    |          |    | |  |CE2|
 |   |----|......PW2-Seg1.... | / \ | ......X...PW2-Seg2......|----|   |
 +---+  ^ |    |===============/   \=====|    |==========|    | | ^+---+
        | +----+     ^        +-----+    +----+     ^    +----+   |
        |            |           ^                  |             |
        |          TE LSP        |                TE LSP          |
        |                      P-router                           |
 Native Service                                          Native Service
      

  +-------------------+    /===================\   /===================\
  |  Client Layer     |    H     OAM PDU       H   H     OAM PDU       H
  /===================\    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H     PW Encap      H    H      GACh         H   H      GACh         H
  H-------------------H    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H   PW Demux (S=1)  H    H PW Demux (S=1)    H   H    GAL (S=1)      H
  H-------------------H    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H Trans LSP Demux(s)H    H Trans LSP Demux(s)H   H Trans LSP Demux(s)H
  \===================/    \===================/   \===================/
  |    Server Layer   |    |   Server Layer    |   |   Server Layer    |
  +-------------------+    +-------------------+   +-------------------+
      

            |<------------- Client Network Layer --------------->|
            |                                                    |
            |          |<----------- Packet --------->|          |
            |          |         Transport Service    |          |
            |          |                              |          |
            |          |                              |          |
            |          |          Transport           |          |
            |          |    |<------ LSP ------->|    |          |
            |          V    V                    V    V          |
            V    AC    +----+      +-----+       +----+     AC   V
      +-----+    |     | PE1|=======\   /========| PE2|     |    +-----+
      |     |----------|..Svc LSP1.| \ / |............|----------|     |
      | CE1 |    |     |    |      |  X  |       |    |     |    | CE2 |
      |     |----------|..Svc LSP2.| / \ |............|----------|     |
      +-----+  ^ |     |    |=======/   \========|    |     | ^  +-----+
            ^  |       +----+  ^   +-----+       +----+     | |  ^
            |  |      Provider |       ^         Provider     |  |
            |  |       Edge 1  |       |          Edge 2      |  |
      Customer |               |    P Router                  | Customer
       Edge 1  |             TE LSP                           |  Edge 2
               |                                              |
               |                                              |
         Native service                                 Native service
      

    |<--------------------- Client Layer ------------------------>|
    |                                                             |
    |                                                             |
    |    |<---------- Packet Transport Service ------------->|    |
    |    |                                                   |    |
    |    |              Transport               Transport    |    |
    | AC |     |<-------- LSP1 --------->|    |<--LSP2-->|   | AC |
    | |  V     V                         V    V          V   V |  |
    V |  +----+              +-----+    +----+          +----+ |  V
+---+ |  | PE1|===============\   /=====| PE2|==========| PE3| |  +---+
|   |----|......svc-lsp1.... | \ / | .....X....svc-lsp1......|----|   |
|CE1| |  |    |              |  X  |    |    |          |    | |  |CE2|
|   |----|......svc-lsp2.... | / \ | .....X....svc-lsp2......|----|   |
+---+  ^ |    |===============/   \=====|    |==========|    | | ^+---+
       | +----+     ^        +-----+    +----+     ^    +----+   |
       |            |           ^         ^        |             |
       |          TE LSP        |         |      TE LSP          |
       |                      P-router    |                      |
Native Service               (LSR for     |               Native Service
                             T'port LSP1) |
                                          |
                                  LSR for Service LSPs
                                  LER for Transport LSPs
      

                           /===================\
                           H     OAM PDU       H
  +-------------------+    H-------------------H   /===================\
  |  Client Layer     |    H      GACh         H   H     OAM PDU       H
  /===================\    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H    Encap Label    H    H      GAL (S=1)    H   H      GACh         H
  H-------------------H    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H   SvcLSP Demux    H    H SvcLSP Demux (S=0)H   H    GAL (S=1)      H
  H-------------------H    H-------------------H   H-------------------H
  H Trans LSP Demux(s)H    H Trans LSP Demux(s)H   H Trans LSP Demux(s)H
  \===================/    \===================/   \===================/
  |   Server Layer    |    |   Server Layer    |   |   Server Layer    |
  +-------------------+    +-------------------+   +-------------------+
      

    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
    |                                                                  |
    |                Network Management System and/or                  |
    |                                                                  |
    |           Control Plane for Point-to-Point Connections           |
    |                                                                  |
    +------------------------------------------------------------------+
                  |     |         |     |          |     |
     .............|.....|...  ....|.....|....  ....|.....|............
     :          +---+   |  :  : +---+   |   :  : +---+   |           :
     :          |OAM|   |  :  : |OAM|   |   :  : |OAM|   |           :
     :          +---+   |  :  : +---+   |   :  : +---+   |           :
     :            |     |  :  :   |     |   :  :   |     |           :
    \: +----+   +--------+ :  : +--------+  :  : +--------+   +----+ :/
   --+-|Edge|<->|Forward-|<---->|Forward-|<----->|Forward-|<->|Edge|-+--
    /: +----+   |ing     | :  : |ing     |  :  : |ing     |   +----+ :\
     :          +--------+ :  : +--------+  :  : +--------+          :
     '''''''''''''''''''''''  '''''''''''''''  '''''''''''''''''''''''
      

          |====== SPME =========|       |====== SPME =========|
                 (Carrier 1)                 (Carrier 2)
      

  |LERx|--|LSRy|-+                                      +-|LSRz|--|LERt|
                 |                                      |
                 |  |<---------- Carrier 1 --------->|  |
                 |  +-----+   +---+   +---+    +-----+  |
                 +--|     |---|   |---|   |----|     |--+
                    |LER1 |   |LSR|   |LSR|    |LER2 |
                 +--|     |---|   |---|   |----|     |--+
                 |  +-----+   +---+   + P +    +-----+  |
                 |  |============ SPME ==============|  |
  |LERa|--|LSRb|-+            (Carrier 1)               +-|LSRc|--|LERd|
      

     Proxy-A.example.com           Proxy-B.example.net
        +-------+                    +-------+
        | Proxy |--------------------| Proxy |
        +----+--+                    +---+---+
             |                           |
             |                           |
             |                           |
             |                         +---+
           0---0                       |   |
            /-\                        |___|
           +---+                      /    /
                                     +----+
      alice@example.com          bob@example.net
      

          +-----------+ 49160 (UAC)     5061 (UAS) +-----------+
          |           |--------------------------->|           |
          |  Entity   |                            |  Entity   |
          |     A     |                            |     B     |
          |           | 5061 (UAS)                 |           |
          +-----------+                            +-----------+
      

          +-----------+ 49160             5061 +-----------+
          |           |.......................>|           |
          |  Entity   |                        |  Entity   |
          |     A     | 5061             49170 |     B     |
          |           |<-----------------------|           |
          +-----------+                        +-----------+
      

                      Proxy A    Proxy B
                         |          |
     Create connection 1 +---INV--->|
                         |          |
                         |<---200---+ Response over connection 1
                         |          |
     Reuse connection 1  +---ACK--->|
                         |          |
                         =          =
                         |          |
                         |<---BYE---+ Create connection 2
                         |          |
          Response over  +---200--->|
          connection 2
      

        +---+                                    +---+
        |   |   0---0                   0---0    |   |
        |___|    /-\                     /-\     |___|
       /    /   +---+                   +---+   /    /
      +----+                                   +----+
      User Agents                       User Agents
      example.com domain                example.net domain
      

   Header Field  Parameter Name  Predefined Values  Reference
   ___________________________________________________________________
   Via           alias                 No           RFC5923
      

     Proxy-A.example.com           Proxy-B.example.net
        +-------+                    +-------+
        | Proxy |--------------------| Proxy |
        +----+--+                    +---+---+
             |                           |
             |                           |
             |                           |
             |                         +---+
           0---0                       |   |
            /-\                        |___|
           +---+                      /    /
                                     +----+
      alice@example.com          bob@example.net
      

               +---------+---------+-------------------+
               | Kind=19 |Length=18|   MD5 digest...   |
               +---------+---------+-------------------+
               |          ...digest (con't)...         |
               +---------------------------------------+
               |                  ...                  |
               +---------------------------------------+
               |                  ...                  |
               +-------------------+-------------------+
               | ...digest (con't) |
               +-------------------+
      

            +------------+------------+------------+------------+
            |  Kind=29   |   Length   |   KeyID    | RNextKeyID |
            +------------+------------+------------+------------+
            |                     MAC           ...
            +-----------------------------------...
      

                     MKT-A                            MKT-B
            +---------------------+        +------------------------+
            | SendID = 1          |        | SendID = 5             |
            | RecvID = 2          |        | RecvID = 6             |
            | MAC = HMAC-SHA1     |        | MAC = AES-CMAC         |
            | KDF = KDF-HMAC-SHA1 |        | KDF = KDF-AES-128-CMAC |
            +---------------------+        +------------------------+
                       |                                |
            +----------+----------+                     |
            |                     |                     |
            v                     v                     v
       Connection 1          Connection 2          Connection 3
   +------------------+  +------------------+  +------------------+
   | * Send_SYN_key   |  | * Send_SYN_key   |  | * Send_SYN_key   |
   | * Recv_SYN_key   |  | * Recv_SYN_key   |  | * Recv_SYN_key   |
   | * Send_Other_key |  | * Send_Other_key |  | * Send_Other_key |
   | * Recv_Other_key |  | * Recv_Other_key |  | * Recv_Other_key |
   +------------------+  +------------------+  +------------------+
      

                  +--------+--------+--------+--------+
                  |                SNE                |
                  +--------+--------+--------+--------+
      

   +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
   +                        KDF-AES-128-CMAC                           +
   +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
   +                                                                   +
   + Input  : MK (Master_Key, the variable-length shared secret)       +
   +        : I (Input, i.e., the input data of the PRF)               +
   +        : MKlen (length of MK in octets)                           +
   +        : len (length of M in octets)                              +
   + Output : TK (Traffic_Key, 128-bit Pseudo-Random Variable)         +
   +                                                                   +
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   + Variable: K (128-bit key for AES-CMAC)                            +
   +                                                                   +
   + Step 1.   If MKlen is equal to 16                                 +
   + Step 1a.  then                                                    +
   +               K := MK;                                            +
   + Step 1b.  else                                                    +
   +               K := AES-CMAC(0^128, MK, MKlen);                    +
   + Step 2.   TK := AES-CMAC(K, I, len);                              +
   +           return TK;                                              +
   +                                                                   +
   +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
      

         Algorithm      | Reference
        ----------------|-----------
         SHA1           | [RFC5926]
         AES128         | [RFC5926]
      

   +----+        +----+        +----+        +----+        +----+
   | H1 |--------| R1 |--------| R2 |--------| R3 |--------| H2 |
   +----+        +----+        +----+        +----+        +----+
         MTU=4464      MTU=2048      MTU=1500      MTU=4464
      

   1.    -->           <SEQ=100><CTL=SYN>            -->
   2.    <--      <SEQ=X><ACK=101><CTL=SYN,ACK>      <--
   3.    -->       <SEQ=101><ACK=X+1><CTL=ACK>       -->
   4.    -->  <SEQ=101><ACK=X+1><CTL=ACK><DATA=100>  -->
   5.    <--       <SEQ=X+1><ACK=201><CTL=ACK>       <--
   6.    -->  <SEQ=201><ACK=X+1><CTL=ACK><DATA=100>  -->
   7.    -->  <SEQ=301><ACK=X+1><CTL=ACK><DATA=100>  -->
   8.       <--- ICMP "Packet Too Big" MTU=150, TCPseq#=201 <---
      

           +--------+                                     +--------+
           |        |                  EAP-pwd-ID/Request |        |
           |  EAP   |<------------------------------------|  EAP   |
           |  peer  |                                     | server |
           |        | EAP-pwd-ID/Response                 |        |
           |        |------------------------------------>|        |
           |        |                                     |        |
           |        |              EAP-pwd-Commit/Request |        |
           |        |<------------------------------------|        |
           |        |                                     |        |
           |        | EAP-pwd-Commit/Response             |        |
           |        |------------------------------------>|        |
           |        |                                     |        |
           |        |             EAP-pwd-Confirm/Request |        |
           |        |<------------------------------------|        |
           |        |                                     |        |
           |        | EAP-pwd-Confirm/Response            |        |
           |        |------------------------------------>|        |
           |        |                                     |        |
           |        |          EAP-Success                |        |
           |        |<------------------------------------|        |
           +--------+                                     +--------+
      

      +---------+                                +----------+
      |         |  Trust Anchor Status Query     |          |
      |         |------------------------------->|          |
      |         |                                |          |
      |         |  Trust Anchor Status Response  |          |
      | Trust   |<-------------------------------| Trust    |
      | Anchor  |                                | Anchor   |
      | Manager |  Trust Anchor Update           | Store    |
      |         |------------------------------->|          |
      |         |                                |          |
      |         |  Trust Anchor Update Confirm   |          |
      |         |<-------------------------------|          |
      |         |                                |          |
      +---------+                                +----------+
      

                                      +------------+
                                      | SDP a1     |
                        Answer        | (actual    |
                        <-----        |  config,o2)|
                                      |            |
   5) Process answer based on         +------------+
      the configuration that was
      chosen (o2), as indicated in
      the answer
      

          +--------------------+
          | SDP o1             |
          | (actual            |
          |  config            |
          |                    |
          | +-------------+    |
          | | capability 1|    |
          | | capability 2|    |
          | | ...         |    |
          | +-------------+    |   Offer
          |                    |   ----->
          | +-------------+    |
          | | potential   |    |
          | |   config 1  |    |
          | | potential   |    |
          | |   config 2  |    |
          | | ...         |    |
          | +-------------+    |
          |                    |
          +--------------------+
      

                  | (1) Offer (SRTP and RTP)         |
                  |--------------------------------->|
                  |                                  |
                  | (2) Answer (SRTP)                |
                  |<---------------------------------|
                  |                                  |
                  | (3) Offer (SRTP)                 |
                  |--------------------------------->|
                  |                                  |
                  | (4) Answer (SRTP)                |
                  |<---------------------------------|
                  |                                  |
      

                  | (1) Offer (RTP/[S]AVP[F])        |
                  |--------------------------------->|
                  |                                  |
                  | (2) Answer (RTP/AVPF)            |
                  |<---------------------------------|
                  |                                  |
                  | (3) Offer (RTP/AVPF)             |
                  |--------------------------------->|
                  |                                  |
                  | (4) Answer (RTP/AVPF)            |
                  |<---------------------------------|
                  |                                  |
      

               | (1) Offer (RTP/[S]AVP,SDES | DTLS-SRTP)|
               |--------------------------------------->|
               |                                        |
               |<--------- DTLS-SRTP handshake -------->|
               |                                        |
               | (2) Answer (DTLS-SRTP)                 |
               |<---------------------------------------|
               |                                        |
               | (3) Offer (DTLS-SRTP)                  |
               |--------------------------------------->|
               |                                        |
               | (4) Answer (DTLS-SRTP)                 |
               |<---------------------------------------|
               |                                        |
      

               | (1) Offer (RTP/[S]AVP[F], SDES|MIKEY)  |
               |--------------------------------------->|
               |                                        |
               | (2) Answer (RTP/SAVP, SDES)            |
               |<---------------------------------------|
               |                                        |
               | (3) Offer (RTP/SAVP, SDES)             |
               |--------------------------------------->|
               |                                        |
               | (4) Answer (RTP/SAVP, SDES)            |
               |<---------------------------------------|
               |                                        |
      

               | (1) Offer (RTP/[S]AVP[F], SDES|MIKEY)  |
               |--------------------------------------->|
               |                                        |
               | (2) Answer (RTP/SAVP, SDES)            |
               |<---------------------------------------|
               |                                        |
      

                     +-----+          +-------+         +------+
                     |home | =======> |foreign| ------> |mobile|
                     |agent|          | agent | <------ | node |
                     +-----+          +-------+         +------+
    1) Datagram to    /|\         /
       mobile node     |        /   4) For datagrams sent by the
       arrives on      |      /        mobile node, standard IP
       home network    |    /          routing delivers each to its
       via standard    |  |_           destination.  In this figure,
       IP routing.   +----+            the foreign agent is the
                     |host|            mobile node's default router.
                     +----+
      

    |****|         ***          ***         |**********|          |----|
    | S  |---------*r*----------*r*---------| RSVP     |----------| R  |
    |****|         ***          ***         | Receiver |          |----|
                                            | Proxy    |
                                            |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable     |----| non-RSVP-capable       ***
 | S  | Sender           | R  | Receiver               *r* regular RSVP
 |****|                  |----|                        *** router
      

    |----|         |**********|         ***          ***          |****|
    | S  |---------| RSVP     |---------*r*----------*r*----------| R  |
    |----|         | Sender   |         ***          ***          |****|
                   | Proxy    |
                   |**********|
      

 |----| non-RSVP-capable     |****| RSVP-capable       ***
 | S  | Sender               | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                      |****|                    *** router
      

    |****|         ***          ***         |**********|          |----|
    | S  |---------*r*----------*r*---------| RSVP     |----------| R  |
    |****|         ***          ***         | Receiver |          |----|
                                            | Proxy    |
                                            |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable     |----| Non-RSVP-capable        ***
 | S  | Sender           | R  | Receiver                *r* regular RSVP
 |****|                  |----|                         *** router
      

    |****|         ***          ***         |**********|          |----|
    | S  |---------*r*----------*r*---------| RSVP     |----------| R  |
    |****|         ***          ***         | Receiver |          |----|
                                            | Proxy    |
                                            |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable     |----| Non-RSVP-capable       ***
 | S  | Sender           | R  | Receiver               *r* regular RSVP
 |****|                  |----|                        *** router
      

      |****|         ***         |**********|   |----|
      | S  |---------*r*---------| RSVP     |---| R1 |
      |****|         ***         | Receiver |   |----|
                                 | Proxy    |
                                 |          |
                                 |          |            |****|
                                 |          |------------| R2 |
                                 |**********|            |****|

           ---Path--->  --Path--->
              (R1)        (R1)    \-------Path-->
                                  /       (R1)
           <--Resv---  <---Resv---
      

           ---Path--->  --Path--->
              (R2)        (R2)    \-------------Path---->
                                  /             (R2)
           <--Resv---  <---Resv---
                                             <----Resv---
      

   |****| RSVP-capable  |----| non-RSVP-capable  |****| RSVP-capable
   | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver          | R  | Receiver
   |****|               |----|                   |****|
      

    |****|         ***          ***         |**********|          |----|
    | R  |---------*r*----------*r*---------| RSVP     |----------| S  |
    |****|         ***          ***         | Sender   |          |----|
                                            | Proxy    |
                                            |**********|
      

    |****|         ***          ***         |----------|          |----|
    |S/R |---------*r*----------*r*---------| RSVP     |----------|S/R |
    |****|         ***          ***         | Receiver |          |----|
                                            | & Sender |
                                            | Proxy    |
                                            |----------|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable     |----| Non-RSVP-capable       ***
 |S/R | Sender and       |S/R | Sender and             *r* regular RSVP
 |****| Receiver         |----| Receiver               *** router
      

                              |-------------|
                              | Application |
                              | Signaling   |
                              | Entity      |
                              |-------------|
                                  /   \
                                 /     \
                                /       \
        <///////////////////////         \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\>

    |----|        |********|      ***        |********|          |----|
    | S  |--------| RSVP   |------*r*--------| RSVP   |----------| R  |
    |----|        | Proxy  |      ***        | Proxy  |          |----|
                  |********|                 |********|
      

 |----| Non-RSVP-capable   |----| Non-RSVP-capable      ***
 | S  | Sender             | R  | Receiver              *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                    |----|                       *** router
      

    |----|        |********|      ***        |********|          |----|
    | S  |--------| RSVP   |------*r*--------| RSVP   |----------| R  |
    |----|        | Proxy  |      ***        | Proxy  |          |----|
                  |********|                 |********|
      

 |----| Non-RSVP-capable   |----| Non-RSVP-capable      ***
 | S  | Sender             | R  | Receiver              *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                    |----|                       *** router
      

                        |---------|        |---------|
               /////////|  App    |////\\\\|  App    |\\\\\\\\
              /         | Entity  |        | Entity  |        \
             /          |---------|        |---------|         \
            /               //                \\                \
           /               //                  \\                \
          /               //                    \\                \
         /               //                      \\                \
        /               //                        \\                \
    |----|          |********|      ***       |*********|         |----|
    | S  |----------|        |------*r*-------|         |---------| R  |
    |----|          | RSVP   |      ***       | RSVP    |         |----|
                    | Sender |                | Receiver|
                    | Proxy  |                | Proxy   |
                    |********|                |*********|
      

 |----| Non-RSVP-capable   |----| Non-RSVP-capable      ***
 | S  | Sender             | R  | Receiver              *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                    |----|                       *** router
      

                                |-------------|
                    ////////////| Application |\\\\\\\\\
                   /            | Entity      |         \
                  /             |-------------|          \
                 /                 /=/                    \
                /                 /=/                      \
               /                 /=/                        \
              /                 /=/                          \
             /                 /=/                            \
            /                 /=/                              \
           /                 /=/                                \
          /                 /=/                                  \
     |----|           |********|           ***                 |****|
     | S  |-----------| RSVP   |-----------*r*-----------------| R  |
     |----|           | Sender |           ***                 |****|
                      | Proxy  |
                      |********|
      

  |----| non-RSVP-capable     |----| RSVP-capable       ***
  | S  | Sender               | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
  |----|                      |----|                    *** router
      

                  |---------|               |---------|
          ////////| App     |////////\\\\\\\| App     |\\\\\\\\\
         /        | Entity  |               | Entity  |         \
        /         |         |               |         |          \
    |----|        |*********|      ***      |*********|         |----|
    | S  |--------| RSVP    |------*r*------| RSVP    |---------| R  |
    |----|        | Sender  |      ***      | Receiver|         |----|
                  | Proxy   |               | Proxy   |
                  |*********|               |*********|
      

 |----| Non-RSVP-capable   |----| Non-RSVP-capable      ***
 | S  | Sender             | R  | Receiver              *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                    |----|                       *** router
      

                                |---------|
                   /////////////|  App    |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
                  /             | Entity  |              \
                 /              |---------|               \
                /                    I                     \
               /                     I                      \
              /                 |----------|                 \
             /                  |  Policy  |                  \
            /                   |  Server  |                   \
           /                    |----------|                    \
          /                    //          \\                    \
         /                    //            \\                    \
        /                    //              \\                    \
    |----|           |********|      ***     |*********|          |----|
    | S  |-----------|        |------*r*-----|         |----------| R  |
    |----|           | RSVP   |      ***     | RSVP    |          |----|
                     | Sender |              | Receiver|
                     | Proxy  |              | Proxy   |
                     |********|              |*********|
      

 |----| Non-RSVP-capable   |----| Non-RSVP-capable      ***
 | S  | Sender             | R  | Receiver              *r* regular RSVP
 |----|                    |----|                       *** router
      

                         |-------------|
                         | VoD  SRM    |
                         |             |
                 ////////|             |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
                /        |-------------|              \
               /                                       \
              /                                         \
             /                                           \
            /                                             \
           /                                               \
      |****|   ***   ***   ***   |********|   |-----|    |---|
      |VoD |---*r*---*r*---*r*---|RSVP    |---|DSLAM|~~~~|STB|--TV
      |Pump|   ***   ***   ***   |Receiver|   |-----|    |---|
      |****|                     |Proxy   |
                                 |********|
      

                         |-------------|
                     ////| VoD  SRM    |\\\\\\\\\\\
                    /    |             |           \
                   /     |     +       |            \
                  /      | RSVP Sender |             \
                 /       |Proxy Control|              \
                /        |-------------|               \
               /        /=/                             \
              /        /=/                               \
             /        /=/                                 \
            /        /=/                                   \
           /        /=/                                     \
      |----|  |******|    ***  ***  |********|  |-----|    |---|
      | VoD|--|RSVP  |----*r*--*r*--|RSVP    |--|DSLAM|~~~~|STB|--TV
      |Pump|  |Sender|    ***  ***  |Receiver|  |-----|    |---|
      |----|  |Proxy |              |Proxy   |
              |******|              |********|
      

                                 |---------|
                   //////////////| SIP     |\\\\\\\\\\\\
                  /              | Server/ |            \
                 /               | Proxy   |             \
                /                |---------|              \
               /                //       \\                \
              /                //         \\                \
             /                //           \\                \
            /                //             \\                \
           /                //               \\                \
      |-----|      |********|   ***   ***   |********|       |-----|
      | IP  |------| Media  |---*r*---*r*---| Media  |-------|IP   |
      |Phone|      | Relay  |   ***   ***   | Relay  |       |Phone|
      |-----|      |  +     |               |    +   |       |-----|
                   | RSVP   |               | RSVP   |
                   | Proxy  |               | Proxy  |
                   |********|               |********|
      

         |-------|                                    |-------|
         |SIP    |///////////////////\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|SIP    |
        /|Server/|                                    |Server/|\
       / |Proxy  |                                    |Proxy  | \
      /  |-------|                                    |-------|  \
     /      ^    \\                                  //   ^       \
    /       ^     \\                                //    ^        \
   /        ^      \\                              //     ^         \
 |***|   |------|  |********|   ***   ***   |********|  |------|   |***|
 | S |---|IPsec |--|  ARSVP |---*r*---*r*---| ARSVP  |--|IPsec |---| R |
 |***|   | GW   |  | Sender |   ***   ***   |Receiver|  | GW   |   |***|
         |------|  |  Proxy |               | Proxy  |  |------|
                   |********|               |********|
      

 |****|        ***        ***        ***        |**********|      |----|
 | S  |--------*r*--------*r*--------*r*--------| RSVP     |------| R  |
 |****|        ***        ***        ***        | Receiver |      |----|
                                                | Proxy    |
                                                |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable     |----| Non-RSVP-capable        ***
 | S  | Sender           | R  | Receiver                *r* regular RSVP
 |****|                  |----|                         *** router
      

 |****|        ***        ***        ***        |**********|      |----|
 | S  |--------*r*--------*r*--------*r*--------| RSVP     |------| R  |
 |****|        ***        ***        ***        | Receiver |      |----|
                                                | Proxy    |
                                                |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable  |----| Non-RSVP-capable   ***
 | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
 |****|               |----|                    *** router
      

 |****|        ***        ***        ***        |**********|      |----|
 | S  |--------*r*--------*r*--------*r*--------| RSVP     |------| R  |
 |****|        ***        ***        ***        | Receiver |      |----|
                                                | Proxy    |
                                                |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable  |----| Non-RSVP-capable   ***
 | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
 |****|               |----|                    *** router
      

 |****|        ***        ***        ***        |**********|      |----|
 | S  |--------*r*--------*r*--------*r*--------| RSVP     |------| R  |
 |****|        ***        ***        ***        | Receiver |      |----|
                                                | Proxy    |
                                                |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable  |----| Non-RSVP-capable   ***
 | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
 |****|               |----|                    *** router
      

 |****|        ***        ***        ***        |**********|      |----|
 | S  |--------*r*--------*r*--------*r*--------| RSVP     |------| R  |
 |****|        ***        ***        ***        | Receiver |      |----|
                                                | Proxy    |
                                                |**********|
      

 |****| RSVP-capable  |----| Non-RSVP-capable   ***
 | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver           *r* regular RSVP
 |****|               |----|                    *** router
      

      |****|         ***         |**********|   |----|
      | S  |---------*r*---------| RSVP     |---| R1 |
      |****|         ***         | Receiver |   |----|
                                 | Proxy    |
                                 |          |
                                 |          |            |****|
                                 |          |------------| R2 |
                                 |**********|            |****|

           ---Path--->  --Path--->
              (R1)        (R1)    \-------Path-->
                                  /       (R1)
           <--Resv---  <---Resv---
      

           ---Path--->  --Path--->
              (R2)        (R2)    \-------------Path---->
                                  /             (R2)
           <--Resv---  <---Resv---
                                             <----Resv---
      

   |****| RSVP-capable  |----| non-RSVP-capable  |****| RSVP-capable
   | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver          | R  | Receiver
   |****|               |----|                   |****|
      

          0           0 0           1 1           2 2           3
          0  . . .    7 8   . . .   5 6    . . .  3 4  . . .    1
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |     Length                | P-Type=REC_PROXY_CONTROL  |
         +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
         |              Reserved                   |Control-Value|
         +---------------------------+---------------------------+
      

      |****|         ***         |**********|   |----|
      | S  |---------*r*---------| RSVP     |---| R1 |
      |****|         ***         | Receiver |   |----|
                                 | Proxy    |
                                 |          |
                                 |          |            |****|
                                 |          |------------| R2 |
                                 |**********|            |****|
      

   |****| RSVP-capable  |----| non-RSVP-capable  |****| RSVP-capable
   | S  | Sender        | R  | Receiver          | R  | Receiver
   |****|               |----|                   |****|
      

                                +----------+
                                |   LMA    |
                                |          |
                                +----------+
                                  /      \
                                 /        \
                                /          \
                    +........../..+      +..\..........+
                    . +-------+-+ .______. +-+-------+ .
                    . |  PMAG   |()_______)|  NMAG   | .
                    . |  (PAR)  | .      . |  (NAR)  | .
                    . +----+----+ .      . +----+----+ .
                    .      |      .      .      |      .
                    .   ___|___   .      .   ___|___   .
                    .  /       \  .      .  /       \  .
                    . (  P-AN   ) .      . (  N-AN   ) .
                    .  \_______/  .      .  \_______/  .
                    .      |      .      .      |      .
                    .   +----+    .      .   +----+    .
                    .   | MN |  ---------->  | MN |    .
                    .   +----+    .      .   +----+    .
                    +.............+      +.............+
      

                                            PMAG        NMAG
          MN         P-AN       N-AN        (PAR)       (NAR)     LMA
          |           |          |            |           |        |
     (a)  |--Report-->|          |            |           |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
          |           |       Handover        |           |        |
     (b)  |           |------indication------>|           |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
     (c)  |           |          |            |----HI---->|        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
     (d)  |           |          |            |<---HAck---|        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
          |           |          |            |HI/HAck(optional)   |
     (e)  |           |          |            |<- - - - ->|        |
          |           |          |          #=|<===================|
     (f)  |           |          |          #====DL data=>|        |
          |  Handover |       Handover        |           |        |
     (g)  |<-command--|<------command---------|           |        |
         ~~~          |          |            |           |        |
         ~~~          |          |            |           |        |
          |   MN-AN connection   |    AN-MAG connection   |        |
     (h)  |<---establishment---->|<----establishment----->|        |
          |           |          |  (substitute for UNA)  |        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
     (i)  |<==================DL data=====================|        |
          |           |          |            |           |        |
     (j)  |===================UL data====================>|=#      |
          |           |          |          #=|<============#      |
          |           |          |          #=====================>|
     /    |           |          |            |           |        | \
     |(k) |           |          |            |           |--PBU-->| |
     |    |           |          |            |           |        | |
     |(l) |           |          |            |           |<--PBA--| |
     |    |<==================DL data=====================|<=======| |
     |    |           |          |            |           |        | |
     \    |===================UL data====================>|=======>| /
      

                                         PMAG            NMAG
          MN       P-AN      N-AN        (PAR)           (NAR)     LMA
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     (a) ~~~        |         |            |               |        |
         ~~~        |         |            |               |        |
          |  MN-AN connection |       AN-MAG connection    |        |
     (b)  |<--establishment-->|<-------establishment------>|        |
          |         |         |(substitute for UNA and FBU)|        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     (c)  |         |         |            |<-----HI-------|        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     (d)  |         |         |            |-----HAck----->|        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     (e)  |         |         |          #=|<=======================|
          |         |         |          #================>|=#      |
          |<====================DL data======================#      |
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     (f)  |=====================UL data===================>|=#      |
          |         |         |          #=|<================#      |
          |         |         |          #=========================>|
          |         |         |            |               |        |
     /    |         |         |            |               |        | \
     |(g) |         |         |            |               |--PBU-->| |
     |    |         |         |            |               |        | |
     |(h) |         |         |            |               |<--PBA--| |
     |    |<====================DL data====================|<=======| |
     |    |         |         |            |               |        | |
     \    |=====================UL data===================>|=======>| /
      

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-------------------------------+
                                     |           Sequence #          |
     +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+-------------------------------+
     |S|U|P|F|Resv'd |      Code     |                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+                               |
     |                                                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                       Mobility options                        .
     .                                                               .
     |                                                               |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     (Note: P=1)
      

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-------------------------------+
                                     |           Sequence #          |
     +-+-+-+---------+---------------+-------------------------------+
     |U|P|F|Reserved |      Code     |                               |
     +-+-+-+---------+---------------+                               |
     |                                                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                       Mobility options                        .
     .                                                               .
     |                                                               |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     (Note: P=1)
      

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
     |  Option-Type  | Option-Length |           Reserved            |
     +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
     |  Req-type-1   | Req-length-1  |  Req-type-2   | Req-length-2  |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |  Req-type-3   | Req-length-3  |          Req-option-3         |
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                              ...                              |
      

     |                              ...                              |
     +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
     |Option-Type=CRO| Option-Length |           Reserved            |
     +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
     | Req-type-n=22 | Req-length-n=0| Req-type-n=25 | Req-length-n=0|
     +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
     | Req-type-n=19 | Req-length-n=5|           Vendor-ID           |
     +-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+
     |           Vendor-ID           |   Sub-Type    |               |
     +-----------------------------------------------+               |
     |                              ...                              |
      

    ______________________________  _________________________________
   |.-------.-------.----.-------.||.--------.--------.----.--------.|
   |:       :       :    :       :||:        :        :    :        :|
   |:O.MSN-1:O.MSN-2: .. :O.MSN-n:||:MT.MSN-1:MT.MSN-2: .. :MT.MSN-n:|
   |:       :       :    :       :||:        :        :    :        :|
   '-============================-''-===============================-'
                   _______________________________
                  |.-------.-------.-----.-------.|
                  |:       :       :     :       :|
                  |:x.MSN-1:x.MSN-2: ... :x.MSN-n:|
                  |:       :       :     :       :|
                  '-=============================-'
      

    ____________________________________________________
   |            Network Element Function (NEF)          |
   | _________________________________________          |
   ||                                         |         |
   ||    Transport Plane Atomic Functions     |         |
   ||_________________________________________|         |
   |                     |                              |
   |                     | Management                   |
   |                     | Information                  |
   |  ___________________|_________________             |
   | |                    (from date/time)<-----------+ |
   | | Equipment                           |          | |
   | | Management     (to/from management)<--------+  | |
   | | Function                            |       |  | |
   | | (EMF)             (to/from control)<-----+  |  | |
   | |                                     |    |  |  | |
   | |                    (to local alarm)---+  |  |  | |
   | |_____________________________________| |  |  |  | |
   |                                         |  |  |  | |
   |  +--------------------------------------+  |  |  | |
   |  | +---------------------------------------+  |  | |
   |  | | +----------------------------------------+  | |
   |  | | | +-----------------------------------------+ |external
   |  | | | | Date & Time  _________________            |time
   |  | | | | Interface   | Message         |           |source
   |  | | | +-------------- Communication  <-----------------------
   |  | | |               | Function (MCF)  |           |
   |  | | | Management    |                 |           |management
   |  | | +---------------->                |           |plane
   |  | |   Plane Interface                <---------------------->
   |  | |                 |                 |           |local
   |  | |                 |                 |           |craft
   |  | |   Control Plane |                 |           |terminal
   |  | +------------------>               <---------------------->
   |  |     Interface     |                 |           |control
   |  |                   |                 |           |plane
   |  |     Local Alarm   |                <---------------------->
   |  +-------------------->                |           |
   |        Interface     |                 |           |to local
   |                      |                 |           |alarms
   |                      |_________________--------------------->
   |____________________________________________________|
      

    ______________________________________________________
   |              _______________________________________ |
   |  Equipment  |             Management Application    ||
   |  Management |                Function (MAF)         ||
   |  Function   | _________________                     ||
   |  (EMF)      ||                 |  __________________||
   |  ___________||_______________  | |                  ||
   | |                            | | | Date & Time      ||
   | | Date & Time Functions      | | | Interface        ||<-- 1
   | |____________________________| | |__________________||
   |  ___________||_______________  |  __________________||
   | |                            | | |                  ||
   | | Fault Management           | | | Management       ||
   | |____________________________| | | Plane Interface  ||<-> 2
   |  ___________||_______________  | |__________________||
   | |                            | |                    ||
   | | Configuration Management   | |  __________________||
   | |____________________________| | |                  ||
   |  ___________||_______________  | | Control          ||
   | |                            | | | Plane Interface  ||<-> 3
   | | Account Management         | | |__________________||
   | |____________________________| |                    ||
   |  ___________||_______________  |                    ||
   | |                            | |                    ||
   | | Performance Management     | |                    ||
   | |____________________________| |                    ||
   |  ___________||_______________  |                    ||
   | |                            | |                    ||
   | | Security Management        | |                    ||
   | |____________________________| |                    ||
   |  ___________||_______________  |                    ||
   | |                            | |                    ||
   | | Control Plane Function     | |                    ||
   | |____________________________| |                    ||
   |             ||                 |  __________________||
   |             ||                 | |                  ||
   |             ||                 | | Local Alarm      ||
   |       +----->| Agent           | | Interface        ||--> 4
   |       v     ||_________________| |__________________||
   |   .-===-.   |_______________________________________||
   |   | MIB |                                            |
   |   `-._.-'                                            |
   |______________________________________________________|
      

                     _________________
                    |                 |
                    |   Message       |
                    | Communication   |
                    | Function (MCF)  |
                    | _______________ |
      Date & Time   ||               || external
   1 <--------------|| Date & Time   ||<--------------
      Information   || Communication || time source
                    ||_______________||
                    |                 |
                    | _______________ |
      Management    ||               || management
      Plane         ||  Management   || plane
   2 <------------->||    Plane      ||<------------->
      Information   || Communication || (e.g. - EMS,
                    ||_______________||  peer NE)
                    |                 |
                    | _______________ | control
      Control Plane ||               || plane
   3 <------------->|| Control Plane ||<------------->
      Information   || Communication || (e.g. - EMS,
                    ||_______________||  peer NE)
                    |        :        |
                    |        :        | local craft
                    |        :        | terminal
                    |        :        |<------------->
                    | _______________ |
      Local Alarm   ||               || to local
   4 -------------->|| Local Alarm   ||-------------->
      Information   || Communication || alarms...
                    ||_______________||
                    |_________________|
      

   Common Terminology                   ____
    __________         __________      |    |
   |          |       |          |  /->| NE | \   ____
   |Management|       |Operations| /   |____|  \ |    |
   |Station   | <---> |System    |       |(CCh)  | NE |
   |__________|       |__________| \    _|__   / |____|
                                    \->|    | /
                                       | NE |
                                       |____|
                       Network Elements use a Communication
                       Channel (CCh) for Transport of Information

   Management Terminology               ____
    __________         __________      |    |
   |          |       |          |  /->| NE | \   ____
   |Management|       |Operations| /   |____|  \ |    |
   |Station   | <---> |System    |       |(MCC)  | NE |
   |__________|       |__________| \    _|__   / |____|
                                    \->|    | /
                                       | NE |
                                       |____|
                       Network Elements use a Management
                       Communication Channel (MCC) for Transport
                       of Management Information

   Control Terminology                  ____
    __________         __________      |    |
   |          |       |          |  /->| NE | \   ____
   |Management|       |Operations| /   |____|  \ |    |
   |Station   | <---> |System    |       |(SCC)  | NE |
   |__________|       |__________| \    _|__   / |____|
                                    \->|    | /
                                       | NE |
                                       |____|
                       Network Elements use a Control/Signaling
                       Communication Channel (SCC) for Transport
                       of Signaling Information
      

 +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                              Network                                |
 +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
     ^                     |            ^               |
     |Notifications        |Commands    |Commands       |Notifications
 +---|---------------------|-------+ +--|---------------|--------------+
 |   |                     V       | |  |               V              |
 | +------------+  +------------+  | | +-----------+   +----------+    |
 | |  (D)TLS    |  |  (D)TLS    |  | | | (D)TLS    |   | (D)TLS   |    |
 | |  (Client)  |  |  (Server)  |  | | | (Client)  |   | (Server) |    |
 | +------------+  +------------+  | | +-----------+   +----------+    |
 |       ^             ^           | |       ^              ^          |
 |       |             |           | |       |              |          |
 |       +-------------+           | |       +--------------+          |
 | +-----|------------+            | | +-----|------------+            |
 | |     V            |            | | |     V            |            |
 | | +--------+       |   +-----+  | | | +--------+       |   +-----+  |
 | | | TLS TM |<--------->|Cache|  | | | | TLS TM |<--------->|Cache|  |
 | | +--------+       |   +-----+  | | | +--------+       |   +-----+  |
 | |Transport Subsys. |      ^     | | |Transport Subsys. |      ^     |
 | +------------------+      |     | | +------------------+      |     |
 |    ^                      |     | |    ^                      |     |
 |    |                      +--+  | |    |                      +--+  |
 |    v                         |  | |    V                         |  |
 | +-----+ +--------+ +-------+ |  | | +-----+ +--------+ +-------+ |  |
 | |     | |Message | |Securi.| |  | | |     | |Message | |Securi.| |  |
 | |Disp.| |Proc.   | |Subsys.| |  | | |Disp.| |Proc.   | |Subsys.| |  |
 | |     | |Subsys. | |       | |  | | |     | |Subsys. | |       | |  |
 | |     | |        | |       | |  | | |     | |        | |       | |  |
 | |     | | +----+ | | +---+ | |  | | |     | | +----+ | | +---+ | |  |
 | |    <--->|v3MP|<--> |TSM|<--+  | | |    <--->|v3MP|<--->|TSM|<--+  |
 | |     | | +----+ | | +---+ |    | | |     | | +----+ | | +---+ |    |
 | |     | |        | |       |    | | |     | |        | |       |    |
 | +-----+ +--------+ +-------+    | | +-----+ +--------+ +-------+    |
 |    ^                            | |    ^                            |
 |    |                            | |    |                            |
 |    +-+------------+             | |    +-+----------+               |
 |      |            |             | |      |          |               |
 |      v            v             | |      v          V               |
 | +-------------+ +-------------+ | | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
 | |   COMMAND   | | NOTIFICAT.  | | | |  COMMAND    | | NOTIFICAT.  | |
 | |  RESPONDER  | | ORIGINATOR  | | | | GENERATOR   | | RECEIVER    | |
 | | application | | application | | | | application | | application | |
 | +-------------+ +-------------+ | | +-------------+ +-------------+ |
 |                     SNMP entity | |                     SNMP entity |
 +---------------------------------+ +---------------------------------+
      

   +------------------------------+
   |    Network                   |
   +------------------------------+
      ^       ^              ^
      |       |              |
      v       v              v
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | +--------------------------------------------------+              |
   | |  Transport Subsystem                             |  +--------+  |
   | | +-----+ +-----+ +-------+             +-------+  |  |        |  |
   | | | UDP | | SSH | |(D)TLS |    . . .    | other |<--->| Cache  |  |
   | | |     | | TM  | | TM    |             |       |  |  |        |  |
   | | +-----+ +-----+ +-------+             +-------+  |  +--------+  |
   | +--------------------------------------------------+         ^    |
   |              ^                                               |    |
   |              |                                               |    |
   | Dispatcher   v                                               |    |
   | +--------------+ +---------------------+  +----------------+ |    |
   | | Transport    | | Message Processing  |  | Security       | |    |
   | | Dispatch     | | Subsystem           |  | Subsystem      | |    |
   | |              | |     +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |    |
   | |              | |  +->| v1MP       |<--->| | USM        | | |    |
   | |              | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |    |
   | |              | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ | |    |
   | |              | |  +->| v2cMP      |<--->| | Transport  | | |    |
   | | Message      | |  |  +------------+  |  | | Security   |<--+    |
   | | Dispatch    <---->|  +------------+  |  | | Model      | |      |
   | |              | |  +->| v3MP       |<--->| +------------+ |      |
   | |              | |  |  +------------+  |  | +------------+ |      |
   | | PDU Dispatch | |  |  +------------+  |  | | Other      | |      |
   | +--------------+ |  +->| otherMP    |<--->| | Model(s)   | |      |
   |              ^   |     +------------+  |  | +------------+ |      |
   |              |   +---------------------+  +----------------+      |
   |              v                                                    |
   |      +-------+-------------------------+---------------+          |
   |      ^                                 ^               ^          |
   |      |                                 |               |          |
   |      v                                 v               v          |

   | +-------------+   +---------+   +--------------+  +-------------+ |
   | |   COMMAND   |   | ACCESS  |   | NOTIFICATION |  |    PROXY    | |
   | |  RESPONDER  |<->| CONTROL |<->|  ORIGINATOR  |  |  FORWARDER  | |
   | | application |   |         |   | applications |  | application | |
   | +-------------+   +---------+   +--------------+  +-------------+ |
   |      ^                                 ^                          |
   |      |                                 |                          |
   |      v                                 v                          |
   | +----------------------------------------------+                  |
   | |             MIB instrumentation              |      SNMP entity |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
      

                  |------------+----------------------------|
                  | Type       | Algorithm                  |
                  |------------+----------------------------|
                  | rfc822Name | snmpTlstmCertSANRFC822Name |
                  | dNSName    | snmpTlstmCertSANDNSName    |
                  | iPAddress  | snmpTlstmCertSANIpAddress  |
                  |------------+----------------------------|
      

               SOURCE FLOWS             | FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #1
             | S1: Source Flow |--------| R1: Repair Flow
         +---|
         |   | S2: Source Flow
         |
         +______________________________| FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #2
                                        | R2: Repair Flow
      

           SOURCE FLOWS              | FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #1
           S3: Source Flow |---------| R3: Repair Flow
                           |
                           |---------| FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #2
                                     | R4: Repair Flow
      

           SOURCE FLOWS              | FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #1
           S4: Source Flow |---------| R5: Repair Flow
                           |         | R6: Repair Flow
                           |
                           |---------| FEC FRAMEWORK INSTANCE #2
                                     | R7: Repair Flow
      

       o--------------o
      /                \
     /    /\            \
    /    + +-----+       \
   o     |  Hole  \       o
   |     |    1   /       |
   |     +-------+        |<--- Primary Polygon
   |        +-------+     |
   |       /  Hole  |     |
   o       \   2    |     o
    \       +-----+ +    /
     \             \/   /
      \                /
       o--------------o
      

       o--------------o                      o--------------o
      /                \                    /                \
     /    /\            \                  /    /\            \
    /    + +-----+       \                /    + +-----+       \
   o     |  Hole  \       o              o     |        \       o
   |     |    1    \      |              |     |  One    \      |
   |     +-+-------+      |  =========>  |     +-+  Hole +      |
   |       /  Hole  |     |              |       /        |     |
   o       \   2    |     o              o       \        |     o
    \       +-----+ +    /                \       +-----+ +    /
     \             \/   /                  \             \/   /
      \                /                    \                /
       o--------------o                      o--------------o
      

              +------- Inlet
              |
              v
       o---+-----+----o                     o---o     o----o
      /    |%%%%%|     \                   /    |     |     \
     /    /%%%%%%|      \                 /    /      |      \
    /    +%%%%%%%|       \               /    o       o       \
   o     |%%%%%%%%\       o             o     |        \       o
   |     |%%%%%%%%%\      |             |     |         \      |
   |     +-+%%%%%%%%+     |  ========>  |     o-o        o     |
   |       /%%%%%%%%|     |             |       /        |     |
   o       \%%%%%%%%|     o             o       \        |     o
    \       +-----+ +    /               \       o-----o o    /
     \             \/   /                 \             \/   /
      \                /                   \                /
       o--------------o                     o--------------o
      

       A--q-----------B                     A-q   q----------B
      /  | |           \                   /  |   |           \
     /   | |            \                 /   |   |            \
    /    z r-----s       \               / P  z   r-----s   P   \
   H     |        \       C             H  o  |          \   o   C
   |     |  One    \      |             |  l  |           \   l  |
   |     y-x  Hole  t     |  ========>  |  y  y-x          t  y  |
   |       /        |     |             |  g    /          |  g  |
   G       \        |     D             G  o    \          |  o  D
    \      /    v---u    /               \ n    /      v---u  n /
     \     \   /        /                 \  1  \     /      2 /
      \     \ /        /                   \     \   /        /
       F-----w--------E                     F-----w w--------E
      

          o--------------o
         /                \
        / +--------------+ \
       /  |%%%%%%%%%%%%%%|  \
      o   |%%o--------o%%|   o
      |   |%/  Island  \%|   |
      |   |%\          /%|   |
      |   |%%o--------o%%|   |
      o   |%%%%%%%%%%%%%%|   o
       \  +--------------+  /
        \                  /
         \                /
          o--------------o
      

       F-------------E
      /               \
     / w-------------x \
    /  |/////////////|  \
   A   |/////////////|   D
    \  |/////////////|  /
     \ z-------------y /
      \               /
       B-------------C
      

 Long-term adaptation:      RTCP sender reports      Media processing:
 - Codec+parameter choice  - Data rate, pkt count    - De-jittering
 - Packet size             - Timing and sync info    - Synchronisation
 - FEC, interleaving       - Traffic characteristics - Error concealment
                   -------------------------------->   - Playout
 +---------------+/                                 \+---------------+
 |               | RTP media stream (codec, repair) |                |
 |  Media sender |=================================>| Media receiver |
 |               |                                  |                |
 +---------------+\         RTCP receiver reports   /+---------------+
                   <--------------------------------
 Short-term reaction:      - long-term statistics    Control functions:
 - Retransmissions         - event information       - RTP monitoring
 - Retroactive FEC         - media-specific info       and reporting
 - Adaptive source coding  - "congestion info"(*)    - Instant event
 - Congestion control(*)                                 notifications
      

   |     n bits    |    o bits    |   m bits  |    128-n-o-m bits      |
   +---------------+--------------+-----------+------------------------+
   |  6rd prefix   | IPv4 address | subnet ID |     interface ID       |
   +---------------+--------------+-----------+------------------------+
   |<--- 6rd delegated prefix --->|
      

   IP address              IP addresses = Signalling         IP address
   = Flow                Source/Destination Addresses        = Flow
   Source             (depending on signalling direction)    Destination
   Address                  |                   |            Address
                            V                   V
   +--------+           +------+  Data Flow  +------+         +--------+
   |  Flow  |-----------|------|-------------|------|-------->|  Flow  |
   | Sender |           |      |             |      |         |Receiver|
   +--------+           | GIST |============>| GIST |         +--------+
                        | Node |<============| Node |
                        +------+  Signalling  +------+
                          GN1       Flow       GN2
      

          ^^                      +-------------+
          ||                      |  Signalling |
         NSIS        +------------|Application 2|
       Signalling    | Signalling +-------------+
      Application    |Application 1|         |
         Level       +-------------+         |
          ||             |                   |
          VV             |                   |
                 ========|===================|=====  <-- GIST API
                         |                   |
          ^^       +------------------------------------------------+
          ||       |+-----------------------+      +--------------+ |
          ||       ||         GIST          |      | GIST State   | |
          ||       ||     Encapsulation     |<<<>>>| Maintenance  | |
          ||       |+-----------------------+      +--------------+ |
          ||       | GIST: Messaging Layer                          |
          ||       +------------------------------------------------+
         NSIS                 |       |       |       |
       Transport      ..........................................
         Level        . Transport Layer Security (TLS or DTLS) .
        (NTLP)        ..........................................
          ||                  |       |       |       |
          ||                +----+  +----+  +----+  +----+
          ||                |UDP |  |TCP |  |SCTP|  |DCCP| ... other
          ||                +----+  +----+  +----+  +----+     protocols
          ||                  |       |       |       |
          ||                .............................
          ||                .     IP Layer Security     .
          ||                .............................
          VV                  |       |       |       |
   ===========================|=======|=======|=======|============
                              |       |       |       |
                   +----------------------------------------------+
                   |                      IP                      |
                   +----------------------------------------------+
      

               GN1                                      GN2
          +------------+                           +------------+
  NSLP    |            |                           |            |
  Level   | >>>>>>>>>1 |                           | 5>>>>>>>>5 |
          | ^        V |       Intermediate        | ^        V |
          |-^--------2-|          Routers          |-^--------V-|
          | ^        V |                           | ^        V |
          | ^        V |    +-----+     +-----+    | ^        V |
  >>>>>>>>>>^        >3>>>>>>>>4>>>>>>>>>>>4>>>>>>>>>5        5>>>>>>>>>
          |            |    |     |     |     |    |            |
  GIST    |          6<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<6          |
  Level   +------------+    +-----+     +-----+    +------------+
      

       +---------------------------------------------------------+
       |        >>  Signalling Application Processing   >>       |
       |                                                         |
       +--------^---------------------------------------V--------+
                ^ NSLP                             NSLP V
                ^ Payloads                     Payloads V
       +--------^---------------------------------------V--------+
       |                    >>    GIST    >>                     |
       |  ^           ^  ^     Processing      V  V           V  |
       +--x-----------N--Q---------------------Q--N-----------x--+
          x           N  Q                     Q  N           x
          x           N  Q>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Q  N           x
          x           N  Q      Bypass at      Q  N           x
       +--x-----+  +--N--Q--+  GIST level   +--Q--N--+  +-----x--+
       | C-mode |  | D-mode |               | D-mode |  | C-mode |
       |Handling|  |Handling|               |Handling|  |Handling|
       +--x-----+  +--N--Q--+               +--Q--N--+  +-----x--+
          x          N   Q                     Q   N          x
          x    NNNNNN    Q>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Q    NNNNNN    x
          x   N          Q      Bypass at      Q          N   x
       +--x--N--+  +-----Q--+  IP (router   +--Q-----+  +--N--x--+
       |IP Host |  | Q-mode |  alert) level | Q-mode |  |IP Host |
       |Handling|  |Handling|               |Handling|  |Handling|
       +--x--N--+  +-----Q--+               +--Q-----+  +--N--x--+
          x  N           Q                     Q           N  x
       +--x--N-----------Q--+               +--Q-----------N--x--+
       |      IP Layer      |               |      IP Layer      |
       |   (Receive Side)   |               |  (Transmit Side)   |
       +--x--N-----------Q--+               +--Q-----------N--x--+
          x  N           Q                     Q           N  x
          x  N           Q                     Q           N  x
      

            +----------+                     +----------+
            | Querying |                     |Responding|
            | Node(Q-N)|                     | Node(R-N)|
            +----------+                     +----------+
                               Query                  .............
                       ---------------------->        .           .
                       Router Alert Option            .  Routing  .
                       MRI/SID/NSLPID                 .   state   .
                       Q-N Network Layer Info         . installed .
                       Query-Cookie                   .    at     .
                       [Q-N Stack-Proposal            . Responding.
                        Q-N Stack-Config-Data]        .    node   .
                       [NSLP Payload]                 .  (case 1) .
                                                      .............
               ......................................
               .  The responder can use an existing .
               . messaging association if available .
               . from here onwards to short-circuit .
               .     messaging association setup    .
               ......................................

                             Response
   .............       <----------------------
   .  Routing  .       MRI/SID/NSLPID
   .   state   .       R-N Network Layer Info
   . installed .       Query-Cookie
   .    at     .       [Responder-Cookie
   .  Querying .        [R-N Stack-Proposal
   .   node    .         R-N Stack-Config-Data]]
   .............       [NSLP Payload]
      

                           Confirm                    .............
                     ---------------------->          .  Routing  .
                     MRI/SID/NSLPID                   .   state   .
                     Q-N Network Layer Info           . installed .
                     [Responder-Cookie                .    at     .
                      [R-N Stack-Proposal             . Responding.
                       [Q-N Stack-Config-Data]]]      .    node   .
                     [NSLP Payload]                   .  (case 2) .
                                                      .............
      

              [Initialisation]   +-----+
        -------------------------|Birth|
       |                         +-----+
       | er_NoRSM[3](from all states)                   rx_Response[4]
       |                                               || tg_NSLPData[5]
       |      tg_NSLPData[1]                           || rx_Data[7]
       |        --------                                    -------
       |       |        V                                  |       V
       |       |        V                                  |       V
       |      +----------+                               +-----------+
        ---->>| Awaiting |                               |Established|
        ------| Response |---------------------------->> |           |
       |      +----------+       rx_Response[4]          +-----------+
       |       ^        |                                     ^   |
       |       ^        |                                     ^   |
       |        --------                                      |   |
       |    to_No_Response[2]                                 |   |
       |    [!nResp_reached]     tg_NSLPData[5]               |   |
       |                         || rx_Data[7]                |   |
       |                          --------                    |   |
       |                         |        V                   |   |
       |    to_No_Response[2]    |        V                   |   |
       |     [nResp_reached]    +-----------+  rx_Response[4] |   |
        ----------   -----------|  Awaiting |-----------------    |
                  | |           |  Refresh  |<<-------------------
                  | |           +-----------+    to_Refresh_QNode[8]
                  | |            ^        |
                  V V            ^        | to_No_Response[2]
                  V V             --------  [!nResp_reached]
                +-----+
                |Death|<<---------------
                +-----+   to_Inactive_QNode[6]
                          (from all states)
      

               rx_Query[1]                      rx_Query[5]
            [confirmRequired]    +-----+    [!confirmRequired]
        -------------------------|Birth|----------------------------
       |                         +-----+                            |
       |                            |         rx_Confirm[2]         |
       |                             ----------------------------   |
       |                                                         |  |
       |                                       rx_Query[5]       |  |
       |     tg_NSLPData[7]                   || rx_Confirm[10]  |  |
       |      || rx_Query[1]                  || rx_Data[4]      |  |
       |      || rx_Data[6]                   || tg_NSLPData[3]  |  |
       |        --------                        --------------   |  |
       |       |        V                      |              V  V  V
       |       |        V                      |              V  V  V
       |      +----------+                     |           +-----------+
        ---->>| Awaiting |     rx_Confirm[8]    -----------|Established|
        ------| Confirm  |------------------------------>> |           |
       |      +----------+                                 +-----------+
       |       ^        |                                      ^   |
       |       ^        |         tg_NSLPData[3]               ^   |
       |        --------          || rx_Query[1]               |   |
       |    to_No_Confirm[9]      || rx_Data[4]                |   |
       |    [!nConf_reached]       --------                    |   |
       |                          |        V                   |   |
       |    to_No_Confirm[9]      |        V                   |   |
       |    [nConf_reached]      +-----------+  rx_Confirm[8]  |   |
        ----------   ------------|  Awaiting |-----------------    |
                  | |            |  Refresh  |<<-------------------
                  | |            +-----------+      rx_Query[1]
                  | |             ^        |     [confirmRequired]
                  | |             ^        |
                  | |              --------
                  V V          to_No_Confirm[9]
                  V V          [!nConf_reached]
                +-----+
                |Death|<<---------------------
                +-----+    er_NoRSM[11]
                           to_Expire_RNode[11]
                               (from Established/Awaiting Refresh)
      

            [Initialisation]       +-----+
       ----------------------------|Birth|
      |                            +-----+       tg_RawData[1]
      |                                          || rx_Message[2]
      |                                          || rx_MA-Hello[3]
      |       tg_RawData[5]                      || to_SendHello[4]
      |        --------                             --------
      |       |        V                           |        V
      |       |        V                           |        V
      |      +----------+                         +-----------+
       ---->>| Awaiting |    tg_Connected[6]      | Connected |
       ------|Connection|----------------------->>|           |
      |      +----------+                         +-----------+
      |                                              ^    |
      |                              tg_RawData[1]   ^    |
      |                            || rx_Message[2]  |    | tg_MAIdle[7]
      |                                              |    V
      |                                              |    V
      | er_MAConnect[8]  +-----+   to_NoHello[8]  +-----------+
       ---------------->>|Death|<<----------------|   Idle    |
                         +-----+                  +-----------+
                           ^                       ^        |
                           ^                       ^        |
                            ---------------         --------
                            er_MAFailure[8]        rx_MA-Hello[9]
                         (from Connected/Idle)
      

                        xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
                       x  +--+      +--+      +--+  x      Initial
                      x  .|C1|_.....|D1|_.....|E1|   x     Configuration
                     x  . +--+.    .+--+.    .+--+\.  x
      >>xxxxxxxxxxxxx  .       .  .      .  .       .  xxxxxx>>
        +-+       +-+ .         ..        ..         . +-+
     ...|A|_......|B|/          ..        ..          .|F|_....
        +-+       +-+ .        .  .      .  .        . +-+
                       .      .    .    .    .      .
                        . +--+      +--+      +--+ .
                         .|C2|_.....|D2|_.....|E2|/
                          +--+      +--+      +--+

                          +--+      +--+      +--+         Configuration
                         .|C1|......|D1|......|E1|         after failure
                        . +--+     .+--+      +--+         of E1-F link
                       .      \.  .     \.  ./
        +-+       +-+ .         ..        ..           +-+
     ...|A|_......|B|.          ..        ..          .|F|_....
        +-+       +-+\         .  .      .  .        . +-+
      >>xxxxxxxxxxxxx .       .    .    .    .      .  xxxxxx>>
                     x  . +--+      +--+      +--+ .  x
                      x  .|C2|_.....|D2|_.....|E2|/  x
                       x  +--+      +--+      +--+  x
                        xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
      

       A                        B          C          D           E
   +------+                  +-----+    +-----+    +-----+    +--------+
   | Flow |    +-+    +-+    |NSLP1|    |NSLP1|    |     |    |  Flow  |
   |Sender|====|R|====|R|====|NSLP2|====|     |====|NSLP2|====|Receiver|
   |      |    +-+    +-+    |GIST |    |GIST |    |GIST |    |        |
   +------+                  +-----+    +-----+    +-----+    +--------+
             Flow Direction ------------------------------>>
      

    -------------------------TCP SYN----------------------->
    <----------------------TCP SYN/ACK----------------------
    -------------------------TCP ACK----------------------->
    TCP connect(IP Src=IP#B; IP Dst=IP#D; Src Port=9166; Dst Port=6123)
    <-----------------------TLS INIT----------------------->
      

   +-----------+           ooooo
   | Any State +----------o  18 o
   +-----------+           ooooo
                             |
                             v
   +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                             IDLE                                |
   +--+--------------------------------------------------------------+
      |        ^                                        ^        ^
      |        |                                        |        |
    ooooo    ooooo     ooooo      ooooo      ooooo      |        |
   o  1  o  o  2  o  +o  3  o+  +o  4  o+  +o  5  o+    |        |
    ooooo    ooooo   | ooooo |  | ooooo |  | ooooo |    |        |
      |        |     |       |  |       |  |       |    |        |
      v        |     |       v  |       v  |       v    |        |
   +-----------+-----+----------+----------+--------+   |        |
   |                 Wait Response                  |   |        |
   +--+-------------------------------------+-------+   |        |
      |       ^                             |           |        |
      |       |                             |           |        |
    ooooo     |           ooooo           ooooo       ooooo      |
   o  6  o    |         +o  5  o+        o  7  o     o  8  o     |
    ooooo     |         | ooooo |         ooooo       ooooo      |
      |       |         |       |           |           |        |
      |       |         |       v           v           |        |
      |       |    +----+-------------------------------+---+    |
      |       |    |         Wait MA Establishment          |    |
      |       |    +------------------------------+---------+    |
      |       |          ^                        |              |
      |       |          |                        |              |
      |     ooooo      ooooo        ooooo       ooooo          ooooo
      |    o  9  o    o  11 o     +o  13 o+    o  12 o        o  10 o
      |     ooooo      ooooo      | ooooo |     ooooo          ooooo
      |       |          |        |       |       |              |
      v       |          |        |       v       v              |
   +----------+----------+--------+------------------------------+---+
   |                  Established Downstream MRS                     |
   +--+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+
      |       ^   |       ^   |       ^   |       ^   |       ^
      |       |   |       |   |       |   |       |   |       |
      | ooooo |   | ooooo |   | ooooo |   | ooooo |   | ooooo |
      +o  16 o+   +o  14 o+   +o  15 o+   +o  4  o+   +o  17 o+
        ooooo       ooooo       ooooo       ooooo       ooooo
      

   +-----------+           ooooo
   | Any State +----------o  14 o
   +-----------+           ooooo
                             |
                             v
   +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                             IDLE                                |
   +--+-------------------------------+------------------------------+
      |                 ^             |                          ^
      |                 |             |                          |
    ooooo               |           ooooo          ooooo       ooooo
   o  1  o              |          o  2  o       +o  4  o+    o  3  o
    ooooo               |           ooooo        | ooooo |     ooooo
      |                 |             |          |       |       |
      |                 |             v          |       v       |
      |                 |   +--------------------+---------------+---+
      |                 |   |             Wait Confirm               |
      |                 |   +---------+------------------+-----------+
      |                 |             |          ^       |       ^
      |                 |             |          |       |       |
      |     ooooo     ooooo         ooooo      ooooo     | ooooo |
      |   +o  13 o+  o  8  o       o  5  o    o  7  o    +o  6  o+
      |   | ooooo |   ooooo         ooooo      ooooo       ooooo
      |   |       |     |             |          |
      v   |       v     |             v          |
    +------+-------------+------------------------+-------------------+
    |                  Established Upstream MRS                       |
    +------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------------+
           |       ^     |       ^     |       ^     |       ^
           |       |     |       |     |       |     |       |
           | ooooo |     | ooooo |     | ooooo |     | ooooo |
           +o  9  o+     +o  11 o+     +o  12 o+     +o  10 o+
             ooooo         ooooo         ooooo         ooooo
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   V--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   1) |tg_SendMsg              |tx_Query                 |Wait
   ** |                        |start T_No_Response      |Response
      |                        |Queue NSLP data          |
      |                        |                         |
   18)|Tg_ERROR                |Delete MRS               |IDLE
      |                        |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   V--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   2) |(timeout T_No_Response) |tg_MessageStatus         |IDLE
      |&&(MaxRetry)            |                         |
      |                        |                         |
   3) |(timeout T_No_Response) |Tx_Query                 |Wait
      |&&(!MaxRetry)           |restart T_No_Response    |Response
      |                        |                         |
   4) |rx_Data                 |IF(CheckPeerInfo)        |Wait
      |                        |      tg_RecvMsg to Appl.|Response
      |                        |                         |
   5) |tg_SendMsg              |Queue NSLP data          |Wait
      |                        |                         |Response
      |                        |                         |
   6) |rx_Response)||          |Install MRS              |Established
      |(rx_Response(MAinfo)&&  |IF (RespCookie)          |Downstream
      |(MAexist))              |   tx_Confirm(RespCookie)|MRS
      |                        |tx_Data(Queued NSLP data)|
      |                        |                         |
   7) |rx_Response(MAinfo)&&   |tg_Establish_MA          |Wait MA
   *  |(!MAexist)              |(tx_Confirm)             |Establish.
      |                        |                         |
      |                        |                         |
   18)|Tg_ERROR                |(Delete MRS)             |IDLE
      |                        |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   V--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   4) |rx_Data                 |IF(CheckPeerInfo)        |Established
      |                        |      tg_RecvMsg to Appl.|Downstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   9) |((tg_SendMsg)&&(C-mode) |tx_Query                 |Wait
      |&&(!MAexist))||         |Queue NSLP data          |Response
      |(tg_MA_error)||         |                         |
      |(tg_InvalidRoutingState)|                         |
      |                        |                         |
   10)|(timeout T_Inactive_    |Delete MRS               |IDLE
      |                QNode)|||IF (MA is used)          |
      |(tg_SetStateLifetime(0))|   (Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |   (Stop using shared MA)|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   11)|(rx_Response(MAinfo)&&  |((Delete MA)||           |Wait MA
   *  |(NewPeer)&&(!MA_exist)) |(Stop using shared MA))  |Establish.
      |                        |tg_Establish_MA          |
      |                        |(tx_Confirm)             |
      |                        |                         |
   13)|timeout T_Refresh_QNode |tx_Query                 |Established
      |                        |                         |Downstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   14)|tg_SendMsg              |tx_Data                  |Established
      |                        |restart T_Inactive_QNode |Downstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   15)|(rx_Response)&&         |Refresh MRS              |Established
      |(!NewPeer)              |restart T_Inactive_QNode |Downstream
     |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   16)|(rx_Response)||         |IF (MA is used)          |Established
      |(rx_Response(Mainfo)&&  |   (Delete MA)||         |Downstream
      |(MAexist)))&&(NewPeer)  |   (Stop using shared MA)|MRS
      |                        |Install MRS              |
      |                        |restart T_Inactive_QNode |
      |                        |IF (RespCookie)          |
      |                        |   tx_Confirm(RespCookie)|
      |                        |                         |

   17)|rx_Response(No_MRS_     |tx_Confirm(RespCookie)   |Established
      |              installed)|tx_Data(Queued NSLP data)|Downstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   18)|Tg_ERROR                |(Delete MRS)             |IDLE
      |                        |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   V--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   5) |tg_SendMsg              |Queue NSLP data          |Wait MA
      |                        |                         |Establish.
      |                        |                         |
   8) |tg_MA_error             |Delete MRS               |IDLE
      |                        |tg_MessageStatus         |
      |                        |                         |
   12)|tg_MA_Established       |Install MRS              |Established
   *  |                        |(tx_Confirm)             |Downstream
      |                        |tx_Data(Queued NSLP data)|MRS
      |                        |                         |
   18)|Tg_ERROR                |Delete MRS               |IDLE
      |                        |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   v--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   1) |rx_Query&&              |tx_Response              |Established
      |(!ConfirmRequired)      |Install MRS              |Upstream
      |                        |IF(NSLPdata)             |MRS
      |                        |     tg_RecvMsg(NSLPdata)|
      |                        |                 to Appl.|
      |                        |                         |
   2) |rx_Query&&              |tx_Response              |Wait
      |(ConfirmRequired)       |start T_No_Confirm       |Confirm
      |                        |IF(NSLPdata)             |
      |                        |     tg_RecvMsg(NSLPdata)|
      |                        |                 to Appl.|
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   v--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   3) |timeout T_No_Confirm    |                         |IDLE
      |                        |                         |
   4) |rx_Query&&              |tx_Response              |Wait
      |(ConfirmRequired)       |start T_No_Confirm       |Confirm
      |                        |IF(NSLPdata)             |
      |                        |     tg_RecvMsg(NSLPdata)|
      |                        |                 to Appl.|
      |                        |                         |
   5) |rx_Confirm              |Install Upstream MRS     |Established
      |                        |                         |Upstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   6) |rx_Data                 |tx_Response(No_MRS_      |Wait
      |                        |               installed)|Confirm
      |                        |                         |

   14)|(Tg_ERROR)||            |(Delete MRS)             |IDLE
      |(Tg_MA_Error)           |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

   +Transition
   |  |Condition               |Action                   |State
   v--+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
   7) |(rx_Query)&&            |Delete MRS               |Wait
      |(ConfirmRequired)       |tx_Response              |Confirm
      |                        |start T_No_Confirm       |
      |                        |IF(MA is used)           |
      |                        |   (Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |   (Stop using shared MA)|
      |                        |IF(NSLPdata)             |
      |                        |   tg_RecvMsg(NSLPdata)  |
      |                        |                 to Appl.|
      |                        |                         |
   8) |(timeout T_Expire_RNode)|Delete MRS               |IDLE
      |||                      |tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |(tg_SetStateLifetime(0))|IF(MA is used)           |
      |                        |   (Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |   (Stop using shared MA)|
      |                        |                         |
   9) |tg_SendMsg              |IF(!UpstreamPeerInfo)    |Established
      |                        |    Queue NSLP data      |Upstream
      |                        |ELSE tx_Data             |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   10)|rx_Query                |IF (NewPeer)             |Established
      |                        |  Update UpstreamPeerInfo|Upstream
      |                        |tx_Response              |MRS
      |                        |restart T_Expire_RNode   |
      |                        |                         |
   11)|rx_Query(MAinfo)&&      |Delete UpstreamPeerInfo  |Established
      |(!ConfirmRequired)      |restart T_Expire_RNode   |Upstream
      |                        |tx_Response(MAinfo)      |MRS
      |                        |                         |

   12)|rx_Data                 |IF(UpstreamPeerInfo)     |Established
      |                        |    (tg_RecvMsg to Appl.)|Upstream
      |                        |    &&(restart_T_Expire_ |MRS
      |                        |                   RNode)|
      |                        |ELSE                     |
      |                        |    tx_Error(No_MRS_     |
      |                        |               installed)|
      |                        |                         |
   13)|rx_Confirm              |Install UpstreamPeerInfo |Established
      |                        |tx_Data(queued_NSLP_data)|Upstream
      |                        |                         |MRS
      |                        |                         |
   14)|(Tg_ERROR)||            |(Delete MRS)             |IDLE
      |(Tg_MA_Error)           |IF (MA is used)          |
      |                        |  ((Delete MA)||         |
      |                        |  (Stop using shared MA))|
      |                        |Tg_NetworkNotification   |
      |                        |                         |
   ---+------------------------+-------------------------+-----------
      

                  +----+    //----\\       +----+
          NI -----| FW |---|        |------| FW |--- NR
                  +----+    \\----//       +----+
      

           +----+     +----+    //----\\    +----+     +----+
      NI --| MB1|-----| MB2|---|        |---| MB3|-----| MB4|--- NR
           +----+     +----+    \\----//    +----+     +----+
      

             +----+     +----+    //----\\
        NI --| MB |-----| MB |---|        |--- NR
             +----+     +----+    \\----//
      

               //----\\    +----+     +----+
        NI ---|        |---| MB |-----| MB |--- NR
               \\----//    +----+     +----+
      

             +----+    //---\\
   NI -------| MB |---|       |
      \      +----+    \\-+-//
       \                  |
        \                 +----- NR
         \                |
          \  +----+    //-+-\\
           --| MB |---|       |
             +----+    \\---//
      

             +----+
   NR -------| FW |\
       \     +----+ \  //---\\
        \            -|       |-- NI
         \             \\---//
          \  +----+       |
           --| FW |-------+
             +----+
             private
      

             +-------+    +-------+    +-------+    +-------+
             | DS/NI |<~~~| MB1/  |<~~~| MB2/  |<~~~| DR/NR |
             |       |--->| NF1   |--->| NF2   |--->|       |
             +-------+    +-------+    +-------+    +-------+
      

                    administrative domain
               ----------------------------------\
                                                 |
             +-------+    +-------+    +-------+ |  +-------+
             | DS/NI |<~~~| MB1/  |<~~~| MB2/  | |  |   DR  |
             |       |--->| NF1   |--->| NR    | |  |       |
             +-------+    +-------+    +-------+ |  +-------+
                                                 |
               ----------------------------------/
      

                               administrative domain
                        / ----------------------------------
                        |
             +-------+  | +-------+    +-------+    +-------+
             |   DS  |  | | MB2/  |~~~>|  MB1/ |~~~>|   DR  |
             |       |  | | NR    |<---|  NF1  |<---|       |
             +-------+  | +-------+    +-------+    +-------+
                        |
                        \----------------------------------
      

   +-------+ CREATE(lt=60s)  +-------------+ CREATE(lt=20s)  +--------+
   |       |---------------->|     NSLP    |---------------->|        |
   |  NI   |                 |  forwarder  |                 |  NR    |
   |       |<----------------| check 15<20 |<----------------|        |
   +-------+ RESPONSE(lt=15s)+-------------+ RESPONSE(lt=15s)+--------+
      

       NI      Private Network        NF    Public Internet        NR
       |                              |                            |
       | CREATE                       |                            |
       |----------------------------->|                            |
       |                              |                            |
       |                              |                            |
       |                              | CREATE                     |
       |                              |--------------------------->|
       |                              |                            |
       |                              | RESPONSE                   |
       |    RESPONSE                  |<---------------------------|
       |<-----------------------------|                            |
       |                              |                            |
       |                              |                            |
      

    |               |                       |                       |
    |               |                       |                       |
    |               |                       |                       |
    |               |  EXTERNAL[(DTInfo)]   |  EXTERNAL[(DTInfo)]   |
    |               |<----------------------|<----------------------|
    |               |                       |                       |
    |               |RESPONSE[Success/Error]|RESPONSE[Success/Error]|
    |               |---------------------->|---------------------->|
    |               |                       |                       |
    |               |                       |                       |
      

      |----------------------------->|                            |
      |                              |                            |
      |                              |                            |
      |                              |  CREATE[lifetime > 0]      |
      |                              |--------------------------->|
      |                              |                            |
      |                              |   RESPONSE[Success/Error]  |
      |   RESPONSE[Success/Error]    |<---------------------------|
      |<-----------------------------|                            |
      |                              |                            |
      |                              |                            |
      

      |                              |          space             |
      |    CREATE[lifetime=0]        |                            |
      |----------------------------->|                            |
      |                              |                            |
      |                              | CREATE[lifetime=0]         |
      |                              |--------------------------->|
      |                              |                            |
      

      |                               |  EXTERNAL-PROXY[(DTInfo)] |
      |                               |<------------------------- |
      |                               |  RESPONSE[Error/Success]  |
      |                               | ---------------------- >  |
      |                               |   CREATE                  |
      |                               | ------------------------> |
      |                               |  RESPONSE[Error/Success]  |
      |                               | <----------------------   |
      |                               |                           |
      

      |                               |                           |
      |         CREATE-PROXY          |                           |
      |------------------------------>|                           |
      |                               |                           |
      |   RESPONSE[SUCCESS/ERROR]     |                           |
      |<------------------------------|                           |
      |                               |                           |
      

   +------------------------+              +-------------------------+
   |Network A               |              |                Network B|
   |              +---------+              +---------+               |
   |        +-///-+ Middle- +---///////----+ Middle- +-///-+         |
   |        |     |  box 1  | Security     |  box 2  |     |         |
   |        |     +---------+ Context      +---------+     |         |
   |        | Security      |              |  Security     |         |
   |        | Context       |              |  Context      |         |
   |        |               |              |               |         |
   |     +--+---+           |              |            +--+---+     |
   |     | Host |           |              |            | Host |     |
   |     |  A   |           |              |            |  B   |     |
   |     +------+           |              |            +------+     |
   +------------------------+              +-------------------------+
      

       +-----------------------------------------------------------+
       |                                               Network A   |
       |                      +---------+                +---------+
       |      +----///--------+ Middle- +------///------++ Middle- +---
       |      | Security      |  box 2  | Security       |  box 2  |
       |      | Context       +----+----+ Context        +----+----+
       | +----+----+               |                          |    |
       | | Middle- +--------+      +---------+                |    |
       | |  box 1  |        |                |                |    |
       | +----+----+        |                |                |    |
       |      | Security    |           +----+-----+          |    |
       |      | Context     |           | Policy   |          |    |
       |   +--+---+         +-----------+ Decision +----------+    |
       |   | Host |                     | Point    |               |
       |   |  A   |                     +----------+               |
       |   +------+                                                |
       +-----------------------------------------------------------+
      

       +--------------------+              +---------------------+
       |          Network A |              |Network B            |
       |                    |   Security   |                     |
       |          +---------+   Context    +---------+           |
       |    +-///-+ Middle- +---///////----+ Middle- +-///-+     |
       |    |     |  box 1  |      +-------+  box 2  |     |     |
       |    |     +---------+      |       +---------+     |     |
       |    |Security       |      |       | Security      |     |
       |    |Context        |      |       | Context       |
       |    |               |      |       |               |     |
       | +--+---+           |      |       |            +--+---+ |
       | | Host +----///----+------+       |            | Host | |
       | |  A   |           |   Security   |            |  B   | |
       | +------+           |   Context    |            +------+ |
       +--------------------+              +---------------------+
      

    +----------------+   Trust Relationship    +----------------+
    | +------------+ |<.......................>| +------------+ |
    | | Protocol   | |                         | | Assertion  | |
    | | requesting | |    HTTP, SIP Request    | | Granting   | |
    | | authz      | |------------------------>| | Entity     | |
    | | assertions | |<------------------------| +------------+ |
    | +------------+ |    Artifact/Assertion   |  Entity Cecil  |
    |       ^        |                         +----------------+
    |       |        |                          ^     ^|
    |       |        |                          .     || HTTP,
    |       |        |              Trust       .     || other
    |   API Access   |              Relationship.     || protocols
    |       |        |                          .     ||
    |       |        |                          .     ||
    |       |        |                          v     |v
    |       v        |                         +----------------+
    | +------------+ |                         | +------------+ |
    | | Protocol   | |  NSIS NATFW CREATE +    | | Assertion  | |
    | | using authz| |  Assertion/Artifact     | | Verifying  | |
    | | assertion  | | ----------------------- | | Entity     | |
    | +------------+ |                         | +------------+ |
    |  Entity Alice  | <---------------------- |  Entity Bob    |
    +----------------+   RESPONSE              +----------------+
      

                             +------+                  Data Flow
                     +-------| EFW1 +----------+     <===========
                     |       +------+       ,--+--.
                  +--+--+                  /       \
          NI+-----| FW1 |                 (Internet )----NR+/NI/DS
          NR      +--+--+                  \       /
                     |       +------+       `--+--'
                     +-------| EFW2 +----------+
                             +------+
      

       DS                          NAT                         NI+
       |                           |                            |
       |                           |  EXTERNAL                  |
       |                           |<---------------------------|(1)
       |                           |                            |
       |                           |RESPONSE[Success]           |
       |                           |--------------------------->|(2)
       |                           |CREATE                      |
       |                           |--------------------------->|(3)
       |                           |RESPONSE[Success]           |
       |                           |<---------------------------|(4)
       |                           |                            |
       |                           | <Use port=XYZ, IP=a.b.c.d> |
       |<=======================================================|(5)
       |FTP control port=XYZ       | FTP control port=21        |
       |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|(6)
       |                           |                            |
       |  FTP control/get X        |   FTP control/get X        |
       |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|(7)
       |                           |  EXTERNAL                  |
       |                           |<---------------------------|(8)
       |                           |                            |
       |                           |RESPONSE[Success]           |
       |                           |--------------------------->|(9)
       |                           |CREATE                      |
       |                           |--------------------------->|(10)
       |                           |RESPONSE[Success]           |
       |                           |<---------------------------|(11)
       |                           |                            |
       | Use port=FOO, IP=a.b.c.d  |  Use port=FOO, IP=a.b.c.d  |
       |<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|(12)
       |                           |                            |
       |FTP data to port=FOO       | FTP data to port=20        |
       |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>|(13)
      

                        QoS NSLP nodes
  IP address            (QoS-unaware NSIS nodes are          IP address
  = Flow                 not shown)                          = Flow
  Source                 |          |            |           Destination
  Address                |          |            |           Address
                         V          V            V
  +--------+  Data +------+      +------+       +------+     +--------+
  |  Flow  |-------|------|------|------|-------|------|---->|  Flow  |
  | Sender |  Flow |      |      |      |       |      |     |Receiver|
  +--------+       | QNI  |      | QNE  |       | QNR  |     +--------+
                   |      |      |      |       |      |
                   +------+      +------+       +------+
                           =====================>
                           <=====================
                                 Signaling
                                   Flow
      

           (1)                         +-+
         /-----\                       |x| = QoS NSLP aware
       +-+     /-\ (3) +-+             +-+
   ----|A|     |B|-----|C|----
       +-+     \-/     +-+             /-\
         \-----/                       |x| = QoS NSLP unaware
           (2)                         \-/
      

   QNI        QNE        QNE        QNR
    |          |          |          |
    | RESERVE  |          |          |
    +--------->|          |          |
    |          | RESERVE  |          |
    |          +--------->|          |
    |          |          | RESERVE  |
    |          |          +--------->|
    |          |          |          |
    |          |          | RESPONSE |
    |          |          |<---------+
    |          | RESPONSE |          |
    |          |<---------+          |
    | RESPONSE |          |          |
    |<---------+          |          |
    |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |
      

    QNR        QNE        QNE        QNI
   sender                          receiver
     |          |          |          |
     | QUERY    |          |          |
     +--------->|          |          |
     |          | QUERY    |          |
     |          +--------->|          |
     |          |          | QUERY    |
     |          |          +--------->|
     |          |          |          |
     |          |          | RESERVE  |
     |          |          |<---------+
     |          | RESERVE  |          |
     |          |<---------+          |
     | RESERVE  |          |          |
     |<---------+          |          |
     |          |          |          |
     | RESPONSE |          |          |
     +--------->|          |          |
     |          | RESPONSE |          |
     |          +--------->|          |
     |          |          | RESPONSE |
     |          |          +--------->|
     |          |          |          |
      

      A          QNE        QNE        B
      |          |  FLOW-1  |          |
      |===============================>|
      |RESERVE-1 |          |          |
   QNI+--------->|RESERVE-1 |          |
      |          +-------------------->|QNR
      |          |          |          |
      |          |  FLOW-2  |          |
      |<===============================|
      |          |          |RESERVE-2 |
      |  RESERVE-2          |<---------+QNI
   QNR|<--------------------+          |
      |          |          |          |
      

          A          QNE        QNE        B
          |          |  FLOW-1  |          |
          |===============================>|
          |RESERVE-1 |          |          |
       QNI+--------->|RESERVE-1 |          |
          |          +-------------------->|QNR
          |          |          |          |
          |          |  FLOW-2  |          |
          |<===============================|
          |          |          |  QUERY-2 |
          |          |  QUERY-2 |<---------+QNR
       QNI|<--------------------+          |
          |          |          |          |
          |RESERVE-2 |          |          |
       QNI+--------->|RESERVE-2 |          |
          |          +-------------------->|QNR
          |          |          |          |
      

   QNI        QNE      QNE/QNI'     QNE'    QNR'/QNE      QNR
                     aggregator           deaggregator
    |          |          |          |          |          |
    | RESERVE  |          |          |          |          |
    +--------->|          |          |          |          |
    |          | RESERVE  |          |          |          |
    |          +--------->|          |          |          |
    |          |          | RESERVE  |          |          |
    |          |          +-------------------->|          |
    |          |          | RESERVE' |          |          |
    |          |          +=========>| RESERVE' |          |
    |          |          |          +=========>| RESERVE  |
    |          |          |          |          +--------->|
    |          |          |          | RESPONSE'|          |
    |          |          | RESPONSE'|<=========+          |
    |          |          |<=========+          |          |
    |          |          |          |          | RESPONSE |
    |          |          |          | RESPONSE |<---------+
    |          |          |<--------------------+          |
    |          | RESPONSE |          |          |          |
    |          |<---------+          |          |          |
    | RESPONSE |          |          |          |          |
    |<---------+          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |
    |          |          |          |          |          |
      

                +---+     +---+     +---+     +---+
                |QNI|-----|QNE|-----|QNE|-----|QNR|         aggregate
                +---+     +---+     +---+     +---+         reservation

   +---+     +---+     .....     .....     +---+     +---+
   |QNI|-----|QNE|-----.   .-----.   .-----|QNE|-----|QNR|  end-to-end
   +---+     +---+     .....     .....     +---+     +---+  reservation
      

      QNI        QNE      QNE/QNI'     QNE'    QNR'/QNE      QNR
                        aggregator           deaggregator
       |          |          |          |          |          |
       | RESERVE  |          |          |          |          |
       +--------->|          |          |          |          |
       |          | RESERVE  |          |          |          |
       |          +--------->|          |          |          |
       |          |          | RESERVE  |          |          |
       |          |          |   (1)    |          |          |
       |          |          +-------------------->|          |
       |          |          | RESERVE' |          |          |
       |          |          |   (2)    |          |          |
       |          |          +=========>| RESERVE' |          |
       |          |          |          |   (3)    |          |
       |          |          |          +=========>| RESERVE  |
       |          |          |          |          |   (4)    |
       |          |          |          |          +--------->|
       |          |          |          | RESPONSE'|          |
       |          |          | RESPONSE'|<=========+          |
       |          |          |<=========+          |          |
       |          |          |          |          | RESPONSE |
       |          |          |          | RESPONSE |<---------+
       |          |          |<--------------------+          |
       |          | RESPONSE |          |          |          |
       |          |<---------+          |          |          |
       | RESPONSE |          |          |          |          |
       |<---------+          |          |          |          |
       |          |          |          |          |          |
       |          |          |          |          |          |
      

           QNE             QNE             QNE            QNE
         ingress         interior        interior        egress
     GIST stateful  GIST stateless  GIST stateless  GIST stateful
            |               A               B              |
    RESERVE |               |               |              |
   -------->| RESERVE       |               |              |
            +--------------------------------------------->|
            | RESERVE'      |               |              |
            +-------------->|               |              |
            |               | RESERVE'      |              |
            |               +-------------->|              |
            |               |               | RESERVE'     |
            |               |               +------------->|
            |               |               |  RESPONSE'   |
            |<---------------------------------------------+
            |               |               |              | RESERVE
            |               |               |              +-------->
            |               |               |              | RESPONSE
            |               |               |              |<--------
            |               |               |     RESPONSE |
            |<---------------------------------------------+
    RESPONSE|               |               |              |
   <--------|               |               |              |
      

           QNE            QNE            QNE
         ingress        interior        egress
     GIST stateful  GIST stateless  GIST stateful
            |               |               |
    QUERY   |               |               |
   -------->| QUERY         |               |
            +------------------------------>|
            |               |               | QUERY
            |               |               +-------->
            |               |               | RESERVE
            |               |               |<--------
            |               |      RESERVE  |
            |<------------------------------+
            | RESERVE'      | RESERVE'      |
            |-------------->|-------------->|
            |               |     RESPONSE' |
            |<------------------------------+
    RESERVE |               |               |
   <--------|               |               |
      

      +------------------+  +------------------+  +------------------+
      |          Network |  |          Network |  |          Network |
      |             X    |  |             Y    |  |             Z    |
      |                  |  |                  |  |                  |
      |              ----------->          ----------->              |
      |                  |  |                  |  |                  |
      |                  |  |                  |  |                  |
      +--------^---------+  +------------------+  +-------+----------+
               |                                          .
               |                                          .
               |                                          v
            +--+---+  Data                   Data      +--+---+
            | Node |  ==============================>  | Node |
            |  A   |  Sender                Receiver   |  B   |
            +------+                                   +------+
      

   +-------------+  QoS request     +--------------+
   |  Entity     |----------------->| Entity       |
   |  requesting |                  | authorizing  |
   |  resource   |granted / rejected| resource     |
   |             |<-----------------| request      |
   +-------------+                  +--------------+
             ^                           ^
             +...........................+
                     compensation
      

     Authorization
     Token Request   +--------------+
     +-------------->| Entity C     | financial settlement
     |               | authorizing  | <..................+
     |               | resource     |                    .
     |        +------+ request      |                    .
     |        |      +--------------+                    .
     |        |                                          .
     |        |Authorization                             .
     |        |Token                                     .
     |        |                                          .
     |        |                                          .
     |        |                                          .
     |        |      QoS request                         .
   +-------------+ + Authz. Token   +--------------+     .
   |  Entity     |----------------->| Entity B     |     .
   |  requesting |                  | performing   |     .
   |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          |  <..+
   |      A      |<-----------------| reservation  |
   +-------------+                  +--------------+
      

                                    +--------------+
                                    | Entity C     |
                                    | authorizing  |
                                    | resource     |
                                    | request      |
                                    +-----------+--+
                                       ^        |
                                   QoS |        | QoS
                                  authz|        |authz
                                   req.|        | res.
                      QoS              |        v
   +-------------+    request       +--+-----------+
   |  Entity     |----------------->| Entity B     |
   |  requesting |                  | performing   |
   |  resource   |granted / rejected| QoS          |
   |      A      |<-----------------| reservation  |
   +-------------+                  +--------------+
      

   +---------------------------------------+
   |            QSPEC Objects              |
   +---------------------------------------+

   \________________ ______________________/
                    V
   +----------+----------+---------+-------+
   |QoS Desir.|QoS Avail.|QoS Rsrv.|Min QoS|
   +----------+----------+---------+-------+
      

   +-------------+...     +-------------+...
   |QSPEC Para. 1|        |QSPEC Para. n|
   +-------------+...     +-------------+...
      

   +----------+      /-------\       /--------\       /--------\
   | Laptop   |     |   Home  |     |  Cable   |     | Diffserv |
   | Computer |-----| Network |-----| Network  |-----| Network  |----+
   +----------+     | No QOSM |     |DQOS QOSM |     | RMD QOSM |    |
                     \-------/       \--------/       \--------/     |
                                                                     |
                     +-----------------------------------------------+
                     |
                     |    /--------\      +----------+
                     |   |    XG    |     | Handheld |
                     +---| Wireless |-----|  Device  |
                         | XG QOSM  |     +----------+
                          \--------/
      

   |------|   |------|                           |------|   |------|
   | e2e  |<->| e2e  |<------------------------->| e2e  |<->| e2e  |
   | QOSM |   | QOSM |                           | QOSM |   | QOSM |
   |      |   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |      |
   | NSLP |   | NSLP |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP |   | NSLP |
   |Y.1541|   |local |   |local  |   |local  |   |local |   |Y.1541|
   | QOSM |   | QOSM |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM |   | QOSM |
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   | NTLP |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP |
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
     QNI         QNE        QNE         QNE         QNE       QNR
   (End)  (Ingress Edge) (Interior)  (Interior) (Egress Edge)  (End)
      

     MESSAGE  | OBJECT      | OBJECTS INCLUDED   | OBJECTS INCLUDED
     SEQUENCE | COMBINATION | IN RESERVE MESSAGE | IN RESPONSE MESSAGE
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     0        | 0           | QoS Desired        | QoS Reserved
              |             |                    |
     0        | 1           | QoS Desired        | QoS Reserved
              |             | QoS Available      | QoS Available
              |             |                    |
     0        | 2           | QoS Desired        | QoS Reserved
              |             | QoS Available      | QoS Available
              |             | Minimum QoS        |
      

     MSG.|OBJ.|OBJECTS INCLUDED |OBJECTS INCLUDED   |OBJECTS INCLUDED
     SEQ.|COM.|IN QUERY MESSAGE |IN RESERVE MESSAGE |IN RESPONSE MESSAGE
     -------------------------------------------------------------------
     1   |0   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
         |    |                 |                   |
     1   |1   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
         |    |(Minimum QoS)    |QoS Available      |QoS Available
         |    |                 |(Minimum QoS)      |
         |    |                 |                   |
     1   |2   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
         |    |QoS Available    |QoS Available      |
      

   MSG.|OBJ.|OBJECTS INCLUDED |OBJECTS INCLUDED   |OBJECTS INCLUDED
   SEQ.|COM.|IN QUERY MESSAGE |IN RESERVE MESSAGE |IN RESPONSE MESSAGE
   -------------------------------------------------------------------
   0   |0   |N/A              |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |                 |                   |
   0   |1   |N/A              |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |N/A              |QoS Available      |QoS Available
       |    |                 |                   |
   0   |2   |N/A              |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |N/A              |QoS Available      |QoS Available
       |    |N/A              |Minimum QoS        |
       |    |                 |                   |
   1   |0   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |                 |                   |
   1   |1   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |(Minimum QoS)    |QoS Available      |QoS Available
       |    |                 |(Minimum QoS)      |
       |    |                 |                   |
   1   |2   |QoS Desired      |QoS Desired        |QoS Reserved
       |    |QoS Available    |QoS Available      |
       |    |                 |                   |
   2   |0   |QoS Available    |N/A                |QoS Available
      

   Protocol Header Size
   --------------------------+------------
   GRE [RFC1701]             |    8 octets
   GREIP4 [RFC1702]          |  4-8 octets
   IP4INIP4 [RFC2003]        |   20 octets
   MINENC [RFC2004]          | 8-12 octets
   IP6GEN [RFC2473]          |   40 octets
   IP6INIP4 [RFC4213]        |   20 octets
   IPsec [RFC4301, RFC4303]  |    variable
   --------------------------+------------
      

     |------|   |------|                           |------|   |------|
     | e2e  |<->| e2e  |<------------------------->| e2e  |<->| e2e  |
     | QOSM |   | QOSM |                           | QOSM |   | QOSM |
     |      |   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |      |
     | NSLP |   | NSLP |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP |   | NSLP |
     |Y.1541|   |local |   |local  |   |local  |   |local |   |Y.1541|
     | QOSM |   | QOSM |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM |   | QOSM |
     |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
     -----------------------------------------------------------------
     |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
     | NTLP |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP |
     |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
       QNI         QNE        QNE         QNE         QNE       QNR
     (End)  (Ingress Edge) (Interior)  (Interior) (Egress Edge)  (End)
      

                          Stateless or reduced-state        Egress
   Ingress                RMD Nodes                         Node
   Node                   (Interior Nodes; I-Nodes)        (Stateful
   (Stateful              |          |            |         RMD QoS
   RMD QoS-NLSP           |          |            |         NSLP Node)
   Node)                  V          V            V
   +-------+   Data +------+      +------+       +------+     +------+
   |-------|--------|------|------|------|-------|------|---->|------|
   |       |   Flow |      |      |      |       |      |     |      |
   |Ingress|        |I-Node|      |I-Node|       |I-Node|     |Egress|
   |       |        |      |      |      |       |      |     |      |
   +-------+        +------+      +------+       +------+     +------+
            =================================================>
            <=================================================
                                  Signaling Flow
      

   |------|   |-------|                           |------|   |------|
   | e2e  |<->| e2e   |<------------------------->| e2e  |<->| e2e  |
   | QoS  |   | QoS   |                           | QoS  |   | QoS  |
   |      |   |-------|                           |------|   |------|
   |      |   |-------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |      |
   |      |   | local |<->| local |<->| local |<->| local|   |      |
   |      |   | QoS   |   |  QoS  |   |  QoS  |   |  QoS |   |      |
   |      |   |       |   |       |   |       |   |      |   |      |
   | NSLP |   | NSLP  |   | NSLP  |   | NSLP  |   | NSLP |   | NSLP |
   |st.ful|   |st.ful |   |st.less/   |st.less/   |st.ful|   |st.ful|
   |      |   |       |   |red.st.|   |red.st.|   |      |   |      |
   |      |   |-------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |      |
   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   ------------------------------------------------------------------
   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   | NTLP |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP |<->|NTLP  |
   |st.ful|   |st.ful |   |st.less|   |st.less|   |st.ful|   |st.ful|
   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
     QNI         QNE        QNE         QNE          QNE       QNR
   (End)     (Ingress)   (Interior)  (Interior)   (Egress)    (End)
      

       QNE Ingress     QNE Interior     QNE Interior   QNE Egress
     NTLP stateful  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateful
            |               |               |              |
    RESERVE |               |               |              |
   -------->| RESERVE       |               |              |
            +--------------------------------------------->|
            | RESERVE'      |               |              |
            +-------------->|               |              |
            |               | RESERVE'      |              |
            |               +-------------->|              |
            |               |               | RESERVE'     |
            |               |               +------------->|
            |               |               |     RESPONSE'|
            |<---------------------------------------------+
            |               |               |              | RESERVE
            |               |               |              +------->
            |               |               |              |RESPONSE
            |               |               |              |<-------
            |               |               |     RESPONSE |
            |<---------------------------------------------+
    RESPONSE|               |               |              |
   <--------|               |               |              |
      

QNE(Ingress)      QNE(Interior)         QNE(Interior)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless        NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                    |                   |                    |
RESERVE                  |                   |                    |
--->|                    |                   |     RESERVE        |
    |------------------------------------------------------------>|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)  |                   |                    |
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
    |                    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC) |                    |
    |                    |------------------>|                    |
    |                    |                   | RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC) |
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
    |                    |RESPONSE(RMD-QSPEC)|                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                    |                   |                RESERVE
    |                    |                   |                    |-->
    |                    |                   |                RESPONSE
    |                    |                   |                    |<--
    |                    |RESPONSE           |                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
RESPONSE                 |                   |                    |
<---|                    |                   |                    |
      

QNE(Ingress)     QNE(Interior)        QNE(Interior)       QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless        NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                    |                   |                    |
RESERVE                  |                   |                    |
--->|                    |                   |     RESERVE        |
    |------------------------------------------------------------>|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:M=0)                  |                    |
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
    |                    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:M=1)                  |
    |                    |------------------>|                    |
    |                    |                   | RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:M=1)
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
    |                    |RESPONSE(RMD-QOSM) |                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                    |RESPONSE           |                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
RESPONSE                 |                   |                    |
<---|                    |                   |                    |
RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, <Admitted Hops>=<Max Admitted Hops>
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
                         |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, K=1)    |
    |                    |------------------>|                    |
                         |    RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, K=1)|
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
      

QNE(Ingress)     QNE(Interior)         QNE(Interior)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless        NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                    |                   |                    |
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)  |                   |                    |
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
    |                    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC) |                    |
    |                    |------------------>|                    |
    |                    |                   | RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC) |
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
    |                    |                   |                    |
    |                    |RESPONSE(RMD-QSPEC)|                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                    |                   |                    |
      

QNE(Ingress)      QNE(Interior)        QNE(Interior)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless        NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                    |                   |                    |
RESERVE                  |                   |                    |
--->|                    |                   |     RESERVE        |
    |------------------------------------------------------------>|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1)               |                    |
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
    |                    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1)               |
    |                    |------------------->|                   |
    |                    |                 RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1)
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
    |                    |                   |                RESERVE
    |                    |                   |                    |-->
      

QNE(Ingress)      QNE(Interior)          QNE(Interior)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless         NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                  |                  |                  |
    | NOTIFY           |                  |                  |
    |<-------------------------------------------------------|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1,M=1,S=1)    |                  |
    | ---------------->|RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1,M=1,S=1)    |
    |                  |                  |                  |
    |                  |----------------->|                  |
    |                  |           RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1,M=1,S=1)
    |                  |                  |----------------->|
      

QNE(Ingress)      QNE(Interior)         QNE(Interior)     QNE(Egress)
                                     Node that marked
                                    PHR_Resource_Request
                                       <PHR> object
NTLP stateful    NTLP stateless        NTLP stateless    NTLP stateful
    |                    |                   |                    |
    |                    |                   |                    |
    | RESPONSE (RMD-QSPEC: M=1)              |                    |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, <Admit Hops>=<Max Admitted Hops>, K=0)
    |------------------->|                   |                    |
    |                    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, K=1)    |
    |                    |------------------>|                    |
    |                    |    RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC: Tear=1, M=1, K=1)|
    |                    |                   |------------------->|
    |                    |                   |                    |
      

  user  |                  |                 |                  |
  data  |  user data       |                 |                  |
 ------>|----------------->|     user data   | user data        |
        |                  |---------------->S(# marked bytes)  |
        |                  |                 S----------------->|
        |                  |                 S(# unmarked bytes)|
        |                  |                 S----------------->|Term.
        |                 NOTIFY             S                  |flow?
        |<-----------------|-----------------S------------------|YES
        |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1,M=1,S=1)   S                  |
        | ---------------->|RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:T=1,M=1,S=1)      |
        |                  |                 S                  |
        |                  |---------------->S                  |
        |                  |       RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC:Tear=1,M=1,S=1)
        |                  |                 S----------------->|
      

QNE(Ingress)           Interior          Interior        QNE(Egress)
                    (not NSIS aware) (not NSIS aware)
  user  |                  |                 |                  |
  data  |  user data       |                 |                  |
 ------>|----------------->|     user data   |                  |
        |                  |---------------->| user data        |
        |                  |                 |----------------->|
  user  |                  |                 |                  |
  data  |  user data       |                 |                  |
 ------>|----------------->|     user data   | user data        |
        |                  |---------------->S(# marked bytes)  |
        |                  |                 S----------------->|
        |                  |                 S(# unmarked bytes)|
        |                  |                 S----------------->|
        |                  |                 S                  |
RESERVE |                  |                 S                  |
------->|                  |                 S                  |
        |----------------------------------->S                  |
        |                  |           RESERVE(re-marked DSCP in GIST)
        |                  |                 S----------------->|
        |                  |RESPONSE(unsuccessful INFO-SPEC)    |
        |<------------------------------------------------------|
 RESPONSE(unsuccessful INFO-SPEC)            |                  |
 <------|                  |                 |                  |
      

QNE(Ingress)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP stateful
    |                |               |               |              |
    |                |               |               |              |
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)              |               |              |
    |"forward"       |               |               |              |
    |                |    RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):        |              |
    |--------------->|    "forward"  |               |              |
    |                |------------------------------>|              |
    |                |               |               |------------->|
    |                |               |               |              |
    |                |               |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)            |
    |      RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)        | "reverse"     |<-------------|
    |      "reverse" |               |<--------------|              |
    |<-------------------------------|               |              |
      

QNE(Ingress)   QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP stateful
    |                |             |              |               |
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):           |              |               |
    |  "forward"     |  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):       |               |
    |--------------->|  "forward"  |              M RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):
    |                |--------------------------->M  "forward-M marked"
    |                |             |              M-------------->|
    |                |           RESPONSE(PDR)    M               |
    |                |        "forward - M marked"M               |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=0)       |              M               |
    |"forward - T tear"            |              M               |
    |--------------->|             |              M               |
    |                    RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=1)  M               |
    |                |   "forward - T tear"       M               |
    |                |--------------------------->M               |
    |                |                  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=1)   |
    |                |                 "forward - T tear"         |
    |                |                            M-------------->|
      

QNE(Ingress)     QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful   NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less   NTLP stateful
    |                |                |                |              |
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)               |                |              |
    |"forward"       |  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):            |              |
    |--------------->|  "forward"     |           RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC): |
    |                |-------------------------------->|"forward"     |
    |                |   RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):           |------------->|
    |                |    "reverse"   |                |              |
    |                |              RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC) |              |
    |    RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):          M      "reverse" |<-------------|
    |   "reverse - M marked"          M<---------------|              |
    |<--------------------------------M                |              |
    |                |                M                |              |
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=0):         M                |              |
    |"forward - T tear"               M                |              |
    |--------------->|  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=0):       |              |
    |                |  "forward - T tear"             |              |
    |                |-------------------------------->|              |
    |                |                M                |------------->|
    |                |                M         RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=0):
    |                |                M            "reverse - T tear" |
    |                |                M                |<-------------|
    |                                 M RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=1)       |
    |                |                M "forward - T tear"            |
    |                |                M<---------------|              |
    |          RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC, K=1)M                |              |
    |          "forward - T tear"     M                |              |
    |<--------------------------------M                |              |
      

QNE(Ingress)   QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP stateful
user|                |             |              |               |
data|    user        |             |              |               |
--->|    data        | user data   |              |user data      |
    |--------------->|             |              S               |
    |                |--------------------------->S (#marked bytes)
    |                |             |              S-------------->|
    |                |             |              S(#unmarked bytes)
    |                |             |              S-------------->|Term
    |                |             |              S               |flow?
    |                |          NOTIFY (PDR)      S               |YES
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)            |              S               |
    |"forward - T tear"            |              S               |
    |--------------->|             |           RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):|
    |                |--------------------------->S"forward - T tear"
    |                |             |              S-------------->|
    |                |             |          RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC): |
    |                |             |           "reverse - T tear" |
    | RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):          |              |<--------------|
    |"reverse - T tear"            |<-------------S               |
    |<-----------------------------|              S               |
      

QNE(Ingress)     QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)    QNE (int.)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful   NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less  NTLP st.less   NTLP stateful
user|                |                |           |               |
data|    user        |                |           |               |
--->|    data        | user data      |           |user data      |
    |--------------->|                |           |               |
    |                |--------------------------->|user data      |user
    |                |                |           |-------------->|data
    |                |                |           |               |--->
    |                |                |  user     |               |<---
    |   user data    |                |  data     |<--------------|
    | (#marked bytes)|                S<----------|               |
    |<--------------------------------S           |               |
    | (#unmarked bytes)               S           |               |
Term|<--------------------------------S           |               |
Flow?                |                S           |               |
YES |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):              S           |               |
    |"forward - T tear"               s           |               |
    |--------------->|  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):       |               |
    |                |  "forward - T tear"        |               |
    |                |--------------------------->|               |
    |                |                S           |-------------->|
    |                |                S         RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):
    |                |                S       "reverse - T tear"  |
    |      RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)         S           |<--------------|
    |      "reverse - T tear"         S<----------|               |
    |<--------------------------------S           |               |
      

QNE(Ingress)    Interior    QNE (int.)      Interior       QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful not NSIS aware not NSIS aware not NSIS aware NTLP stateful
user|                |             |              |               |
data|                |             |              |               |
--->|                | user data   |              |user data      |
    |-------------------------------------------->S (#marked bytes)
    |                |             |              S-------------->|
    |                |             |              S(#unmarked bytes)
    |                |             |              S-------------->|
    |                |             |              S               |
    |                |           RESERVE(re-marked DSCP in GIST)):|
    |                |             |              S               |
    |-------------------------------------------->S               |
    |                |             |              S-------------->|
    |                |             |              S               |
    |                |          RESPONSE(unsuccessful INFO-SPEC)  |
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                |             |              S               |
      

QNE(Ingress)     Interior    QNE (int.)     Interior        QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful not NSIS aware  NTLP st.less not NSIS aware NTLP stateful
user|                |                |           |               |
data|                |                |           |               |
--->|                | user data      |           |               |
    |-------------------------------------------->|user data      |user
    |                |                |           |-------------->|data
    |                |                |           |               |--->
    |                |                |           |               |user
    |                |                |           |               |data
    |                |                |           |               |<---
    |                S                | user data |               |
    |                S  user data     |<--------------------------|
    |   user data    S<---------------|           |               |
    |<---------------S                |           |               |
    |  user data     S                |           |               |
    | (#marked bytes)S                |           |               |
    |<---------------S                |           |               |
    |                S           RESERVE(unmarked DSCP in GIST)): |
    |                S                |           |               |
    |----------------S------------------------------------------->|
    |                S          RESERVE(re-marked DSCP in GIST)   |
    |                S<-------------------------------------------|
    |<---------------S                |           |               |
      

          QNE             QNE             QNE            QNE
        Ingress         Interior        Interior        Egress
    NTLP stateful  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateful
           |               |               |              |
           | RESERVE (1)   |               |              |
           +--------------------------------------------->|
           | RESERVE' (2)  |               |              |
           +-------------->|               |              |
           |               | RESERVE'      |              |
           |               +-------------->|              |
           |               |               | RESERVE'     |
           |               |               +------------->|
           |               |               | RESPONSE' (2)|
           |<---------------------------------------------+
           |               |               | RESPONSE (1) |
           |<---------------------------------------------+
      

     QNE Ingress    QNE Interior   QNE Interior    QNE Egress
   NTLP stateful  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateless  NTLP stateful
          |               |               |              |
          | REFRESH RESERVE'              |              |
          +-------------->| REFRESH RESERVE'             |
          | (+RII)        +-------------->| REFRESH RESERVE'
          |               | (+RII)        +------------->|
          |               |               | (+RII)       |
          |               |               |              |
          |               |               |     REFRESH  |
          |               |               |     RESPONSE'|
          |<---------------------------------------------+
          |               |               |     (+RII)   |
      

           ---------------------------------------------
          |        event B                              |
          |                                             V
       ----------             -------------           ----------
      | Normal   |  event A  | Congestion  | event B | Severe   |
      |  state   |---------->| notification|-------->|congestion|
      |          |           |  state      |         |  state   |
       ----------             -------------           ----------
        ^  ^                       |                     |
        |  |      event C          |                     |
        |   -----------------------                      |
        |         event D                                |
         ------------------------------------------------
      

       ----------                 -------------
      | Normal   |  event B      | Severe      |
      |  state   |-------------->| congestion  |
      |          |               |  state      |
       ----------                 -------------
           ^                           |
           |      event E              |
            ---------------------------
      

QNE(Ingress)     NE (int.)    NE (int.)       NE (int.)     QNE(Egress)
NTLP stateful                                             NTLP stateful
data|    user        |                |           |               |
--->|    data        | #unmarked bytes|           |               |
    |--------------->S #marked bytes  |           |               |
    |                S--------------------------->|               |
    |                |                |           |-------------->|data
    |                |                |           |               |--->
    |                |                |           |              Term.?
    |            NOTIFY               |           |               |Yes
    |<------------------------------------------------------------|
    |                |                |           |               |data
    |                |                |  user     |               |<---
    |   user data    |                |  data     |<--------------|
    | (#marked bytes)|                S<----------|               |
    |<--------------------------------S           |               |
    | (#unmarked bytes)               S           |               |
Term|<--------------------------------S           |               |
Flow?                |                S           |               |
YES |RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):              S           |               |
    |"forward - T tear"               s           |               |
    |--------------->|  RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):       |               |
    |                |  "forward - T tear"        |               |
    |                |--------------------------->|               |
    |                |                S           |-------------->|
    |                |                S         RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC):
    |                |                S       "reverse - T tear"  |
    |      RESERVE(RMD-QSPEC)         S           |<--------------|
    |      "reverse - T tear"         S<----------|               |
    |<--------------------------------S           |               |
      

   |------|   |------|                           |------|   |------|
   |Z-e2e |<->|Z-e2e |<------------------------->|Z-e2e |<->|Z-e2e |
   | QOSM |   | QOSM |                           | QOSM |   | QOSM |
   |      |   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |      |
   | NSLP |   | NSLP |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP  |<->| NSLP |   | NSLP |
   |Z-e2e |   |  RMD |   |  RMD  |   |  RMD  |   | RMD  |   | Z-e2e|
   | QOSM |   | QOSM |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM  |   | QOSM |   | QOSM |
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
   | NTLP |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP  |<->| NTLP |<->| NTLP |
   |------|   |------|   |-------|   |-------|   |------|   |------|
     QNI         QNE        QNE         QNE         QNE       QNR
   (End)  (Ingress Edge) (Interior)  (Interior) (Egress Edge)  (End)
      

               +-----+ +--------+ +-------+
               |     | |        | |       |
               | QoS | | NAT/FW | |  ...  |       NSLP
               |     | |        | |       |
               +-----+ +--------+ +-------+

   ---------------------------------------------------------------------
               +--------------------------+
               |                          |
               |          GIST            |       NTLP
               |                          |
               +--------------------------+
      

                    Tunnel from node B to node D
                     <---------------------->
                  Tunnel       Tunnel        Tunnel
                  Entry-Point  Intermediate  Exit-Point
                  Node         Node          Node
   +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
   |A|-->--//-->--|B|=====>====|C|===//==>===|D|-->--//-->--|E|
   +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
   Original                                                 Original
   Packet                                                   Packet
   Source                                                   Destination
   Node                                                     Node
      

                         +----------------------------------//-----+
                         | Original |                              |
                         |          |   Original Packet Payload    |
                         | Header   |                              |
                         +----------------------------------//-----+
                          <            Original Packet            >
                                               |
                                               v
    <  Tunnel Headers   > <            Original Packet            >
   +---------+-----------+-------------------------//--------------+
   | Tunnel  | Tunnel-   |                                         |
   | IP      | Specific  |             Original Packet             |
   | Header  | Header    |                                         |
   +---------+-----------+-------------------------//--------------+
    <                        Tunnel IP Packet                     >
      

    NSIS QoS       NSIS QoS     NSIS QoS      NSIS QoS       NSIS QoS
    Node           Node         Node          Node           Node
    +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
    |A|-->--//-->--|B|----->----|C|---//-->---|D|-->--//-->--|E|
    +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
    Flow                                                     Flow
    Sender                                                   Receiver
    Node                                                     Node
      

    Node A         Node B         Node C         Node D         Node E
      |              |              |              |              |
      |   RESERVE    |              |              |              |
      +------------->|              |              |              |
      |              |   RESERVE    |              |              |
      |              +------------->|              |              |
      |              |              |   RESERVE    |              |
      |              |              +------------->|              |
      |              |              |              |   RESERVE    |
      |              |              |              +------------->|
      |              |              |              |   RESPONSE   |
      |              |              |              |<-------------+
      |              |              |   RESPONSE   |              |
      |              |              |<-------------+              |
      |              |   RESPONSE   |              |              |
      |              |<-------------+              |              |
      |   RESPONSE   |              |              |              |
      |<-------------+              |              |              |
      |              |              |              |              |
      |              |              |              |              |
      

                     Tunnel from node B to node D
                      <---------------------->
                   Tunnel       Tunnel        Tunnel
                   Entry-Point  Intermediate  Exit-Point
    NSIS QoS       NSIS QoS     NSIS QoS      NSIS QoS       NSIS QoS
    Node           Node         Node          Node           Node
    +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
    |A|-->--//-->--|B|=====>====|C|===//==>===|D|-->--//-->--|E|
    +-+            +-+          +-+           +-+            +-+
    Flow                                                     Flow
    Sender                                                   Receiver
    Node                                                     Node
      

      |              |              |              |              |
      |   RESERVE    |              |              |              |
      +------------->|              |              |              |
      |              |           RESERVE           |              |
      |              +---------------------------->|              |
      |              |              |              |   RESERVE    |
      |              |              |              +------------->|
      |              |              |              |   RESPONSE   |
      |              |              |              |<-------------+
      |              |           RESPONSE          |              |
      |              |<----------------------------+              |
      |   RESPONSE   |              |              |              |
      |<-------------+              |              |              |
      |              |              |              |              |
      |              |              |              |              |
      

      |              |              |              |              |
      |    QUERY     |              |              |              |
      +------------->|              |              |              |
      |              |            QUERY            |              |
      |              +---------------------------->|              |
      |              |              |              |    QUERY     |
      |              |              |              +------------->|
      |              |              |              |   RESERVE    |
      |              |              |              |<-------------+
      |              |           RESERVE           |              |
      |              |<----------------------------+              |
      |   RESERVE    |              |              |              |
      |<-------------+              |              |              |
      |   RESPONSE   |              |              |              |
      +------------->|              |              |              |
      |              |           RESPONSE          |              |
      |              +---------------------------->|              |
      |              |              |              |   RESPONSE   |
      |              |              |              +------------->|
      |              |              |              |              |
      |              |              |              |              |
      

     |              |              |              |              |
     | RESERVE(1)   |              |              |              |
     +------------->|              |              |              |
     |              | RESERVE'(2)  |              |              |
     |              +=============>|              |              |
     |              |              | RESERVE'(2)  |              |
     |              |              +=============>|              |
     |              |          RESERVE(3)         |              |
     |              +---------------------------->|              |
     |              |              | RESPONSE'(4) |              |
     |              |              |<=============+              |
     |              | RESPONSE'(4) |              |              |
     |              |<=============+              |              |
     |              |              |              |  RESERVE(5)  |
     |              |              |              +------------->|
     |              |              |              | RESPONSE(6)  |
     |              |              |              |<-------------+
     |              |         RESPONSE(6)         |              |
     |              |<----------------------------+              |
     | RESPONSE(6)  |              |              |              |
     |<-------------+              |              |              |
     |              |              |              |              |
     |              |              |              |              |
      

     |              |              |              |              |
     |   QUERY(1)   |              |              |              |
     +------------->|              |              |              |
     |              |  QUERY'(2)   |              |              |
     |              +=============>|              |              |
     |              |              |  QUERY'(2)   |              |
     |              |              +=============>|              |
     |              |              | RESPONSE'(3) |              |
     |              |              |<=============+              |
     |              | RESPONSE'(3) |              |              |
     |              |<=============+              |              |
     |              |           QUERY(4)          |              |
     |              +---------------------------->|              |
     |              |              |              |   QUERY(5)   |
     |              |              |              +------------->|
     |              |              |              |  RESERVE(6)  |
     |              |              |              |<-------------+
     |              |              | RESERVE'(7)  |              |
     |              |              |<=============+              |
     |              | RESERVE'(7)  |              |              |
     |              |<=============+              |              |
     |              |          RESERVE(8)         |              |
     |              |<----------------------------+              |
     |              | RESPONSE'(9) |              |              |
     |              +=============>|              |              |
     |              |              | RESPONSE'(9) |              |
     |              |              +=============>|              |
     | RESERVE(10)  |              |              |              |
     |<-------------+              |              |              |
     | RESPONSE(11) |              |              |              |
     +------------->|              |              |              |
     |              |         RESPONSE(11)        |              |
     |              +---------------------------->|              |
     |              |              |              | RESPONSE(11) |
     |              |              |              +------------->|
     |              |              |              |              |
     |              |              |              |              |
     (1), (5): QUERY w/ RESERVE-INIT
     (2): QUERY' w/ RII
     (4): QUERY w/ RESERVE-INIT and BOUND-SESSION-ID
     (6), (10): RESERVE w/o BOUND-SESSION-ID
     (7): RESERVE' w/ MSG-ID
     (8): RESERVE w/ BOUND-MSG-ID and BOUND-SESSION-ID
      

      MN   QNE1 MN       QNE2       QNE3     QNE4     CN
    (CoA1)  | (CoA2)      |        (CRN)      |        |
      |     |    |        |          |        |        |
      |     |    |RESERVE |          |        |        |
      |     |    |------->|          |        |        |
      |     |    | (1)    |RESERVE   |        |        |
      |     |    |        |--------->|        |        |
      |     |    |        | (2)      |RESERVE |        |
      |     |    |        |          |------->|        |
      |     |    |        |          |  (3)   |RESERVE |
      |     |    |        |          |        |------->|
      |     |    |        |    NOTIFY|        |  (4)   |
      |     |    |        |<---------|        |        |
      |     |    |  NOTIFY|    (9)   |        |        |
      |     |<------------|          |        |        |
      |     |    |  (10)  |          |        |        |
      |     |RESERVE(T)   |          |        |        |
      |     |------------>|          |        |        |
      |     |    |  (11)  |RESERVE(T)|        |        |
      |     |    |        |--------->|        |        |
      |     |    |        |   (12)   |        |RESPONSE|
      |     |    |        |          |        |<-------|
      |     |    |        |          |RESPONSE|   (5)  |
      |     |    |        |  RESPONSE|<-------|        |
      |     |    |RESPONSE|<---------|  (6)   |        |
      |     |    |<------ |    (7)   |        |        |
      |     |    |  (8)   |          |        |        |
      |     |    |        |          |        |        |
      

         MN    NI MN         NF1       NF2       NF3     CN
       (CoA1)  | (CoA2)      |        (CRN)      |        |
         |     |    |        |          |        |        |
         |     |    |        |          |        |        |
         |     |    |CREATE  |          |        |        |
         |     |    |------->|          |        |        |
         |     |    | (1)    |CREATE    |        |        |
         |     |    |        |--------->|        |        |
         |     |    |        | (2)      |CREATE  |        |
         |     |    |        |          |------->|        |
         |     |    |        |          |  (3)   |CREATE  |
         |     |    |        |          |        |------->|
         |     |    |        |    NOTIFY|        |  (4)   |
         |     |    |        |<---------|        |        |
         |     |    |  NOTIFY|    (9)   |        |        |
         |     |<------------|          |        |        |
         |     |    |  (10)  |          |        |        |
         |     |CREATE(CoA2) |          |        |        |
         |     |------------>|          |        |        |
         |     |    |  (11)  |CREATE(CoA2)       |        |
         |     |    |        |--------->|        |        |
         |     |    |        |   (12)   |        |RESPONSE|
         |     |    |        |          |        |<-------|
         |     |    |        |          |RESPONSE|   (5)  |
         |     |    |        |  RESPONSE|<-------|        |
         |     |    |RESPONSE|<---------|  (6)   |        |
         |     |    |<------ |    (7)   |        |        |
         |     |    |  (8)   |          |        |        |
         |     |    |        |          |        |        |
         |     |    |        |          |        |        |
      

            MN        FA (or FL)                            CN
            |             |                                  |
            | IPv4-based Standard IP routing                 |
            |------------ |--------------------------------->|
            |             |                                  |
      

            MN              FA               HA             CN
            | IPv4 (normal)  |                |              |
            |--------------->| IPv4(tunnel)   |              |
            |                |--------------->| IPv4 (normal)|
            |                |                |------------->|
      

            MN             (FL)               HA            CN
            |               |                |               |
            |        IPv4(tunnel)            |               |
            |------------------------------->|IPv4 (normal)  |
            |               |                |-------------->|
      

            CN              HA                FA             MN
            |IPv4 (normal)  |                 |              |
            |-------------->|                 |              |
            |               |  MIPv4 (tunnel) |              |
            |               |---------------->| IPv4 (normal)|
            |               |                 |------------->|
      

            CN              HA                (FL)           MN
            |IPv4(normal )  |                 |              |
            |-------------->|                 |              |
            |               | MIPv4 (tunnel)  |              |
            |               |------------------------------->|
            |               |                 |              |
      

         |              |             |              |              |
         |   RESERVE    |             |              |              |
         +------------->|             |              |              |
         |              |          RESERVE           |              |
         |              +--------------------------->|              |
         |              |             |              |   RESERVE    |
         |              |             |              +------------->|
         |              |             |              |   RESPONSE   |
         |              |             |              |<-------------+
         |              |          RESPONSE          |              |
         |              |<---------------------------+              |
         |   RESPONSE   |             |              |              |
         |<-------------+             |              |              |
         |              |             |              |              |
      

        |              |              |              |              |
        | RESERVE      |              |              |              |
        +------------->|              |              |              |
        |              | RESERVE'     |              |              |
        |              +=============>|              |              |
        |              |              | RESERVE'     |              |
        |              |              +=============>|              |
        |              |          RESERVE            |              |
        |              +---------------------------->|              |
        |              |              | RESPONSE'    |              |
        |              |              |<=============+              |
        |              | RESPONSE'    |              |              |
        |              |<=============+              |              |
        |              |              |              |  RESERVE     |
        |              |              |              +------------->|
        |              |              |              | RESPONSE     |
        |              |              |              |<-------------+
        |              |         RESPONSE            |              |
        |              |<----------------------------+              |
        | RESPONSE     |              |              |              |
        |<-------------+              |              |              |
        |              |              |              |              |
      

         |              |             |              |              |
         |    QUERY     |             |              |              |
         +------------->|             |              |              |
         |              |           QUERY            |              |
         |              +--------------------------->|              |
         |              |             |              |    QUERY     |
         |              |             |              +------------->|
         |              |             |              |   RESERVE    |
         |              |             |              |<-------------+
         |              |          RESERVE           |              |
         |              |<---------------------------+              |
         |   RESERVE    |             |              |              |
         |<-------------+             |              |              |
         |   RESPONSE   |             |              |              |
         +------------->|             |              |              |
         |              |          RESPONSE          |              |
         |              +--------------------------->|              |
         |              |             |              |   RESPONSE   |
         |              |             |              +------------->|
         |              |             |              |              |
      

        |   QUERY      |              |              |              |
        +------------->|              |              |              |
        |              |  QUERY'      |              |              |
        |              +=============>|              |              |
        |              |              |  QUERY'      |              |
        |              |              +=============>|              |
        |              |              | RESPONSE'    |              |
        |              |              |<=============+              |
        |              | RESPONSE'    |              |              |
        |              |<=============+              |              |
        |              |           QUERY             |              |
        |              +---------------------------->|              |
        |              |              |              |   QUERY      |
        |              |              |              +------------->|
        |              |              |              |  RESERVE     |
        |              |              |              |<-------------+
        |              |              | RESERVE'     |              |
        |              |              |<=============+              |
        |              | RESERVE'     |              |              |
        |              |<=============+              |              |
        |              |          RESERVE            |              |
        |              |<----------------------------+              |
        |              | RESPONSE'    |              |              |
        |              +=============>|              |              |
        |              |              | RESPONSE'    |              |
        |              |              +=============>|              |
        | RESERVE      |              |              |              |
        |<-------------+              |              |              |
        | RESPONSE     |              |              |              |
        +------------->|              |              |              |
        |              |         RESPONSE            |              |
        |              +---------------------------->|              |
        |              |              |              | RESPONSE     |
        |              |              |              +------------->|
        |              |              |              |              |
      

            |--Handover-->|
     MN    OAR    AR1    AR2    AR3     CRN     CRN     CRN     CN
                                    (OAR/AR1)(OAR/AR2)(OAR/AR3)
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |---QUERY(1)->|-------------------->|---------------------->|
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |---QUERY(2)-------->|--------------------->|-------------->|
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |---QUERY(3)--------------->|---------------------->|------>|
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       | Primary CoA
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       | Selection(4)
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |<--RESERVE(5)--|
     |      |      |      |<------RESERVE(6)-----|     (MRI      |
     |      |      |      | (Actual reservation) |    Update)    |
     |<----RESERVE(7)-----|      |       |       |       |       |
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |      |<-----------teardown(8)-------------|       |       |
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
     |      |      |      |  Multimedia Traffic  |       |       |
     |<=================->|<===================->|<=============>|
     |      |      |      |      |       |       |       |       |
      

      +--+      Path 1          +---+             +--+
      |  |IF1 <-----------------|LB-| common path |  |
      |MN|                      |CRN|-------------|CN|
      |  |      Path 2          |   |             |  |
      |  |IF2 <-----------------|   |             |  |
      |  |                      +---+             +--+
      |  |
      +--+
      

      +--+      Path 1          +---+             +--+
      |  |IF1 <-----------------|??-| common path |  |
      |MN|                      |CRN|-------------|CN|
      |  |     Path 2          -|   |             |  |
      |  |IF2 <---  +------+  | |   |             |  |
      |  |        \_|??-CRN|--v +---+             +--+
      |  |        / +------+
      +--+IF? <---
               Path 3
      

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   | Length                        | NSLP_OBJ_LIST |     zero      |
   +---------------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
   | # of signed NSLP objects = n  |  rsv  |  NSLP object type (1) |
   +-------+-------+---------------+-------+-------+---------------+
   |  rsv  | NSLP object type (2)  |             .....            //
   +-------+-------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
   |  rsv  | NSLP object type (n)  |     (padding if required)     |
   +--------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+
      

                                              .---------.
                                              |Traffic  |
                                        .---->|Collector|<==>Customer#A
                                        |     |#1       |
                                        |     '---------'
                                     RD=100:1
   .----------.        .-----------.    |
   |IPFIX     |        |IPFIX      |----'     .---------.
   |Exporter#1|        |Mediator   | RD=100:2 |Traffic  |
   |          |------->|           |--------->|Collector|<==>Customer#B
   |          |        |           |          |#2       |
   |          |        |           |----.     '---------'
   '----------'        '-----------'    |
                                     RD=100:3
                                        |     .---------.
                                        |     |Traffic  |
                                        '---->|Collector|<==>Customer#C
                                              |#3       |
                                              '---------'
      

      .----------.          .--------.
      |IPFIX     |          |IPFIX   |
      |Exporter#1|--------->|Mediator|---+
      |          |          |        |   |
      '----------'          '--------'   |       .---------.
      IP:192.0.2.1        IP:192.0.2.3    '----->|IPFIX    |
      ODID:10             ODID:0                 |Collector|
                                         +------>|         |
      .----------.                       |       '---------'
      |IPFIX     |                       |
      |Exporter#2|-----------------------'
      |          |
      '----------'
      IP:192.0.2.2
      ODID:20
      

   .----------. OLD: Template ID 258
   |IPFIX     | NEW: Template ID 256
   |Exporter#1|----+
   |          |    |
   '----------'    X
   .----------.    |           .-----------.               .----------.
   |IPFIX     |    '---------->|           |               |          |
   |Exporter#2|--------------->|IPFIX      |-------------->|IPFIX     |
   |          |Template ID 257 |Mediator   |Template ID 258| Collector|
   '----------'    +---------->|           |Template ID 257|          |
   .----------.    |           '-----------'Template ID 256'----------'
   |IPFIX     |    |
   |Exporter#3|----'
   |          | Template ID 256
   '----------'
      

                     +---------------------------------------------+
                     | Access Network Provider                     |
                     |                                             |
                     |   +--------------------------------------+  |
                     |   | Location Information Server          |  |
                     |   |                                      |  |
                     |   |                                      |  |
                     |   |                                      |  |
                     |   |                                      |  |
                     |   +------|-------------------------------+  |
                     +----------|----------------------------------+
                                |
                                |
                               HELD
                                |
     Rule Maker - - _     +-----------+         +-----------+
           o          - - | Device    |         | Location  |
          <U\             |           | - - - - | Recipient |
          / \       _ - - |           |   APP   |           |
         Target - -       +-----------+         +-----------+
      

       -----------
      (   Start   )
       -----+-----
            |<--------------------------------------+
            |                                       |
            V                                       |
      ------^-------            ------^------       |
     /              \          /      1.     \      |
    < Next interface >-------><  Get domain   >-----+
     \              / Y  ^     \             /  N
      ------v-------     |      ------v------
            | N          |            | Y
            |            |            V
            |            |      ------^------
            |            |     /      2.     \
            |            +----<    Get URI    ><----+
            |               N  \             /      |
            |                   ------v------       |
            |                         | Y           |
            |                         V             |
            |                   ------^------       |
            |                  /      3.     \      |
            |                 <   Check URI   >-----+
            |                  \             /  N
            |                   ------v------
            |                         | Y
            V                         V
       -----------               -----------
      (  Failure  )             (  Success  )
       -----------               -----------
      

      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      | 7 | e | x | a | m | p | l | e | 3 | c | o | m | 0 |
      +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
      

          Client            HTTP Server      SIP Events Server
             |                   |                   |
             |                   |                   |
             |(1) HTTP GET       |                   |
             |------------------>|                   |
             |(2) HTTP 200 OK    |                   |
             |<------------------|                   |
             |(3) SIP SUBSCRIBE  |                   |
             |-------------------------------------->|
             |(4) SIP 200 OK     |                   |
             |<--------------------------------------|
             |(5) SIP NOTIFY     |                   |
             |<--------------------------------------|
             |(6) SIP 200 OK     |                   |
             |-------------------------------------->|
             |                   |                   |
             |                   |                   |
             |        [HTTP document changes]        |
             |                   |                   |
             |                   |                   |
             |                   |(7) SIP PUBLISH    |
             |                   |------------------>|
             |                   |(8) SIP 200 OK     |
             |                   |<------------------|
             |(9) SIP NOTIFY     |                   |
             |<--------------------------------------|
             |(10) SIP 200       |                   |
             |-------------------------------------->|
             |                   |                   |
             |                   |                   |
      

   +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
   | Cyrillic | Unicode Name             | Variant | Unicode Name      |
   | Char     |                          |         |                   |
   +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
   | U+0430   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A  | U+0061  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER A          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | +++      |                          | U+03B1  | GREEK SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER ALPHA      |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0431   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0432   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | U+0062  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER B          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | +++      |                          | U+03B2  | GREEK SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER BETA       |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0433   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    | U+0072  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          | GHE                      |         | LETTER R          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | +++      |                          | U+03B3  | GREEK SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER GAMMA      |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0434   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | +++      |                          | U+03B4  | GREEK SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER DELTA      |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0435   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | U+0065  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER E          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | +++      |                          | U+03B5  | GREEK SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER EPSILON    |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0436   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | ZHE                      |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0437   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0438   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I  | U+0075  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          |                          |         | LETTER U          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0439   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | SHORT I                  |         |                   |
      

   | U+045C   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | KJE                      |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+045D   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I  |         |                   |
   |          | WITH GRAVE               |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+045E   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | SHORT U                  |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+045F   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | DZHE                     |         |                   |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+0491   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    | U+0072  | LATIN SMALL       |
   |          | GHE WITH UPTURN          |         | LETTER R          |
   |          |                          |         |                   |
   | U+04C2   | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER    |         |                   |
   |          | ZHE WITH BREVE           |         |                   |
   +----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
      

   +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+
   | Cyrillic | Unicode Name        | Variant  | Unicode Name          |
   | Char     |                     |          |                       |
   +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+
   | U+0430 + | CYRILLIC SMALL      | U+0101   | LATIN SMALL LETTER A  |
   | U+0304   | LETTER A WITH       |          | WITH MACRON           |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | ...      |                     | U+03B1 + | GREEK SMALL LETTER    |
   |          |                     | U+0304   | ALPHA WITH MACRON     |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+0435 + | CYRILLIC SMALL      | U+0113   | LATIN SMALL LETTER E  |
   | U+0304   | LETTER IE WITH      |          | WITH MACRON           |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+043E + | CYRILLIC SMALL      | U+014D   | LATIN SMALL LETTER O  |
   | U+0304   | LETTER O WITH       |          | WITH MACRON           |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | ...      |                     | U+03BF + | GREEK SMALL LETTER    |
   |          |                     | U+0304   | OMICRON WITH MACRON   |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+044B + | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   | U+0304   | LETTER YERU WITH    |          |                       |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+044D + | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   | U+0304   | LETTER E WITH       |          |                       |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+044E + | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   | U+0304   | LETTER YU WITH      |          |                       |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+044F + | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   | U+0304   | LETTER YA WITH      |          |                       |
   |          | MACRON              |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+0451 + | CYRILLIC SMALL      | U+00EB + | LATIN SMALL LETTER E  |
   | U+0304   | LETTER IO WITH      | U0304    | WITH DIAERESIS AND    |
   |          | MACRON              |          | MACRON                |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
   | U+048B   | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   |          | LETTER SHORT I WITH |          |                       |
   |          | TAIL                |          |                       |
   |          |                     |          |                       |
      

   | U+04F9   | CYRILLIC SMALL      |          |                       |
   |          | LETTER YERU WITH    |          |                       |
   |          | DIAERESIS           |          |                       |
   +----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+
      

   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--
     | f(n-2) | f(n-1) |  f(n)  | f(n+1) | f(n+2) | f(n+3) | f(n+4) |
   --+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--

      <---- p(n-1) ---->
               <----- p(n) ----->
                        <---- p(n+1) ---->
                                 <---- p(n+2) ---->
                                          <---- p(n+3) ---->
                                                   <---- p(n+4) ---->
      

      +-------------+-------------------------
      | ToC section | speech data section ...
      +-------------+-------------------------
      

     +----------------------------------------------------------------+
     |                                                                |
     |                  IP/MPLS PSN (PHP may be enabled)              |
     |                            (client)                            |
     |                                                                |
     |                  +---------------------------+                 |
     |                  |                           |                 |
     |                  |      MPLS PSN (No PHP)    |                 |
     |                  |         (server)          |                 |
     |                  |                           |                 |
     |     CE1          |PE1                     PE2|           CE2   |
     |   +-----+      +-----+                   +-----+      +-----+  |
     |   | | | |      | | | |                   | | | |      | | | |  |
     |   | | | +------+ | | |                   | | | +------+ | | |  |
     |   | | | | 802.3| | | |                   | | | | 802.3| | | |  |
     |   +-----+      +-----+                   +-----+      +-----+  |
     |     |   |        |  |                      | |        |   |    |
     |     |   |        +-- ---------------------- -+        |   |    |
     +----- --- -------- -- ---------------------- - -------- --- ----+
           |   |        |  |<--MPLS LSP (no PHP)->| |        |   |
           |   |        |  |       (server)       | |        |   |
           |   |        |                           |        |   |
           |   |        |<------------PW----------->|        |   |
           |   |        |          (server)         |        |   |
           |   |                                             |   |
           |   |<-------------802.3 (Ethernet)-------------->|   |
           |   |                   (client)                  |   |
           |                                                     |
           |<---------IP/MPLS LSP (PHP may be supported)-------->|
           |                       (client)                      |
      

                +-+-+-+-+-+            +-+-+-+-+-+
                |         | IPsec      |         |
   Protected    |Tunnel   | tunnel     |Tunnel   |     Protected
   Subnet   <-->|Endpoint |<---------->|Endpoint |<--> Subnet
                |         |            |         |
                +-+-+-+-+-+            +-+-+-+-+-+
      

   +-+-+-+-+-+                                          +-+-+-+-+-+
   |         |                 IPsec transport          |         |
   |Protected|                or tunnel mode SA         |Protected|
   |Endpoint |<---------------------------------------->|Endpoint |
   |         |                                          |         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+                                          +-+-+-+-+-+
      

   +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
   |         |         IPsec            |         |     Protected
   |Protected|         tunnel           |Tunnel   |     Subnet
   |Endpoint |<------------------------>|Endpoint |<--- and/or
   |         |                          |         |     Internet
   +-+-+-+-+-+                          +-+-+-+-+-+
      

   +------+        +------+            +------+         +------+
   |Client| IP1    | NAT  | IPN1  IPN2 | NAT  |     IP2 |Server|
   |node  |<------>|  A   |<---------->|  B   |<------->|      |
   +------+        +------+            +------+         +------+
      

   SA Payload
      |
      +--- Proposal #1 ( Proto ID = ESP(3), SPI size = 4,
      |     |            7 transforms,      SPI = 0x052357bb )
      |     |
      |     +-- Transform ENCR ( Name = ENCR_AES_CBC )
      |     |     +-- Attribute ( Key Length = 128 )
      |     |
      |     +-- Transform ENCR ( Name = ENCR_AES_CBC )
      |     |     +-- Attribute ( Key Length = 192 )
      |     |
      |     +-- Transform ENCR ( Name = ENCR_AES_CBC )
      |     |     +-- Attribute ( Key Length = 256 )
      |     |
      |     +-- Transform INTEG ( Name = AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96 )
      |     +-- Transform INTEG ( Name = AUTH_AES_XCBC_96 )
      |     +-- Transform ESN ( Name = ESNs )
      |     +-- Transform ESN ( Name = No ESNs )
      |
      +--- Proposal #2 ( Proto ID = ESP(3), SPI size = 4,
            |            4 transforms,      SPI = 0x35a1d6f2 )
            |
            +-- Transform ENCR ( Name = AES-GCM with a 8 octet ICV )
            |     +-- Attribute ( Key Length = 128 )
            |
            +-- Transform ENCR ( Name = AES-GCM with a 8 octet ICV )
            |     +-- Attribute ( Key Length = 256 )
            |
            +-- Transform ESN ( Name = ESNs )
            +-- Transform ESN ( Name = No ESNs )
      

              /-> RADIUS Proxy P -----> RADIUS Server for Realm A
             /                    \ /
          NAS                      X
             \                    / \
              \-> RADIUS Proxy S -----> RADIUS Server for Realm B
      

                /-> RADIUS Proxy P -----> RADIUS Server P
               /                    \ /
            NAS                      X
               \                    / \
                \-> RADIUS Proxy S -----> RADIUS Server S
      

          +------+-----+                            +------------+
     O    |   IKEv2    |                            |   IKEv2    |
    /|\   | Initiator  |<---////////////////////--->| Responder  |
    / \   +------------+          IKEv2             +------------+
    User  |  EAP Peer  |          Exchange          | EAP Server |
          +------------+                            +------------+
      

                                +-------------------------------+
                                |       Corporate network       |
                                |                               |
                           +-----------+            +--------+  |
                           |   IKEv2   |     AAA    |  Home  |  |
     IKEv2      +////----->+ Responder +<---------->+  AAA   |  |
     Exchange   /          | (VPN GW)  |  (RADIUS/  | Server |  |
                /          +-----------+  Diameter) +--------+  |
                /               |        carrying EAP           |
                |               |                               |
                |               +-------------------------------+
                v
         +------+-----+
     o   |   IKEv2    |
    /|\  | Initiator  |
    / \  | VPN client |
   User  +------------+